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Dr. Ariful Islam
Senior Scientist and Bangladesh program coordinator

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0 Emerging Infectious Diseases
0 Epidemiology
0 Virology
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Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Microorganisms
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has swamped the global environment greatly in the current pandemic. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) effectively forecasts the surge of COVID-19 cases in humans in a particular region. To understand the genomic characteristics/footprints and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment, we analyzed 807 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from 20 countries deposited in GISAID till 22 May 2021. The highest number of sequences (n = 638) were reported in Austria, followed by the Netherlands, China, and Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were highest (40.0%) to successfully yield the virus genome followed by a 24 h composite wastewater sample (32.6%) and sewage (18.5%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 environmental strains are a close congener with the strains mostly circulating in the human population from the same region. Clade GRY (32.7%), G (29.2%), GR (25.3%), O (7.2%), GH (3.4%), GV (1.4%), S (0.5%), and L (0.4%) were found in environmental samples. Various lineages were identified in environmental samples; nevertheless, the highest percentages (49.4%) of the alpha variant (B.1.1.7) were detected in Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Other prevalent lineages were B.1 (18.2%), B.1.1 (9.2%), and B.1.160 (3.9%). Furthermore, a significant number of amino acid substitutions were found in environmental strains where the D614G was found in 83.8% of the sequences. However, the key mutations—N501Y (44.6%), S982A (44.4%), A570D (43.3%), T716I (40.4%), and P681H (40.1%) were also recorded in spike protein. The identification of the environmental belvedere of SARS-CoV-2 and its genetic signature is crucial to detect outbreaks, forecast pandemic harshness, and prepare with the appropriate tools to control any impending pandemic. We recommend genomic environmental surveillance to trace the emerging variants and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 viruses circulating in the community. Additionally, proper disposal and treatment of wastewater, sewage, and medical wastes are important to prevent environmental contamination.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1696 .

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Abul Kalam, Jinnat Ferdous, Kaisar Rahman, Josefina Abedin, Shariful Islam, Shahanaj Shano, Otun Saha, Tahmina Shirin, Mohammad Hassan. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1696.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Abul Kalam; Jinnat Ferdous; Kaisar Rahman; Josefina Abedin; Shariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Otun Saha; Tahmina Shirin; Mohammad Hassan. 2021. "Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Diverse Environmental Samples Globally." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1696.

