Modern environmental protection standards have a direct impact on the construction and shaping of public space. Designers are increasingly reaching for materials produced via recycling technologies. Waste materials are more readily adopted and used in urban planning and architecture. Current projects in this area are being increasingly designed to meet the requirements of the circular economy, which is facilitated by the reuse of once-used components. The aim of the study is to review research papers in the Scopus database (bibliometric analysis) and other selected materials applied in construction, which are recycled and used again in various ways in the construction of subsequent buildings. The results show various application possibilities of recycled materials in construction. The study draws attention to the fact that the use of recycled materials in modern construction is becoming more and more effective, which may contribute to increasing the share of the circular economy in the implementation process related to this subject.

Urban blue infrastructure is an important component of the urban landscape for ecological, economic, social, and cultural reasons. However, there is a clear research gap in relation to preferences and patterns of use in the context of different blue spaces, considering the citywide context and different cultural and geographical settings. Additionally, when compared to green spaces, the location and morphology of urban blue elements are usually geographically predefined, and it is much less possible to ensure their equitable distribution with respect to population. To fill this gap, we decided to explore the effect of distance from residential areas, the role of water, the level of facilities, and the character of blue spaces in attracting visitors of different demographic characteristics in a sample of different European cities. We used a public participatory geographic information system approach (PPGIS) to collect data about residents’ favourite blue spaces in each city and categorize the most popular of these according to whether they were close to or distant from respondents’ homes. We also categorized the types of blue spaces and the level of facilities present. The results show that certain key blue spaces, such as the seaside or beaches, attract more distant visitors and that the pattern of the blue spaces within the city also affects visitation. There are many differences among the studied cities due to the morphology determined by geography. The usage of blue spaces is very site-specific and should be studied in more detail at the city and place levels, focusing on the different roles of everyday and destination places.

At the time of reflection on green justice, when the role of public green spaces is increasing, it is worth paying attention to vernacular greenery, especially in single-family residential areas on city outskirts which property owners arrange in front parts of plots. The paper’s aim is to show that vernacular front gardens (VFG) can act as missing public space and at the same time have the attributes of public green space, providing ecosystem services (ES). In order to confirm these assumptions, we carried out a VFG’s attributes inventory and a survey on garden designers. We identified dominating garden features and conducted a cluster analysis of the gardens based on their characteristics. The basis for building periurban streetscape in single-family housing estates is the visual inclusiveness of VFGs. They provide all the ES groups, playing representational, natural and recreational roles as well as serving as locations of edible plants production. Streets in residential sites, thanks to VFG, can be treated as real green public spaces creating a type of green area accessible not only to owners but also to pedestrian eyes. We conclude that our results can be valuable for city planning but also for the professional garden designers.

Rozumienie ogrodu jako miejsca wzbudzającego poczucie dobrostanu zwraca uwagę na wykorzystanie hortiterapii. Celem opracowania jest określenie ogólnych zasad projektowania i urządzania ogrodu wspierającego terapię schizofrenii. Analizy literatury uszczegółowiono w badaniach projektów, które powstawały we współpracy architektów krajobrazu, terapeutów i chorych. Wyniki dotyczące form, funkcji i sensoryki pozwoliły na opracowanie wytycznych do projektowania ogrodu dla osób w remisji schizofrenii.

This article addresses the topic of memorials in landscape. The authors define and characterise these spaces, based on a literature review and an analysis of common examples of places of remembrance and monuments. The research considers location, landscape context, spatial arrangement, form, meaning and social discourse. In memorial spaces, composition, landscaping, layout of communication and greenery, as well as decorative and functional elements are crucial. The aim of this article is to indicate the differences between the various forms of commemoration and to define the moment at which a memorial becomes a place of remembrance. A memorial space is an arranged piece of landscape in which the central role is played by a memorial with its accompanying decorative and functional elements. It is a space superimposed on the form of the memorial that allows people to dwell, contemplate and celebrate the rituals of remembrance, and the condition for these to take place is a suitably arranged space, adapted to the needs of the users.

Hortitherapy is a phrase that can be understood in many ways, but above all it depicts a set of activities that include working in specially designed gardens. This article will focus on gardens that aim to help in therapy for people with neurodegenerative and mental health diseases. What catches our attention is that the matter is usually approached through the importance of garden therapy, yet most of the research pays little attention to the design part of the process. The methods used while composing a space for the use of therapy consists of the general rules of designing a landscape and the needs of the patients that are to benef t from the therapy. Thanks to the research, we have established that particular needs of patients with mental disabilities require particular landscape elements. These elements are correlated with particular disabilities and needs. Garden design for hortitherapy in its specifics shows the possibilities of spatial organisation to make it special in a way that comprehends patients’ needs and embodies the procedures and conditions of standard therapy. Hortiterapia ma szerokie spektrum rozumienia. W tym pojęciu mieszczą się działalności związane z pracą w ogrodzie czy twórczością wykorzystującą ogrodowe elementy. W artykule skupiono się na ogrodach przeznaczonych do terapii dla osób zmagających się z chorobami neurodegeneratywnymi i psychicznymi. Rozważania o sposobach włączenia chorych w różne aktywności ogrodowe są bogatym źródłem informacji o funkcjonowaniu ogrodów terapeutycznych, jednak uwagę zwraca marginalne traktowanie aspektów związanych z projektowaniem. Metodyka postępowania w projektowaniu ogrodu dla hortiterapii wynika z połączenia uniwersalnych zasad projektowania przestrzeni oraz celowego stosowania rozwiązań odnoszących się do konkretnych dysfunkcji użytkowników organizowanej przestrzeni. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że zasady projektowania dla hortiterapii nie są uniwersalne, a zróżnicowanie w doborze elementów i ich form jest skorelowane z dysfunkcją użytkowników ogrodu. Projekt ogrodu dla hortiterapii w swej specyfice ukazuje możliwość takiej organizacji przestrzeni, aby stawała się ona miejscem szczególnym, ukierunkowanym na potrzeby chorych wynikające z ich dysfunkcji.