Different economic studies have been concentrated on specific and/or isolated factors to explain public debt evolution. In this article we have developed an integrated viewpoint based on financial, social and governance or institutional factors. Under our dynamic econometric assessment for the last two decades (i.e., since the Euro currency inception), economic growth, interest rate, life expectancy at birth, unemployment, government effectiveness and the last sovereign debt crisis have resulted as being the major determinants of its evolution. Public debt sustainability must be assessed continuously with the aim to discuss technical recommendations to maintain it at an even rate, to allow sustainable economic growth and better life standards, in the context of life expectancy increasing and stable governance and institutional conditions. Undoubtedly, the Covid-19 pandemic leads more damaged Eurozone countries with negative real economic growth and high unemployment rates to increase dramatically their current public debts, to such an extent that they could fall into unsustainable paths. Therefore, substantial reforms in European pension and unemployment insurance systems are necessary conditions to ensure public debt sustainability amid Covid-19 pandemic.

The aim of this research is to establish the extent to which social programs and socioeconomic variables have been influencing poverty in the 24 Peru regions (2013–2022). The study is quantitative, non-experimental, and correlational. We use secondary data obtained from official sources such as the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, Ministry of Economy and Finance, as well as the Peruvian Institute of Economics. For estimations, we use the Generalized Method of Moments System and dynamic panel data. The results indicate that Juntos, Pensión 65, Qali Warma, and Trabaja Perú social programs, with p-values of 0.383, 0.715, 0.681, and 0.870, respectively, have not had favorable impacts on reducing poverty. On the contrary, negative coefficients for human capital and physical infrastructure mean that improving them will reduce poverty at the regional level. A year more in schooling for the population aged over 15 years reduces poverty between 1.7% and 1.2%. Increasing 10% of the proportion of national roads in paved condition reduces poverty levels between 1.9% and 2.4%.

The aim of this document is provide empirical evidences and theoretical knowledge about how the compelling current Sovereign Debt Crisis in the periphery Euro-zone countries was triggered in accordance with Moral Hazard theory, because the implicit and explicit externalization of risk cost for commercial financial institutions. Different from traditional working papers that concentrated only on weak macroeconomic fundamentals and contagion effects as the main origins of the previous financial crises. This research is dealing with the question how moral hazard problem in the Euro-zone periphery after the introduction of the Euro currency as a global competitor of the U.S.A. Dollar caused and/or nurtured their Fiscal and External unbalances. This after a short period of euphoria and wellbeing, with reduction of the interest rate and easily access of fresh capital to finance unprofitable and risky biased businesses without appropriate banking regulation; ending up in a vicious circle between weak banking system and fiscal imbalances. After assessing different economic and financial statistics from the Euro-zone, as the ratio Short Term External Debt/Foreign Exchange Reserve as a Moral Hazard index and Fiscal and External unbalances Accounts, making a comparison with North-core Euro countries. The first evidence is that the Sovereign Debt Crisis was originated in the awkward circle between weak financial system and implicit guarantees provided by negligent governments without financial regulation and supervision; while politicians differed necessary reforms as Fiscal Union.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los efectos del cambio climático sobre el bienestar bajo el método correlacional, no experimental de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios y de Sistema Generalizado de Momentos. Con una base de datos de series de tiempo anual a nivel nacional (1950-2023) y datos de panel regional (2014-2023). El producto bruto interno per cápita como variable dependiente y como explicativas la temperatura, precipitaciones, fenómenos “El Niño” y “La Niña”, entre otras de control. A nivel nacional y regional se confirma que el incremento de la temperatura afecta negativamente el bienestar, no es claro que las lluvias perjudiquen al país, la costa árida requiere agua para desarrollar su agroindustria, las precipitaciones en la sierra y selva rural resultaron no significativas, al igual que la duración de “El Niño” y “La Niña”. En tanto que “El Niño” extraordinario para 1957, 1972, 1983 y 1998, afectó negativamente el bienestar.

This study examines the gender-differentiated dynamics of domestic violence across 25 Peruvian regions from 2009-2023, employing a System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. Our analysis reveals distinct patterns in violence persistence, with higher temporal continuity for men compared to women, suggesting deeply embedded societal norms. The research uncovers contrasting effects of unemployment on gender-based violence. While male unemployment increases violence, female unemployment shows an inverse relationship, supporting bargaining model theories. Notably, informal labor significantly reduces violence against women but shows no significant effect for men, highlighting gender-specific economic dynamics. Our findings demonstrate that women's economic participation has opposing effects: reducing violence against women while increasing violence against men, consistent with male backlash theory. Education emerges as a protective factor for both genders, with slightly stronger effects for men than women. Technological access shows varying protective effects: cellphone ownership significantly reduces violence for both genders, while internet access demonstrates stronger protective effects for women compared to men. Overcrowding and poverty exhibit complex, gender-differentiated impacts, suggesting the need for targeted interventions. These findings contribute to understanding the nuanced interplay between socioeconomic factors and domestic violence, emphasizing the importance of gender-specific approaches in policy development and intervention strategies in Peru.

Admittedly, collective labor conflicts come from different economic activities, but it is fair to point out that in Perú they occur more often in both mining and quarrying activities than others. These kinds of social conflicts can be quite costly for our economy if the authorities do not intervene to resolve them on time, thus, these so-called conflicts can make Peruvian union workers fall prey to this senseless complaining related trend to the extent where union rights can become a double edge sword in terms of convenience and/or benefit. This way, it is one of my interests to show how the Peruvian Ministry of Labor social affairs is dealing with these kind of social problems every day -to keep them on at controllable lowly even keel rate-, the public policies that have been implemented to strengthen its activities for preventing and resolving collective labor conflicts, their main causes, agreements to resolve them, among other related issues. Finally, I consider that the economic and social benefits that the Ministry of Labor reports in each intervention for Perú, must be measured in order to inform Peruvians and other institutions; that is what I intend to formalize in this paper.