Preprint content
Published: 14 July 2021
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The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a literature review to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophu s bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2 related viruses. Initially pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to human, but they might get infected from human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like, mink-to-mink, and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companion and captive wild animals were infected by emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species- cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters, and bats, showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confronts the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pet, and captive animals to stop spillover and spillback events. We recommend sustainable one health surveillance at animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Jinnat Ferdous; Abu Sayeed; Rahman; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Tahmina Shirin. Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Jinnat Ferdous, Abu Sayeed, Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Tahmina Shirin. Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Jinnat Ferdous; Abu Sayeed; Rahman; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Tahmina Shirin. 2021. "Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Antibiotics
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging health issue globally, posing a threat to zoonotic pathogens and foodborne diseases. In Bangladesh, the poultry sector supplies the majority of the demand for animal-source protein. The irrational and excessive use of antimicrobials (AMU) has been observed in the poultry sector. The development of AMR is associated with many factors, including the knowledge and attitudes of poultry farmers. Therefore, AMR reduction requires intervention from all the stockholders, including the farmers who are considered as end users of antimicrobials. This current research conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of poultry farmers on AMU and AMR in Bangladesh. We determined the KAP of poultry farmers (broiler and layer farmers) of some selected districts of the country using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The results demonstrated that most of the respondents have insufficient KAP regarding AMU and AMR. The respondents used a variety of antimicrobials primarily in the treatment of various diseases in poultry. One-third of the farmers did not seek antimicrobials from registered vets. Instead, they depended on others or themselves. The factor score analysis further revealed that the farmers’ demographic and socioeconomic variables were significant factors influencing the KAP. An adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that older farmers with 9–12 years of farming experience and graduate-level education, engaging in medium-sized layer farming, were more likely to have correct KAP on AMU and AMR. Further, farmers from the Cox’s Bazar region showed correct knowledge, whereas farmers of the Chattogram region showed a correct attitude towards AMU and AMR. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between knowledge–attitudes and knowledge–practices. The findings of the current investigation provide baseline evidence about the KAP of poultry farmers from low-income resources and offer insights into designing interventions and policies for the use of AMU and AMR in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Al Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Zubayer Tanzin; Chandan Nath; Hamida Khanom; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Mazharul Islam; Bashir Uddin; Ariful Islam. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 784 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Abdul Alim, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Rahim Badsha, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ashraful Hoque, Abu Zubayer Tanzin, Chandan Nath, Hamida Khanom, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Mazharul Islam, Bashir Uddin, Ariful Islam. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (7):784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Al Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Zubayer Tanzin; Chandan Nath; Hamida Khanom; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Mazharul Islam; Bashir Uddin; Ariful Islam. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh." Antibiotics 10, no. 7: 784.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Veterinary Sciences
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Poultry production has boomed in Bangladesh in recent years. The poultry sector has contributed significantly to meet the increased demand for animal source proteins in the country. However, increased use of antimicrobials appeared to be a significant threat to food safety in the poultry sector. The poultry drug and feed sellers are at the frontline position involving selecting and delivering the antimicrobials to the poultry farmers. Studies assessing the poultry drug and feed sellers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) are limited. The current study aimed to assess the community poultry drug and feed sellers’ KAPs of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in some selected areas of Bangladesh. We determined the respondents’ (drug and the feed sellers) KAPs of AMU and AMR using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The study demonstrated that most respondents have insufficient knowledge, less positive attitudes, and inappropriate practices regarding AMU and AMR. The factor score analysis further showed that the type of respondents and their years of experience, level of education, and training on the drug were the significant factors impacting the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AMU and AMR. The adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the drug sellers who completed their education up to 12th grade and had training on the drug had adequate knowledge of AMU and AMR. The data also showed that the drug sellers belong to the age group 31–35 and 36–40 years and who completed 12th grade had good attitudes on the same. Likewise, the analysis further determined that drug sellers belonging to the age category 18–25 and 26–30 years, and interestingly, the respondents who completed education up to 12th grade, had better practices. Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between each pair of the KAPs scores for the respondents. The correlation was fair between knowledge–attitudes, knowledge–practices, and attitudes–practices. Based on the current study results, we recommend educational interventions and appropriate training for the poultry drug and feed sellers to raise awareness and to upgrade their current knowledge on the appropriate use of antimicrobials. This will ultimately lead to reducing the chances of developing AMR in the poultry sectors of the country.

ACS Style

Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Tanzin; Shahneaz Khan; Ariful Islam; Mazharul Islam; Mohammad Hassan. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences 2021, 8, 111 .

AMA Style

Abul Kalam, Abdul Alim, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Rahim Badsha, Abdullah Mamun, Ashraful Hoque, Abu Tanzin, Shahneaz Khan, Ariful Islam, Mazharul Islam, Mohammad Hassan. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8 (6):111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abul Kalam; Abdul Alim; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Rahim Badsha; Abdullah Mamun; Ashraful Hoque; Abu Tanzin; Shahneaz Khan; Ariful Islam; Mazharul Islam; Mohammad Hassan. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6: 111.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in One Health Outlook
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In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security.

