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Catalytic electroreduction of carbon dioxide represents a promising technology both to reduce CO2 emissions and to store electrical energy from discontinuous sources. In this work, electrochemical deposition of copper on to a gas-diffusion support was tested as a scalable and versatile nanosynthesis technique for the production of catalytic electrodes for CO2 electroreduction. The effect of deposition current density and additives (DAT, DTAB, PEG) on the catalysts’ structure was evaluated. The selectivity of the synthesized catalysts towards the production of CO was evaluated by analyzing the gaseous products obtained using the catalysts as cathodes in electroreduction tests. Catalyst morphology was deeply influenced by the deposition additives. Copper nanospheres, hemispherical microaggregates of nanowires, and shapeless structures were electrodeposited in the presence of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively. The effect of the deposition current density on catalyst morphology was also observed and it was found to be additive-specific. DTAB nanostructured electrodes showed the highest selectivity towards CO production, probably attributable to a higher specific surface area. EDX and XPS analysis disclosed the presence of residual DAT and DTAB uniformly distributed onto the catalysts structure. No significant effects of electrodeposition current density and Cu(I)/Cu(II) ratio on the selectivity towards CO were found. In particular, DTAB and DAT electrodes yielded comparable selectivity, although they were characterized by the highest and lowest Cu(I)/Cu(II) ratio, respectively.
Gianluca Zanellato; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Robertino Zanoni; Antonio Rubino; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. Electrodeposited Copper Nanocatalysts for CO2 Electroreduction: Effect of Electrodeposition Conditions on Catalysts’ Morphology and Selectivity. Energies 2021, 14, 5012 .
AMA StyleGianluca Zanellato, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Robertino Zanoni, Antonio Rubino, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. Electrodeposited Copper Nanocatalysts for CO2 Electroreduction: Effect of Electrodeposition Conditions on Catalysts’ Morphology and Selectivity. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):5012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianluca Zanellato; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Robertino Zanoni; Antonio Rubino; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2021. "Electrodeposited Copper Nanocatalysts for CO2 Electroreduction: Effect of Electrodeposition Conditions on Catalysts’ Morphology and Selectivity." Energies 14, no. 16: 5012.
Despite the efforts devoted to the development of new cathodic materials, cobalt-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the first choice for many applications, turning cobalt into a critical raw material. Here, we report a method for the selective recovery of cobalt from mixed LIBs electrode materials. The method relies on the application of a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) and yields an extraction of 90% for cobalt and only 10% for nickel. A solvent extraction procedure was optimized to recover cobalt as cobalt oxalate, which was employed to produce lithium cobalt oxide cathode material. This produced cathode material delivered a discharge capacity of 150 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention between 10 and 100 galvanostatic cycles of 83%. Remarkably, the residual DES solution was reused delivering the same cobalt extraction attained using the fresh DES. Cobalt separation constitutes one of the major bottleneck during LIBs recycling, requiring costly and complex hydrometallurgical operations. The demonstrated selectivity of the implemented leaching method, along with the possibility to reuse the residual DES solution, paves the way to a green recycling alternative allowing for the reintroduction of strategic materials into the LIBs production chain.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Mario Branchi; Robertino Zanoni; Giulia Simonetti; Maria Assunta Navarra; Francesca Pagnanelli. Selective recovery of cobalt from mixed lithium ion battery wastes using deep eutectic solvent. Chemical Engineering Journal 2021, 417, 129249 .
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Mario Branchi, Robertino Zanoni, Giulia Simonetti, Maria Assunta Navarra, Francesca Pagnanelli. Selective recovery of cobalt from mixed lithium ion battery wastes using deep eutectic solvent. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2021; 417 ():129249.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Mario Branchi; Robertino Zanoni; Giulia Simonetti; Maria Assunta Navarra; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2021. "Selective recovery of cobalt from mixed lithium ion battery wastes using deep eutectic solvent." Chemical Engineering Journal 417, no. : 129249.
