Pesticide air pollution by spraying was evaluated under different temperature, humidity and wind climatic conditions in Brazil. Field experiments were performed with application towards the soil and in guava orchards, where spray dispersion was monitored by adding p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a fluorescent substance, as a tracer to the water contained in the spray tanks. Samples were collected with filter membranes (Whatman 180025), and the PABA was extracted from the filters by shaking with water in a Petri dish and measured in a spectrofluorometer. A spray aimed towards the soil with filters positioned on the ground and hung at different heights did not show different upward dispersion as observed when lateral pulverization was conducted. In this case, a tractor with a sprayer moved through a 3 m high and 6 m wide frame with filter membranes mounted at 60 cm intervals. Spray dispersion patterns were modified by guava leaf resistance. No influence of temperature and humidity was observed in this short-lived spraying process. Nevertheless, wind drift can occur during airborne dispersion and is an important pesticide pollution source which requires control. Droplets with PABA powered by assisted spraying upwards returned to the ground by gravity and, therefore, did not constitute a vertical source of atmospheric pollution.

ADSORÇÃO DE ATRAZINA EM SOLO TROPICAL SOB PLANTIO DIRETO E CONVENCIONAL

The fate of ¹⁴C atrazine was investigated using microcosms and an undisturbed Red-Yellow Latossol (Oxisol) under simulated rainfall conditions of 200 mm water month⁻¹. Experiments were carried out using microcosm cores, the first with an uncovered surface soil; the second set with uncovered subsurface soil; the third with subsurface soil covered with 3 cm of cow manure and the last with subsurface soil covered with 5 cm of grass straw. Average values for the amount of atrazine leached after 60 days were as follows: surface soil 1.6%; subsurface 47.3%; subsurface plus manure 17.3% and subsurface plus straw 24.8%. In the surface soil, 53% of the ¹⁴C atrazine remained within the upper 1 cm, while in the subsurface microcosms the atrazine was more evenly distributed. The authors report that surface soil was retained atrazine and its metabolites for 60 days. The addition of a straw or manure covering to exposed subsoil helped to retard atrazine leaching.

If the current policy explores the utilization of active ingredients in use quickly and to the maximum, the same does not occur with the ban on the registration of products highly dangerous to both health and the environment. The current policy does not aim at reducing pesticide toxicity and ecotoxicity, required to reduce environmental contamination and human exposure. To this end, it is essential to adjust scientific evaluation parameters concerning lower concentration tolerance limits to modernity standards, in addition to banning products for which there is scientific evidence of carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic actions. In ecotoxicology, reducing the applicable concentration limits is paramount for preserving bees, birds, and other forms of domestic and wildlife. When evaluating active ingredients, it is imperative to prioritize more biodegradable molecules with low potential for environmental mobilization through volatilization and leaching, preserving both air and water quality. Another goal, among others, is a program for the generalized reduction of successfully implemented in several countries. Brazil, a tropical agriculture leader, should stand out by incorporating sustainability while preserving both health and the environment.

A pouca informação sobre o movimento de pesticidas em solos brasileiros com manejo de plantio direto torna o conhecimento desse assunto de grande relevância na avaliação de risco de contaminação do solo e de lençóis de água. Os experimentos simularam chuvas intensas com fluxo contínuo por meio de uma nova técnica para a determinação simultânea das propriedades de advecção, difusão e sorção, representando o transporte de contaminantes ao longo do perfil de solo estudado. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades físico-químicas não se correlacionam com a permeabilidade do solo e a lixiviação da atrazina. A condutividade 10 vezes maior no plantio direto (PD) e sistema natural (SN) do que no sistema convencional (SC) e solo subsuperficial (SUB) sugere que o processo de advecção ocorre predominantemente através dos macroporos por fluxo preferencial, que são destruídos na aração do SC. Dessa forma, a condição de fluxo contínuo, representando fortes chuvas, faz com que a lixiviação em PD seja maior que em SC, contrariando dados da literatura em experimentos de campo com chuvas intermitentes, os quais mostraram menor lixiviação em PD comparado ao SC. Os riscos de contaminação dos lençóis de água não são determinados apenas pelo manejo do solo, mas também pelas condições pluviométricas intensas nos trópicos, com perspectivas de ainda serem maiores nos cenários de mudanças climáticas.