ACS Style

Karen Saylors; PREDICT Consortium; David J. Wolking; Emily Hagan; Stephanie Martinez; Leilani Francisco; Jason Euren; Sarah H. Olson; Maureen Miller; Amanda E. Fine; Nga Nguyen Thi Thanh; Phuc Tran Minh; Jusuf D. Kalengkongan; Tina Kusumaningrum; Alice Latinne; Joko Pamungkas; Dodi Safari; Suryo Saputro; Djeneba Bamba; Kalpy Julien Coulibaly; Mireille Dosso; Anne Laudisoit; Kouassi Manzan N’Guettia Jean; Shusmita Dutta; Ariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Mwokozi I. Mwanzalila; Ian P. Trupin; Aiah Gbakima; James Bangura; Sylvester T. Yondah; Dibesh Karmacharya; Rima D. Shrestha; Marcelle Annie Matsida Kamta; Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche; Hilarion Moukala Ndolo; Fabien Roch Niama; Dionne Onikrotin; Peter Daszak; Christine K. Johnson; Jonna A. K. Mazet. Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats. One Health Outlook 2021, 3, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Karen Saylors, PREDICT Consortium, David J. Wolking, Emily Hagan, Stephanie Martinez, Leilani Francisco, Jason Euren, Sarah H. Olson, Maureen Miller, Amanda E. Fine, Nga Nguyen Thi Thanh, Phuc Tran Minh, Jusuf D. Kalengkongan, Tina Kusumaningrum, Alice Latinne, Joko Pamungkas, Dodi Safari, Suryo Saputro, Djeneba Bamba, Kalpy Julien Coulibaly, Mireille Dosso, Anne Laudisoit, Kouassi Manzan N’Guettia Jean, Shusmita Dutta, Ariful Islam, Shahanaj Shano, Mwokozi I. Mwanzalila, Ian P. Trupin, Aiah Gbakima, James Bangura, Sylvester T. Yondah, Dibesh Karmacharya, Rima D. Shrestha, Marcelle Annie Matsida Kamta, Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche, Hilarion Moukala Ndolo, Fabien Roch Niama, Dionne Onikrotin, Peter Daszak, Christine K. Johnson, Jonna A. K. Mazet. Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats. One Health Outlook. 2021; 3 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karen Saylors; PREDICT Consortium; David J. Wolking; Emily Hagan; Stephanie Martinez; Leilani Francisco; Jason Euren; Sarah H. Olson; Maureen Miller; Amanda E. Fine; Nga Nguyen Thi Thanh; Phuc Tran Minh; Jusuf D. Kalengkongan; Tina Kusumaningrum; Alice Latinne; Joko Pamungkas; Dodi Safari; Suryo Saputro; Djeneba Bamba; Kalpy Julien Coulibaly; Mireille Dosso; Anne Laudisoit; Kouassi Manzan N’Guettia Jean; Shusmita Dutta; Ariful Islam; Shahanaj Shano; Mwokozi I. Mwanzalila; Ian P. Trupin; Aiah Gbakima; James Bangura; Sylvester T. Yondah; Dibesh Karmacharya; Rima D. Shrestha; Marcelle Annie Matsida Kamta; Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche; Hilarion Moukala Ndolo; Fabien Roch Niama; Dionne Onikrotin; Peter Daszak; Christine K. Johnson; Jonna A. K. Mazet. 2021. "Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats." One Health Outlook 3, no. 1: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in Infection, Genetics and Evolution
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Epidemiological and molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for identifying the source of the virus and for effective control of the spread of local strains. We estimated case fatality rate, cumulative recovery number, basic reproduction number (R0) and future incidence of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We illustrated the spatial distribution of cases throughout the country. We performed phylogenetic and mutation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Bangladesh. As of July 31, 2020, Bangladesh had a case fatality rate of 1.32%. The cases were initially clustered in Dhaka and its surrounding districts in March but spreads throughout the country over time. The R0 calculated as 1.173 in Exponential Growth method. For the projection, a 20% change in R0 with subsequent infection trend has been calculated. The genomic analysis of 292 Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 strains suggests diverse genomic clades L, O, S, G, GH, where predominant circulating clade was GR (83.9%; 245/292). The GR clades' phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clusters (I to XIII) with intra-clade variations. The mutation analysis revealed 1634 mutations where 94.6% and 5.4% were non-synonymous and unique mutation, respectively. The Spike, Nucleocapsid, NSP2, and RdRP showed substantially high mutation but no mutation was recorded in NSP9 and NSP11 protein. In spike (S) protein, 355 predominant mutations were recorded, highest in D614G. Alternatively, I120F in NSP2 protein, R203K and G204R in nucleocapsid protein, and P323L in RdRp were more recurrent. The Bangladeshi genomes belonged to phylogenetic lineages A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.23, B.1.1.25, B.1.113, and B.1.36, among which 50.0% sequences owned by the pangolin lineage B.1.1.25. The study illustrates the spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2, and molecular epidemiology of Bangladeshi isolates. We recommend continuous monitoring of R0 and genomic surveillance to understand the transmission dynamics and detect new variants of SARS-CoV-2 for proper control of the current pandemic and evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination globally.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Shafayat Zamil; Josefina Abedin; Otun Saha; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Assessment of basic reproduction number (R0), spatial and temporal epidemiological determinants, and genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2021, 92, 104884 -104884.