The increase in the annual flux of the end-of-life photovoltaic panels (EoL-PVPs) imposed the development of effective recycling strategies to reach EU regulation targets (i.e. 80% recycling; 85% recovery, starting from August 2018). The recycling targets in a PVP are generally glass, photovoltaic cell and metals, while no scientific paper or patent addressed polymeric fractions recycling and recovery, i.e. encapsulant polymer (EVA) and backsheet (Tedlar), starting from preliminarily milled EoL-PVPs. In the present study an optimization following the solvent treatment operation of the basic Photolife process (demonstrated at pilot scale), was proposed (lab scale) and validated (micropilot scale), focusing on polymers separation and metals recovery. The optimization was performed by testing 4 different processes. Specifically, the selectivity of the filtration operation (subsequent the solvent treatment) on polymers separation grade was evaluated, demonstrating that Tedlar can be effectively separated from EVA residues. Moreover, in comparison to the basic Photolife, a further operation was introduced treating thermally the EVA residues (containing the PV cell). The metal extraction yields highlighted the effectiveness of that strategy in comparison with direct extraction from the uncombusted EVA residues. Processing 100 Kg of crushed material, 0.03 Kg of Ag, 45.5 Kg of high value glass, 10 Kg of Al scraps and 1.2 Kg of metallic filaments can be recovered. Thanks to the optimization the recycling rate of the implemented process grew up to 82% (75% during demonstration of the basic Photolife process), while the recovery was estimated at 94%. Remarkably, these rates get over with EU Directive.
Antonio Rubino; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. Valorization of polymeric fractions and metals from end of life photovoltaic panels. Waste Management 2021, 122, 89 -99.
AMA StyleAntonio Rubino, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. Valorization of polymeric fractions and metals from end of life photovoltaic panels. Waste Management. 2021; 122 ():89-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Rubino; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2021. "Valorization of polymeric fractions and metals from end of life photovoltaic panels." Waste Management 122, no. : 89-99.
The growth of bacteria contaminants can be controlled in heterotrophic microalgae cultures by using an uncoupled supply of glucose and nitrate. However, till now this strategy was only described for fed-batch cultivation. The cultivation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) could be more promising for the industrial scale. Here in this work, we tested the uncoupled supply of substrates on microalgae cultivated in SBR (feast/famine ratio = 1.33), with an optimized culture medium (based on the microalgae elemental formula), and the integration of this strategy with olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment. SBR allowed to attain biomass productivities (PX) proportional to the initial biomass concentration (PX = 0.13·X0), showing the possibility to reach the same productivities as conventional axenic cultures, by maintaining bacteria contamination at negligible values (<5%, as CFU/algae). The SBR system showed a stable biomass production (1.54 folds X0) throughout 8 consecutive cycles (53 days), uncoupling biomass production and cell duplication. However, relevant grazer contamination reduced the growth of microalgae cells between the 4th and 7th cycle and the biomass yield on glucose (from 0.31 to 0.17 g g−1). The integration with OMW treatment proved the possibility to remove 52% of phenols, but the loss of fermentable substrates during OMW storage and preliminary processing (by membrane filtration) hindered the exploitation of OMW as a relevant alternative source for organic substrates.
Fabrizio Di Caprio; Lionel Tayou Nguemna; Marco Stoller; Massimiliano Giona; Francesca Pagnanelli. Microalgae cultivation by uncoupled nutrient supply in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) integrated with olive mill wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal 2021, 410, 128417 .
AMA StyleFabrizio Di Caprio, Lionel Tayou Nguemna, Marco Stoller, Massimiliano Giona, Francesca Pagnanelli. Microalgae cultivation by uncoupled nutrient supply in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) integrated with olive mill wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2021; 410 ():128417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrizio Di Caprio; Lionel Tayou Nguemna; Marco Stoller; Massimiliano Giona; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2021. "Microalgae cultivation by uncoupled nutrient supply in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) integrated with olive mill wastewater treatment." Chemical Engineering Journal 410, no. : 128417.
Understanding the mechanisms of phenol production by microalgae can contribute to the development of microalgal biorefinery processes with higher economic and environmental sustainability. However, little is known about how phenols are produced and accumulate during microalgal cultivation. In this study, both extracellular and intracellular phenol production by two microalgal strains (Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella sp.) were investigated throughout a conventional photoautotrophic batch cultivation. The highest intracellular phenol content (10−25 mg g−1) and productivity (12–18 mg L−1 d−1) were attained for both strains in the first part of the batch, indicating a positive relation with nutrient availability and biomass productivity. Extracellular phenol production was 2–20 fold lower than intracellular phenols, but reached up to 27 mg L−1 for T. obliquus and 13 mg L−1 for Chlorella sp. The latter finding highlights relevant issues about the management of the exhausted culture medium, due to likely antimicrobial effects.
Fabrizio Di Caprio; Luca Maria Pipitone; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. Extracellular and intracellular phenol production by microalgae during photoautotrophic batch cultivation. New Biotechnology 2020, 62, 1 -9.
