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Mr. Md. Abul Kalam
Helen Keller International

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0 Behavior Change Communication
0 Gender Analysis
0 Medical Anthropology
0 Qualitative Research
0 Mixed methods research

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Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Microorganisms
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has swamped the global environment greatly in the current pandemic. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) effectively forecasts the surge of COVID-19 cases in humans in a particular region. To understand the genomic characteristics/footprints and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment, we analyzed 807 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from 20 countries deposited in GISAID till 22 May 2021. The highest number of sequences (n = 638) were reported in Austria, followed by the Netherlands, China, and Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were highest (40.0%) to successfully yield the virus genome followed by a 24 h composite wastewater sample (32.6%) and sewage (18.5%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 environmental strains are a close congener with the strains mostly circulating in the human population from the same region. Clade GRY (32.7%), G (29.2%), GR (25.3%), O (7.2%), GH (3.4%), GV (1.4%), S (0.5%), and L (0.4%) were found in environmental samples. Various lineages were identified in environmental samples; nevertheless, the highest percentages (49.4%) of the alpha variant (B.1.1.7) were detected in Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Other prevalent lineages were B.1 (18.2%), B.1.1 (9.2%), and B.1.160 (3.9%). Furthermore, a significant number of amino acid substitutions were found in environmental strains where the D614G was found in 83.8% of the sequences. However, the key mutations—N501Y (44.6%), S982A (44.4%), A570D (43.3%), T716I (40.4%), and P681H (40.1%) were also recorded in spike protein. The identification of the environmental belvedere of SARS-CoV-2 and its genetic signature is crucial to detect outbreaks, forecast pandemic harshness, and prepare with the appropriate tools to control any impending pandemic. We recommend genomic environmental surveillance to trace the emerging variants and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 viruses circulating in the community. Additionally, proper disposal and treatment of wastewater, sewage, and medical wastes are important to prevent environmental contamination.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1696 .

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Abul Kalam, Jinnat Ferdous, Kaisar Rahman, Josefina Abedin, Shariful Islam, Shahanaj Shano, Otun Saha, Tahmina Shirin, Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1696.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. 2021. "Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1696.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Antibiotics
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging health issue globally, posing a threat to zoonotic pathogens and foodborne diseases. In Bangladesh, the poultry sector supplies the majority of the demand for animal-source protein. The irrational and excessive use of antimicrobials (AMU) has been observed in the poultry sector. The development of AMR is associated with many factors, including the knowledge and attitudes of poultry farmers. Therefore, AMR reduction requires intervention from all the stockholders, including the farmers who are considered as end users of antimicrobials. This current research conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of poultry farmers on AMU and AMR in Bangladesh. We determined the KAP of poultry farmers (broiler and layer farmers) of some selected districts of the country using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The results demonstrated that most of the respondents have insufficient KAP regarding AMU and AMR. The respondents used a variety of antimicrobials primarily in the treatment of various diseases in poultry. One-third of the farmers did not seek antimicrobials from registered vets. Instead, they depended on others or themselves. The factor score analysis further revealed that the farmers’ demographic and socioeconomic variables were significant factors influencing the KAP. An adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that older farmers with 9–12 years of farming experience and graduate-level education, engaging in medium-sized layer farming, were more likely to have correct KAP on AMU and AMR. Further, farmers from the Cox’s Bazar region showed correct knowledge, whereas farmers of the Chattogram region showed a correct attitude towards AMU and AMR. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between knowledge–attitudes and knowledge–practices. The findings of the current investigation provide baseline evidence about the KAP of poultry farmers from low-income resources and offer insights into designing interventions and policies for the use of AMU and AMR in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Al Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Zubayer Tanzin; Chandan Nath; Hamida Khanom; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Mazharul Islam; Bashir Uddin; Ariful Islam. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 784 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Abdul Alim, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Rahim Badsha, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ashraful Hoque, Abu Zubayer Tanzin, Chandan Nath, Hamida Khanom, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Mazharul Islam, Bashir Uddin, Ariful Islam. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (7):784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Al Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Zubayer Tanzin; Chandan Nath; Hamida Khanom; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Mazharul Islam; Bashir Uddin; Ariful Islam. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh." Antibiotics 10, no. 7: 784.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Veterinary Sciences
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Poultry production has boomed in Bangladesh in recent years. The poultry sector has contributed significantly to meet the increased demand for animal source proteins in the country. However, increased use of antimicrobials appeared to be a significant threat to food safety in the poultry sector. The poultry drug and feed sellers are at the frontline position involving selecting and delivering the antimicrobials to the poultry farmers. Studies assessing the poultry drug and feed sellers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) are limited. The current study aimed to assess the community poultry drug and feed sellers’ KAPs of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in some selected areas of Bangladesh. We determined the respondents’ (drug and the feed sellers) KAPs of AMU and AMR using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The study demonstrated that most respondents have insufficient knowledge, less positive attitudes, and inappropriate practices regarding AMU and AMR. The factor score analysis further showed that the type of respondents and their years of experience, level of education, and training on the drug were the significant factors impacting the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AMU and AMR. The adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the drug sellers who completed their education up to 12th grade and had training on the drug had adequate knowledge of AMU and AMR. The data also showed that the drug sellers belong to the age group 31–35 and 36–40 years and who completed 12th grade had good attitudes on the same. Likewise, the analysis further determined that drug sellers belonging to the age category 18–25 and 26–30 years, and interestingly, the respondents who completed education up to 12th grade, had better practices. Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between each pair of the KAPs scores for the respondents. The correlation was fair between knowledge–attitudes, knowledge–practices, and attitudes–practices. Based on the current study results, we recommend educational interventions and appropriate training for the poultry drug and feed sellers to raise awareness and to upgrade their current knowledge on the appropriate use of antimicrobials. This will ultimately lead to reducing the chances of developing AMR in the poultry sectors of the country.