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Kaisar Rahman, Shafayat Zamil, Josefina Abedin, Otun Saha, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Assessment of basic reproduction number (R0), spatial and temporal epidemiological determinants, and genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2021; 92 ():104884-104884.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Shafayat Zamil; Josefina Abedin; Otun Saha; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. 2021. "Assessment of basic reproduction number (R0), spatial and temporal epidemiological determinants, and genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 92, no. : 104884-104884.

Original article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is an emerging and rapidly evolving profound pandemic, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and results in significant case fatality around the world including Bangladesh. We conducted this study to assess how COVID‐19 cases clustered across districts in Bangladesh and whether the pattern and duration of clusters changed following the country’s containment strategy using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. We calculated the epidemiological measures including disease incidence, case fatality rate (CFR), and spatiotemporal pattern of COVID‐19. We used Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Moran’s I, and Getis‐Ord Gi* statistics for prediction, spatial autocorrelation, and hotspot. We used retrospective space‐time scan statistic to analyze clusters of COVID‐19 cases. COVID‐19 has a CFR of 1.4%. Over 50 % of infected cases were reported among young adults (21‐40 year age group). The incidence varies from 0.03‐0.95 at the end of March to 15.59‐308.62 per 100000, at the end of July. Global Moran’s Index indicates a robust spatial autocorrelation of COVID‐19 cases. Local Moran’s I analysis stated a distinct High‐High (HH) clustering of COVID‐19 cases among the Dhaka, Gazipur, and Narayanganj districts. Twelve statistically significant high rated clusters were identified by space‐time scan statistics using a discrete Poisson model. IDW predicted the cases at the undetermined area, and GWR showed a strong relationship between population density and case frequency, which was further established with Moran’s I (0.734; P≤0.01). Dhaka and its surrounding six districts were identified as the significant spatial hotspot where Chattogram is an extended diseased area. The outcomes acquired from the spatiotemporal investigation of COVID‐19 could offer significant data and measurements to help the government checking and powerful arrangement creation of related organizations in medical, social, monetary, and environmental viewpoints.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Geospatial dynamics of COVID‐19 clusters and hotspots in Bangladesh. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Kaisar Rahman, Jinnat Ferdous, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Geospatial dynamics of COVID‐19 clusters and hotspots in Bangladesh. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. 2021. "Geospatial dynamics of COVID‐19 clusters and hotspots in Bangladesh." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Pathogens
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Ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. Wetlands, such as Hakaluki and Tanguar haor in Bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. A cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. During the three consecutive winters of 2015–2017, specifically in December of these years, we collected a total of 947 samples including blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from domestic ducks (free-range duck (n = 312 samples) and household ducks (n = 635 samples) in wetlands. We screened serum samples using a nucleoprotein competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to estimate seroprevalence of IAV antibodies and swab samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect IA viral M gene. Eleven (11) M gene positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological and viral prevalence rates of IAVs were 63.8% (95% CI: 60.6–66.8) and 10.7% (8.8–12.8), respectively. Serological and viral RNA prevalence