AMA StyleFabrizio Di Caprio, Luca Maria Pipitone, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. Extracellular and intracellular phenol production by microalgae during photoautotrophic batch cultivation. New Biotechnology. 2020; 62 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrizio Di Caprio; Luca Maria Pipitone; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Extracellular and intracellular phenol production by microalgae during photoautotrophic batch cultivation." New Biotechnology 62, no. : 1-9.
Photovoltaic panels were included in EU Directive as WEEE (Wastes of Electric and Electronic Equipment) requiring the implementation of dedicated collection schemes and end-of-life treatment ensuring targets in terms of recycling rate (80%) and recovery rate (85%). Photovoltaic panels are mainly made up of high-quality solar glass (70–90%), but also metals are present in the frames (Al), the cell (Si), and metallic contacts (Cu and Ag). According to the panel composition, about $72 per 100 kg of panels can be recovered by entirely recycling the panel metal content. The PhotoLife process for the treatment of end-of-life photovoltaic panels was demonstrated at pilot scale to recycle high value glass, Al and Cu scraps. A process upgrade is here reported allowing for polymer separation and Ag and Si recycling. By this advanced PhotoLife process, 82% recycling rate, 94% recovery rate, and 75% recoverable value were attained. Simulations demonstrated the economic feasibility of the process at processing capacity of 30,000 metric ton/y of end-of-life photovoltaic panels.
Antonio Rubino; Giuseppe Granata; Emanuela Moscardini; Ludovica Baldassari; Pietro Altimari; Luigi Toro; Francesca Pagnanelli. Development and Techno-Economic Analysis of an Advanced Recycling Process for Photovoltaic Panels Enabling Polymer Separation and Recovery of Ag and Si. Energies 2020, 13, 6690 .
AMA StyleAntonio Rubino, Giuseppe Granata, Emanuela Moscardini, Ludovica Baldassari, Pietro Altimari, Luigi Toro, Francesca Pagnanelli. Development and Techno-Economic Analysis of an Advanced Recycling Process for Photovoltaic Panels Enabling Polymer Separation and Recovery of Ag and Si. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Rubino; Giuseppe Granata; Emanuela Moscardini; Ludovica Baldassari; Pietro Altimari; Luigi Toro; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Development and Techno-Economic Analysis of an Advanced Recycling Process for Photovoltaic Panels Enabling Polymer Separation and Recovery of Ag and Si." Energies 13, no. 24: 6690.
A novel process is reported which produces an asymmetric supercapacitor through the complete recycling of end-of-life lithium ion batteries. The electrodic powder recovered by industrial scale mechanical treatment of spent batteries was leached and the dissolved metals were precipitated as mixed metals carbonates. Nanowires battery-type positive electrodes were produced by electrodeposition into nanoporous alumina templates from the electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of the precipitated carbonates. The impact of the different metals contained in the electrodic powder was evaluated by benchmarking the electrochemical performances of the recovered nanowires-based electrodes against electrodes produced by using high-purity salts. Presence of inactive Cu in the nanowires lowered the final capacitance of the electrodes while Ni showed a synergistic effect with cobalt providing a higher capacitance with respect to synthetic Co electrodes. The carbonaceous solid recovered after leaching was in-depth characterized and tested as negative electrode. Both the chemical and electrochemical characterization indicate that the recovered graphite is characterized by the presence of oxygen functionalities introduced by the leaching treatment. This has led to the obtainment of a recovered graphite characterized by an XPS C/O ratio, Raman spectrum and morphology close to literature reports for reduced graphene oxide. The asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using the recovered nanowires-based positive electrodes and graphite as negative electrodes has shown a specific capacitance of 42 F g−1, computed including the whole weight of the positive electrode and recovered graphite, providing a maximum energy density of ~9 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 416 W kg−1 at 2.5 mA cm−2.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Robertino Zanoni; Francesca Pagnanelli. Full recycling of spent lithium ion batteries with production of core-shell nanowires//exfoliated graphite asymmetric supercapacitor. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 58, 336 -344.
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Robertino Zanoni, Francesca Pagnanelli. Full recycling of spent lithium ion batteries with production of core-shell nanowires//exfoliated graphite asymmetric supercapacitor. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2020; 58 ():336-344.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Robertino Zanoni; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Full recycling of spent lithium ion batteries with production of core-shell nanowires//exfoliated graphite asymmetric supercapacitor." Journal of Energy Chemistry 58, no. : 336-344.