ACS Style

Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Tanzin; Shahneaz Khan; Ariful Islam; Mazharul Islam; Mohammad Hassan. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences 2021, 8, 111 .

AMA Style

Abul Kalam, Abdul Alim, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Rahim Badsha, Abdullah Mamun, Ashraful Hoque, Abu Tanzin, Shahneaz Khan, Ariful Islam, Mazharul Islam, Mohammad Hassan. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8 (6):111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Tanzin; Shahneaz Khan; Ariful Islam; Mazharul Islam; Mohammad Hassan. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6: 111.

Preprint content
Published: 25 April 2021
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Background While vaccines ensure individual protection against COVID-19 infection, delay in receipt or refusal of vaccines will have both individual and community impacts. The behavioral factors of vaccine hesitancy or refusal are a crucial dimension that need understanding to implicate appropriate interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the behavioral determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and to provide recommendations to increase the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh. Methods We employed a Barrier Analysis (BA) approach to examine twelve potential behavioral determinants (drawn from the Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action [TRA]) of intended vaccine acceptance. We conducted 45 interviews with those who intended to take the vaccine (Acceptors) and another 45 interviews with those who did not have that intention (Non-acceptors). We performed data analysis to find statistically significant differences and to identify which beliefs were most highly associated with acceptance and non-acceptance with COVID-19 vaccines. Results COVID-19 vaccine Acceptors in Dhaka were different from Non-acceptors in terms of many of their beliefs and responses. The behavioral determinants associated with the behavior included perceived social norms, perceived safety of COVID-19 vaccines and trust in them, perceived risk/susceptibility, perceived self-efficacy, perceived positive and negative consequences, perceived action efficacy, perceived severity of COVID-19, access, and perceived divine will. In line with the Health Belief Model, beliefs about the disease itself were highly correlated with vaccine acceptance, although not the only determinant. Other responses of Acceptors provide clues such as providing vaccination through government health facilities, schools, and kiosks, and having vaccinators maintain proper COVID-19 health and safety protocols as to ways to make it easier to boost acceptance. Conclusion An effective behavior change strategy for COVID-19 vaccines uptake will need to address multiple beliefs and behavioral determinants, reducing barriers and leveraging enablers identified in this study. The national plans on COVID-19 vaccination should adopt culturally and community label acceptable and appropriate evidence-based behavior change interventions strategies to promote high vaccination coverage and acceptance in all societal structures across the country.

ACS Style

Abul Kalam; Thomas P. Davis; Shahanaj Shano; Nasir Uddin; Ariful Islam; Robert Kanwagi; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Heidi J. Larson. Exploring the Behavioral Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among an Urban Population in Bangladesh: Implications for Behavior Change Interventions. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Abul Kalam, Thomas P. Davis, Shahanaj Shano, Nasir Uddin, Ariful Islam, Robert Kanwagi, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Heidi J. Larson. Exploring the Behavioral Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among an Urban Population in Bangladesh: Implications for Behavior Change Interventions. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abul Kalam; Thomas P. Davis; Shahanaj Shano; Nasir Uddin; Ariful Islam; Robert Kanwagi; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Heidi J. Larson. 2021. "Exploring the Behavioral Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among an Urban Population in Bangladesh: Implications for Behavior Change Interventions." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 21 March 2021
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Social and Behavioral Change (SBC) has long been considered as core component of hand washing with soap (HWWS) intervention, but identifying barriers and enablers of HWWS from a behavioral perspective is limited. By examining twelve potential behavioral determinants this Barrier Analysis study was conducted to identify the barriers and enablers of HWWS after defecation in urban setting in Bangladesh. We conducted 45 interviews with those who washed their hands with soap after defecation (“Doers”) and another 45 interviews with those who did not (“Non-doers”). Data analysis was performed to identify which beliefs were most highly-associated with hand washing with soap. The analysis showed that two of the main barriers of HWWS after defecation were related to perceived self-efficacy and access, especially availability of soap. Non-doers claimed that access to soap was difficult due to lack of money and unavailability at nearby shops. Other important determinants such as difficulty remembering to buy soap (cues for action)), believing that most people did not approve of HWWS (e.g. perceived social norms), low perceived severity of diarrhea, and not believing that HWWS would work to reduce diarrhea (perceived action efficacy) were significantly correlated with adoption of the behavior. Perceived divine will (believing that it is God’s will when one gets diarrhea) was also a factor among the Non-doers. Other benefits such as feeling clean and keeping free from illness were reported more often by Doers, while Non-doers were more likely to report increased costs as a barrier to HWWS. The results suggest that an integrated behavior change strategy promoting specific beliefs about HWWS using culturally-inclusive messaging and activities to address the different barriers and leverage the different enablers may lead to better adoption of HWWS.