rates were 51.8% (95% CI: 47.2–56.4) and 10.2% (7.6–13.3) in Hakaluki haor, 75.6% (71.5–79.4) and 11.1% (8.5–14.3) in Tanguar haor, 66.3% (62.5–69.9) and 11.2% (8.8–13.9) in household ducks and 58.7% (52.9–64.2) and 9.6% (6.5–13.4) in free-range ducks, respectively. The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI seropositive ducks were location (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.2–3.8, p < 0.001; Tanguar haor vs. Hakaluki haor), duck-rearing system (OR = 1.4, 1.1–1.8, household vs. free-range), farmer’s education status (OR = 1.5, 1.2–2.0, p < 0.05 illiterate vs. literate) and contact type (OR = 3.0, 2.1–4.3, p < 0.001; contact with chicken vs. no contact with chicken). The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI RNA positive ducks were farmer’s education status (OR = 1.5, 1.0–2.3, p < 0.05 for illiterate vs literate), contact type (OR = 2.7, 1.7–4.2, p < 0.001; ducks having contact with chicken vs. ducks having contact with waterfowl). The phylogenetic analysis of 11 partial M gene sequences suggested that the M gene sequences detected in free-range duck were very similar to each other and were closely related to the M gene sequences of previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes in waterfowl in Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries. Results of the current study will help provide significant information for future surveillance programs and model IAV infection to predict the spread of the viruses among migratory waterfowl, free-range ducks and domestic poultry in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Mohammad Hassan; Ariful Islam; Rubyath Hasan; K. Rahman; Richard Webby; A. Hoque; Mohamed El Zowalaty. Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands. Pathogens 2020, 9, 953 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Hassan, Ariful Islam, Rubyath Hasan, K. Rahman, Richard Webby, A. Hoque, Mohamed El Zowalaty. Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (11):953.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Hassan; Ariful Islam; Rubyath Hasan; K. Rahman; Richard Webby; A. Hoque; Mohamed El Zowalaty. 2020. "Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands." Pathogens 9, no. 11: 953.

Journal article
Published: 02 November 2020 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir,Pteropus mediusbats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than otherPteropusspecies (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughoutPteropus’s range.

ACS Style

Jonathan H. Epstein; Simon J. Anthony; Ariful Islam; A. Marm Kilpatrick; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Maria D. Balkey; Noam Ross; Ina Smith; Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio; Yun Tao; Ausraful Islam; Phenix Lan Quan; Kevin J. Olival; M. Salah Uddin Khan; Emily S. Gurley; M. Jahangir Hossein; Hume E. Field; Mark D. Fielder; Thomas Briese; Mahmudur Rahman; Christopher C. Broder; Gary Crameri; Lin-Fa Wang; Stephen P. Luby; W. Ian Lipkin; Peter Daszak. Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2020, 117, 29190 -29201.

AMA Style

Jonathan H. Epstein, Simon J. Anthony, Ariful Islam, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Maria D. Balkey, Noam Ross, Ina Smith, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Yun Tao, Ausraful Islam, Phenix Lan Quan, Kevin J. Olival, M. Salah Uddin Khan, Emily S. Gurley, M. Jahangir Hossein, Hume E. Field, Mark D. Fielder, Thomas Briese, Mahmudur Rahman, Christopher C. Broder, Gary Crameri, Lin-Fa Wang, Stephen P. Luby, W. Ian Lipkin, Peter Daszak. Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020; 117 (46):29190-29201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan H. Epstein; Simon J. Anthony; Ariful Islam; A. Marm Kilpatrick; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Maria D. Balkey; Noam Ross; Ina Smith; Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio; Yun Tao; Ausraful Islam; Phenix Lan Quan; Kevin J. Olival; M. Salah Uddin Khan; Emily S. Gurley; M. Jahangir Hossein; Hume E. Field; Mark D. Fielder; Thomas Briese; Mahmudur Rahman; Christopher C. Broder; Gary Crameri; Lin-Fa Wang; Stephen P. Luby; W. Ian Lipkin; Peter Daszak. 2020. "Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46: 29190-29201.