An experimental analysis was performed to optimize the structure of Ni–Ni(OH)2/NiO core-shell nanowire electrodes for improving their application in pseudocapacitors. Thickness and composition of the active phase shell were compared after thermal treatments at 40, 70 and 300 °C. A Ni(0) core was found by XPS in the electrode treated at 40 °C, it was still present after a temperature increase to 70 °C but with a lower Ni(OH)2/NiO ratio of the active phase shell, and disappeared after annealing at 300 °C, with a corresponding increase of the charge transfer resistance. The capacitance values increased from 40 to 70 °C and drop to a minimum for the electrode treated at 300 °C. A tailoring of the capacitance of the nanowire electrodes by controlling their length was evaluated. A constant capacitance per nanowires length unit was attained between 5 and 21 μm, indicating that the corresponding mass transfer resistance was negligible over the explored range. These results evidence the relevance to tightly control the thickness and ratio between the Ni(OH)2 and NiO in the nanowires shell and provide a guideline to optimize the capacitance of the electrode by controlling the nanowire length.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Flavio Marzolo; Antonio Rubino; Robertino Zanoni; Francesca Pagnanelli. Optimizing the structure of Ni–Ni(OH)2/NiO core-shell nanowire electrodes for application in pseudocapacitors: The influence of metallic core, Ni(OH)2/NiO ratio and nanowire length. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 856, 157718 .
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Flavio Marzolo, Antonio Rubino, Robertino Zanoni, Francesca Pagnanelli. Optimizing the structure of Ni–Ni(OH)2/NiO core-shell nanowire electrodes for application in pseudocapacitors: The influence of metallic core, Ni(OH)2/NiO ratio and nanowire length. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020; 856 ():157718.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Flavio Marzolo; Antonio Rubino; Robertino Zanoni; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Optimizing the structure of Ni–Ni(OH)2/NiO core-shell nanowire electrodes for application in pseudocapacitors: The influence of metallic core, Ni(OH)2/NiO ratio and nanowire length." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 856, no. : 157718.
The present work is aimed at demonstrating the potentiality of lithium ion batteries recycling through the production of high added value nanostructured material. Nanostructured electrodic materials were synthesized starting from waste lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Firstly, the metals contained in the electrodic powder of exhausted LIBs were extracted by acid-reducing leaching. After filtration, metals rich solution was separated from graphite. Nanoparticles- based electrodes were produced by controlled precipitation and subsequent calcination of metals in order to obtain nanoparticles of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, one of the most employed LIBs cathodic material. Cathodic materials synthesized starting from waste LIBs and from high grade synthetic reagents were compared after their characterization by SEM, EDX and XRD. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was evaluated by galvanostatic cycling the electrodes in a lithium half-cell. Remarkably, the electrochemical performances obtained with the electrodes produced by the recovery of metals are close to those recorded using electrodes produced by synthetic reagents.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Mario Branchi; Eleonora Casalese; Antonio Rubino; Pietro Altimari; Maria Assunta Navarra; Francesca Pagnanelli. Production of nanostructured electrodes from spent Lithium ion batteries and their application in new energy storage devices. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2020, 2257, 020007 .
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Mario Branchi, Eleonora Casalese, Antonio Rubino, Pietro Altimari, Maria Assunta Navarra, Francesca Pagnanelli. Production of nanostructured electrodes from spent Lithium ion batteries and their application in new energy storage devices. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020. 2020; 2257 (1):020007.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Mario Branchi; Eleonora Casalese; Antonio Rubino; Pietro Altimari; Maria Assunta Navarra; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Production of nanostructured electrodes from spent Lithium ion batteries and their application in new energy storage devices." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2257, no. 1: 020007.
In order to characterize magnetic properties of cobalt-based nanoparticles synthesized through electrodeposition on metal substrates, methods must be employed which enable the imaging of sample surface, the selection of a specific nanoparticle, and the accurate evaluation of local magnetic parameters, such as magnetic moment or saturation magnetization. Due to the combination of imaging capability and quantitative probing of ultra-low magnetic field through the use of a nanometer sized tip with a magnetic coating, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a promising tool to characterize Co-based nanoparticles directly on substrates. In this work, the report the preliminary results of the use of MFM to analyze Co nanoparticles electrodeposited on an Al substrate. The aim wa to assess the effective capability of this technique to investigate this kind of nanomaterials, foresee offered possibilities, and highlight current limitations to overcome.
Livia Angeloni; Daniele Passeri; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Francesca Pagnanelli; Marco Rossi. Magnetic force microscopy characterization of cobalt nanoparticles: A preliminary study. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2020, 2257, 020005 .