ACS Style

Abul Kalam; Thomas P Davis; Ariful Islam; Shahidul Islam; Bonnie L Kittle; Marc Pérez Casas. Identifying behavioral determinants of handwashing with soap after defecation in an urban setting in Bangladesh: Findings from a Barrier Analysis. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Abul Kalam, Thomas P Davis, Ariful Islam, Shahidul Islam, Bonnie L Kittle, Marc Pérez Casas. Identifying behavioral determinants of handwashing with soap after defecation in an urban setting in Bangladesh: Findings from a Barrier Analysis. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abul Kalam; Thomas P Davis; Ariful Islam; Shahidul Islam; Bonnie L Kittle; Marc Pérez Casas. 2021. "Identifying behavioral determinants of handwashing with soap after defecation in an urban setting in Bangladesh: Findings from a Barrier Analysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Animals
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Bats are known reservoirs of Nipah virus (NiV) and some filoviruses and also appear likely to harbor the evolutionary progenitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). While bats are considered a reservoir of deadly viruses, little is known about people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat conservation and ecology. The current study aimed to assess community people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat ecology, myths, and the role of bats in transmitting NiV in Bangladesh. Since 2001, NiV has been a continuous threat to public health with a mortality rate of approximately 70% in Bangladesh. Over the years, many public health interventions have been implemented to raise awareness about bats and the spreading of NiV among the community peoples of Nipah outbreak areas (NOAs) and Nipah non-outbreak areas (NNOAs). We hypothesized that people from both areas might have similar knowledge of bat ecology and myths about bats but different knowledge regarding their role in the spreading of NiV. Using a four-point Likert scale-based questionnaire, our analysis showed that most people lack adequate knowledge regarding the role of bats in maintaining the ecological balance and instead trust their beliefs in different myths about bats. Factor score analysis showed that respondents’ gender (p = 0.01), the outbreak status of the area (p = 0.03), and their occupation (p = 0.04) were significant factors influencing their knowledge of bat ecology and myths. A regression analysis showed that farmers had 0.34 times the odds of having correct or positive knowledge of bat ecology and myths than businesspersons (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.15–0.78, p = 0.01). Regarding the spreading of NiV via bats, people had a lower level of knowledge. In NOAs, age (p = 0.00), occupation (p = 0.00), and level of education (p = 0.00) were found to be factors contributing to the amount of knowledge regarding the transmission of NiV, whereas in NNOAs, the contributing factors were occupation (p = 0.00) and level of education (p = 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that respondents who were engaged in services (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.07–8.54, p = 0.04) and who had completed primary education (OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.02–9.17, p < 0.05) were likely to have correct knowledge regarding the spreading of NiV. Based on the study results, we recommend educational interventions for targeted groups in the community, highlighting the ecosystem services and conservation of bats so as to improve people’s current knowledge and subsequent behavior regarding the role of bats in ecology and the spreading of NiV in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Mahabub Alam; Shahanaj Shano; Abdullah Al Faruq; Saddam Hossain; Nurul Islam; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh. Animals 2020, 10, 1814 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Mahabub Alam, Shahanaj Shano, Abdullah Al Faruq, Saddam Hossain, Nurul Islam, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Mahabub Alam; Shahanaj Shano; Abdullah Al Faruq; Saddam Hossain; Nurul Islam; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh." Animals 10, no. 10: 1814.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Journal of Risk and Financial Management
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The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2020, 13, 194 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Kaisar Rahman, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2020; 13 (9):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 9: 194.

Preprint
Published: 28 June 2020
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The COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected the social and economic conditions across this globe. Little is known about the relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and socio-demographic status. Publicly available data on COVID-19 test rate, attack rate, case fatality rate, and recovery rate were analyzed in relation to country’s economic status, population density, median age, and urban population ratio. We also conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to predict the influence of countries’ social and economic factors on COVID-19. The results revealed that the median age had significant positive correlation with attack rate (r=0.2389, p=0.003), case fatality rate (r=0.3207, p=0.000) and recovery rate (r=0.4847, p=0.000). The urbanization has positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r=0.1957, p= 0.016). The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed low-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000) and attack rate (p=0.016) compare to high-income countries. The lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively) compared to high-income countries. Based on the result of this study, these economic and socio-demographic factors should consider in designing appropriate preventive measures as a next step. The low and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services to lower the case fatality rate and increase test and recovery rates as part of pandemic preparation like COVID-19. As the number of COVID-19 attacks, death and recovery rates are constantly changing; however, the intensive study is required to obtain a clear picture.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Kaisar Rahman, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally." , no. : 1.