AMA StyleLivia Angeloni, Daniele Passeri, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Francesca Pagnanelli, Marco Rossi. Magnetic force microscopy characterization of cobalt nanoparticles: A preliminary study. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020. 2020; 2257 (1):020005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLivia Angeloni; Daniele Passeri; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Francesca Pagnanelli; Marco Rossi. 2020. "Magnetic force microscopy characterization of cobalt nanoparticles: A preliminary study." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2257, no. 1: 020005.
In this contribution we report on electrochemical approaches in TiO2 based electrodes synthesis. TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized following a facile anodization of titanium sheets. Optimizing the experimental conditions two electrodes with NTs lengths of ∼ 10 µm (Long) and ∼ 2 µm (Short), were obtained. At the end of the anodization the amorphous TiO2 (a-TiO2) was thermally treated to promote the conversion in the anatase crystal phase (c-TiO2). Both the Long and Short NTs electrodes were tested for their applications as anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A preliminary comparison was performed to evaluate the role of a-TiO2 and c-TiO2 phases. Here, Short a-TiO2 NTs exhibited a fast storage rate respect to Short c-TiO2. Comparing the NTs length, Long a-TiO2 electrodes exhibited the highest specific capacity, close to the theoretical value. Furthermore, all the electrodes tested showed an excellent capacity retention proceeding with Discharge/Charge cycles.
Antonio Rubino; Marco Agostini; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. TiO2 nanotubes in lithium-ion batteries. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2020, 2257, 020006 .
AMA StyleAntonio Rubino, Marco Agostini, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. TiO2 nanotubes in lithium-ion batteries. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020. 2020; 2257 (1):020006.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Rubino; Marco Agostini; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "TiO2 nanotubes in lithium-ion batteries." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020 2257, no. 1: 020006.
Li primary batteries are currently treated along with other Li batteries in several big pyro- metallurgical plants in Northern EU countries. Nevertheless, pyro-metallurgical processes do not allow for Mn and Li recycling and present negative environmental impacts, on the other hand hydrometallurgical processing can potentially ensure the integral recovery of all materials in Li primary batteries. In this work, preliminary experimental findings obtained in the LIFE-LIBAT project (LIFE16 ENV/IT/000389) are reported. In this project, end of life Li(0)-MnO2 batteries were cryo-mechanically treated and then the metals were recovered by a hydrometallurgical process. Representative samples of end of life Li(0) batteries were characterized by type and composition. Batteries were stabilized in an N2 bath and then crushed, sieved, and magnetically separated in the SEVal pilot units. Separated fractions (fine fraction, magnetic coarse fraction, and non-magnetic coarse fraction) were chemically characterized for target metal content (Li and Mn). Fractions were first treated for Li extraction and recovery, then the fine fraction was also leached for Mn recovery. Mass balances evidenced a 55% recycling rate and process simulations outlined profitability in the potentiality range in agreement with battery collection fluxes.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Ludovica Baldassari; Pietro Altimari; Emanuela Moscardini; Luigi Toro; Francesca Pagnanelli. Process Simulation for Li-MnO2 Primary Battery Recycling: Cryo-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Treatments at Pilot Scale. Energies 2020, 13, 4546 .
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Ludovica Baldassari, Pietro Altimari, Emanuela Moscardini, Luigi Toro, Francesca Pagnanelli. Process Simulation for Li-MnO2 Primary Battery Recycling: Cryo-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Treatments at Pilot Scale. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4546.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Ludovica Baldassari; Pietro Altimari; Emanuela Moscardini; Luigi Toro; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Process Simulation for Li-MnO2 Primary Battery Recycling: Cryo-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Treatments at Pilot Scale." Energies 13, no. 17: 4546.
Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were produced by surfactant-assisted method using as metal sources both synthetic chemicals and industrial wastes (spent Li-ion batteries and pyrite ash) and performing different thermal treatments (microwave, autoclave, furnace at different temperature, oven). Nanoferrites obtained using synthetic precursor by microwave-surfactant assisted hydrothermal route showed distinct XRD peak of spinel phase; nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, BET, magnetism and adsorption tests. Nanoferrites were found to have plate shape with 715 nm width size, 5.23 emu/g, 57 ± 1 m2/g surface size, 0.59 ± 0.03 mmol/g arsenic and 0.80 ± 0.04 mmol/g copper adsorption capacity. Thermal treatment performed during synthesis by microwaves gave the best results in terms of crystallinity, surface area, magnetism and metals sorption capacity. In particular, the ideal nanoparticles were found to have octahedron shape with 22.3 nm size, 38.63 emu/g magnetism, 159 ± 1 m2/g surface size, 0.63 ± 0.03 mmol/g As(V) and 1.17 ± 0.05 mmol/g Cu(II) adsorption capacity. Then experimental findings showed that using the same optimized conditions (microwave assisted hydrothermal route) waste precursors gave nanoferrites with different morphology, similar mineralogical phase, and improved characteristics in terms of magnetic properties, surface area and metal sorption capacity.
Ünzile Yenial; Thomas Abo Atia; Giuseppe Granata; Ida Pettiti; Francesca Pagnanelli. Recovery of nanoferrites from metal bearing wastes: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption study. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2020, 318, 114047 .
AMA StyleÜnzile Yenial, Thomas Abo Atia, Giuseppe Granata, Ida Pettiti, Francesca Pagnanelli. Recovery of nanoferrites from metal bearing wastes: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption study. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020; 318 ():114047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÜnzile Yenial; Thomas Abo Atia; Giuseppe Granata; Ida Pettiti; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Recovery of nanoferrites from metal bearing wastes: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption study." Journal of Molecular Liquids 318, no. : 114047.
Cobalt-based nanoparticles directly synthesized on conductive substrates through electrodeposition find application in a broad range of scientific and technological fields.The capability to characterize both morphological parameters (e.g., shape, size, structure, and numerical density per unit of area) and magnetic properties (e.g., magnetic moment, saturation magnetization, or coercivity) directly on the substrate on which they are grown is fundamental for many of those applications. In this work, we report on the use of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to characterize Co-based nanoparticles synthesized through electrodeposition on Al substrates using two different counter electrodes, i.e., Co and Pt. Morphological analysis using AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess differences in size and number density of the nanoparticles obtained using the two counter electrodes, while MFM was employed to measure the remanent magnetization of single isolated nanoparticles, to asses the presence of a nonmagnetic shell on the nanoparticles and to estimate their thickness.
Livia Angeloni; Daniele Passeri; Francesca Anna Scaramuzzo; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Francesca Pagnanelli; Marco Rossi. Magnetic force microscopy characterization of core–shell cobalt-oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2020, 516, 167299 .
AMA StyleLivia Angeloni, Daniele Passeri, Francesca Anna Scaramuzzo, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Francesca Pagnanelli, Marco Rossi. Magnetic force microscopy characterization of core–shell cobalt-oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 516 ():167299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLivia Angeloni; Daniele Passeri; Francesca Anna Scaramuzzo; Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Francesca Pagnanelli; Marco Rossi. 2020. "Magnetic force microscopy characterization of core–shell cobalt-oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 516, no. : 167299.
The removal of arsenic from water by adsorption is currently hindered by the elevated cost of conventional adsorbent materials. To overcome this limit, an innovative iron-coated adsorbent was produced by hydrothermal carbonization (170 °C, 30 min) of olive pomace, an inexpensive byproduct of the olive oil production. Hydrothermal carbonization experiments were performed starting from olive pomace dispersions in solutions with acidic, neutral and alkaline pH, in presence and absence of FeCl3. Acidic conditions improved the carbonization, ensuring reduced H/C and O/C ratios, and increased the adsorbent stability. However, acidic pH yielded unsatisfactory iron coating, with only 32% of the iron dissolved in the initial solution transferred to the produced hydrochar. Under alkaline pH, 96% of the iron in the feedwater was, in contrast, stably dispersed over the hydrochar surface, giving the highest maximum arsenic adsorption capacity (4.1 mg/g). However, alkaline pH promoted biomass hydrolysis, causing the loss of 60% and 87% of the total C and N, respectively, and reducing the stability of the produced hydrochar. A two-stage process was tested to overcome these issues, including hydrothermal carbonization under acidic pH with FeCl3, followed by the addition of NaOH. This process prevented biomass hydrolysis yielding a stable hydrochar. However, as compared to the one-stage alkaline synthesis, the two-stage process produced an hydrochar with reduced arsenic adsorption capacity (1.4 mg/g), indicating that biomass hydrolysis could positively influence hydrochar adsorption characteristics, possibly by increasing the specific surface area. Indications are then provided on how to optimize the two-stage process in order to produce a hydrochar with both satisfactory stability and arsenic adsorption capacity.
Laura Capobianco; Fabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Maria Luisa Astolfi; Francesca Pagnanelli. Production of an iron-coated adsorbent for arsenic removal by hydrothermal carbonization of olive pomace: Effect of the feedwater pH. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 273, 111164 .
AMA StyleLaura Capobianco, Fabrizio Di Caprio, Pietro Altimari, Maria Luisa Astolfi, Francesca Pagnanelli. Production of an iron-coated adsorbent for arsenic removal by hydrothermal carbonization of olive pomace: Effect of the feedwater pH. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 273 ():111164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Capobianco; Fabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Maria Luisa Astolfi; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Production of an iron-coated adsorbent for arsenic removal by hydrothermal carbonization of olive pomace: Effect of the feedwater pH." Journal of Environmental Management 273, no. : 111164.
In this work, an innovative hydrometallurgical recycling route for the recovery of all the materials composing Li-MnO2 primary batteries was proposed. End-of-life batteries were mechanically treated in an innovative pilot plant where a cryogenic crushing was performed. The mechanical treatment allowed for the release of the electrodic powder contained in the batteries with the simultaneous recovery of 44 kg of steel and 18 kg of plastics from 100 kg of batteries. Electrodic powder was employed as the raw material for the synthesis of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles. To obtain the synthesis precursors, selective sequential leaching of Li and Mn was performed. Li was extracted via water washing the electrodic powder and Li2CO3 and a purity of 99% was recovered. The black mass containing Mn oxides was leached using phosphoric acid, which gave a Mn-bearing precursor solution that was directly used for the hydrothermal synthesis of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles. A preliminary materials balance of the process was presented, indicating that the proposed process should be an easy hydrometallurgical route for the recycling of primary lithium batteries. In addition, the simultaneous production of high-value-added products that could be reintroduced into the battery manufacturing chain could ensure the economic feasibility of the process.
Pier Giorgio Schiavi; Flavia Carla Dos Santos Martins Padoan; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. Cryo-Mechanical Treatment and Hydrometallurgical Process for Recycling Li-MnO2 Primary Batteries with the Direct Production of LiMnPO4 Nanoparticles. Energies 2020, 13, 4004 .
AMA StylePier Giorgio Schiavi, Flavia Carla Dos Santos Martins Padoan, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. Cryo-Mechanical Treatment and Hydrometallurgical Process for Recycling Li-MnO2 Primary Batteries with the Direct Production of LiMnPO4 Nanoparticles. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):4004.
Chicago/Turabian StylePier Giorgio Schiavi; Flavia Carla Dos Santos Martins Padoan; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Cryo-Mechanical Treatment and Hydrometallurgical Process for Recycling Li-MnO2 Primary Batteries with the Direct Production of LiMnPO4 Nanoparticles." Energies 13, no. 15: 4004.
BACKGROUND Microalgae are a promising resource to produce carotenoids for food/feed applications. However, energy intensive pre‐treatments such as drying and cell destruction can hinder the process sustainability. Direct extraction from wet biomass may reduce energy consumption, but the residual water can reduce the effectiveness of the organic solvents used for the extraction. In this work, the extraction of lutein and β‐carotene from wet untreated microalgae biomass is investigated. The process includes a sequence of successive extraction stages with methanol. RESULTS We show that the sequential extraction can effectively overcome the reduced extraction efficiency induced by the residual water in the biomass. The biomass was dehydrated during the first extraction stage, which increased the efficiency starting from the second stage. This allowed attaining an extraction yield larger than 95 % for both lutein and β‐carotene after 5 extraction stages. A mathematical model was developed by coupling mass balances with a linear equilibrium model, satisfactorily describing the repartition of the two carotenoids between the solid and the solvent phase. By fitting the model to the data obtained by the first extraction stage, liquid‐solid partition coefficients (Kd) equal to 2.0 10‐3 and 1.1 10‐4 were estimated for lutein and β‐carotene, respectively. The Kd of both the carotenoids increased to about 10‐2 during the 6 subsequent extraction stages without water. CONCLUSIONS Direct solvent extraction from wet untreated microalgae biomass is a promising strategy to produce carotenoids. The described model can provide guidelines to design industrial processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Fabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. Sequential extraction of lutein and β‐carotene from wet microalgal biomass. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 2020, 95, 3024 -3033.
AMA StyleFabrizio Di Caprio, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. Sequential extraction of lutein and β‐carotene from wet microalgal biomass. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2020; 95 (11):3024-3033.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2020. "Sequential extraction of lutein and β‐carotene from wet microalgal biomass." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 95, no. 11: 3024-3033.
Secondary pollution from hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) may affect the sustainability of the overall process. This study explores the valorisation of two LIB processing streams, namely iron-sludge and Mn-stripping effluent, as magnetic nanosized sorbents. A surfactant-autoclave synthesis route was developed to obtain CuFe2O4 from synthetic precursors. This same process was then applied to synthesise a quinary ferrite, CuCoMnNiFe2O4, from iron-sludge. Both products exhibited crystallite sizes below 20 nm. The obtained materials, given the elevated specific surface (>160 m2/g) and mesoporous structure, were tested for sorption of cations from synthetic solutions and pre-treated Mn-stripping effluent. Both materials showed preferential sorption behaviour for Mn (≈16 mg/g) versus Co, Li and Na. Mn and Co removal from the pre-treated effluent was more efficient when using the recycled material (Mn 100%, Co 70%) rather than CuFe2O4 (Mn 91%, Co 59%). Furthermore, single-phase nanocrystalline MnCoNiFe2O4 ferrites were synthesized from the two LIB streams by an ultrasound-surfactant-microwave treatment. FESEM profile width measured particle sizes of about 57 nm when the material was dried at 100 °C after synthesis and 98 nm when sintered at 700 °C. The physical and chemical properties (i.e. magnetization, porosity, sizes) of the synthesized materials were studied to assess the effects of the advanced hydrothermal routes and the starting materials on the final products.
Thomas Abo Atia; Giuseppe Granata; Jeroen Spooren; Francesca Pagnanelli. Recovery and application of magnetic nanosized sorbents from waste lithium-ion batteries. Ceramics International 2019, 46, 7559 -7567.
AMA StyleThomas Abo Atia, Giuseppe Granata, Jeroen Spooren, Francesca Pagnanelli. Recovery and application of magnetic nanosized sorbents from waste lithium-ion batteries. Ceramics International. 2019; 46 (6):7559-7567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas Abo Atia; Giuseppe Granata; Jeroen Spooren; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2019. "Recovery and application of magnetic nanosized sorbents from waste lithium-ion batteries." Ceramics International 46, no. 6: 7559-7567.
Biotechnologic processes based on microalgae cultivations have had an increasing interest from the early 2000s. Microalgae are microorganisms able to produce and accumulate a large variety of industrially relevant compounds starting from renewable and cheap resources. However, 3–10 € per kg of dry biomass is the minimum cost for microalgae biomass production that has been estimated by different studies published in 2016. This high cost restricts industrial applications only to the production of high-value products. The new strategies that are being investigated by scientific research to improve economic and environmental sustainability of microalgae biomass production will be described in this chapter.
Fabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations. Pharmacology of the Blood Brain Barrier: Targeting CNS Disorders 2019, 179, 287 -316.
AMA StyleFabrizio Di Caprio, Pietro Altimari, Francesca Pagnanelli. New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations. Pharmacology of the Blood Brain Barrier: Targeting CNS Disorders. 2019; 179 ():287-316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrizio Di Caprio; Pietro Altimari; Francesca Pagnanelli. 2019. "New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations." Pharmacology of the Blood Brain Barrier: Targeting CNS Disorders 179, no. : 287-316.
End of life photovoltaic panels of different technologies (poly crystalline Si, amorphous Si, and CdTe) were treated mechanically in pilot scale by single shaft shredder minimizing the production of fine fractions below 0.4 mm (<18% weight). Grounded material was sieved giving: an intermediate fraction (0.4-1 mm) of directly recoverable glass (18% weight); a coarse fraction (which should be further treated for encapsulant removal), and fine fractions of low-value glass (18%), which can be treated by leaching for the removal of metal impurities. Encapsulant removal from coarse fraction was successfully performed by solvent treatment using cyclohexane at 50 °C for 1 h giving high-grade glass (52% weight), which can be reused for panel production. Experimental results of solvent treatment were compared with those from thermal treatment by economic analysis and Life Cycle Assessment, denoting in both cases the advantages of solvent treatment in recovering high-value glass.
Francesca Pagnanelli; Emanuela Moscardini; Pietro Altimari; Flavia C.S.M. Padoan; Thomas Abo Atia; Francesca Beolchini; Alessia Amato; Luigi Toro. Solvent versus thermal treatment for glass recovery from end of life photovoltaic panels: Environmental and economic assessment. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 248, 109313 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Pagnanelli, Emanuela Moscardini, Pietro Altimari, Flavia C.S.M. Padoan, Thomas Abo Atia, Francesca Beolchini, Alessia Amato, Luigi Toro. Solvent versus thermal treatment for glass recovery from end of life photovoltaic panels: Environmental and economic assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 248 ():109313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Pagnanelli; Emanuela Moscardini; Pietro Altimari; Flavia C.S.M. Padoan; Thomas Abo Atia; Francesca Beolchini; Alessia Amato; Luigi Toro. 2019. "Solvent versus thermal treatment for glass recovery from end of life photovoltaic panels: Environmental and economic assessment." Journal of Environmental Management 248, no. : 109313.