Communication
Published: 28 October 2020 in Veterinary Sciences
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West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Shariful Islam; Mohammad Enayet Hossain; Jinnat Ferdous; Josefina Abedin; Mohammad Ziaur Rahman; Kaisar Rahman; Ahasanul Hoque; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 164 .

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Shariful Islam, Mohammad Enayet Hossain, Jinnat Ferdous, Josefina Abedin, Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, Kaisar Rahman, Ahasanul Hoque, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (4):164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Shariful Islam; Mohammad Enayet Hossain; Jinnat Ferdous; Josefina Abedin; Mohammad Ziaur Rahman; Kaisar Rahman; Ahasanul Hoque; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. 2020. "Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4: 164.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Animals
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Bats are known reservoirs of Nipah virus (NiV) and some filoviruses and also appear likely to harbor the evolutionary progenitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). While bats are considered a reservoir of deadly viruses, little is known about people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat conservation and ecology. The current study aimed to assess community people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat ecology, myths, and the role of bats in transmitting NiV in Bangladesh. Since 2001, NiV has been a continuous threat to public health with a mortality rate of approximately 70% in Bangladesh. Over the years, many public health interventions have been implemented to raise awareness about bats and the spreading of NiV among the community peoples of Nipah outbreak areas (NOAs) and Nipah non-outbreak areas (NNOAs). We hypothesized that people from both areas might have similar knowledge of bat ecology and myths about bats but different knowledge regarding their role in the spreading of NiV. Using a four-point Likert scale-based questionnaire, our analysis showed that most people lack adequate knowledge regarding the role of bats in maintaining the ecological balance and instead trust their beliefs in different myths about bats. Factor score analysis showed that respondents’ gender (p = 0.01), the outbreak status of the area (p = 0.03), and their occupation (p = 0.04) were significant factors influencing their knowledge of bat ecology and myths. A regression analysis showed that farmers had 0.34 times the odds of having correct or positive knowledge of bat ecology and myths than businesspersons (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.15–0.78, p = 0.01). Regarding the spreading of NiV via bats, people had a lower level of knowledge. In NOAs, age (p = 0.00), occupation (p = 0.00), and level of education (p = 0.00) were found to be factors contributing to the amount of knowledge regarding the transmission of NiV, whereas in NNOAs, the contributing factors were occupation (p = 0.00) and level of education (p = 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that respondents who were engaged in services (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.07–8.54, p = 0.04) and who had completed primary education (OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.02–9.17, p < 0.05) were likely to have correct knowledge regarding the spreading of NiV. Based on the study results, we recommend educational interventions for targeted groups in the community, highlighting the ecosystem services and conservation of bats so as to improve people’s current knowledge and subsequent behavior regarding the role of bats in ecology and the spreading of NiV in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Mahabub Alam; Shahanaj Shano; Abdullah Al Faruq; Saddam Hossain; Nurul Islam; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh. Animals 2020, 10, 1814 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Mahabub Alam, Shahanaj Shano, Abdullah Al Faruq, Saddam Hossain, Nurul Islam, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Mahabub Alam; Shahanaj Shano; Abdullah Al Faruq; Saddam Hossain; Nurul Islam; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh." Animals 10, no. 10: 1814.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Biosafety and Health
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South Asian (SA) countries have been fighting with the pandemic novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since January 2020. Earlier, the country-specific descriptive study has been done. Nevertheless, as transboundary infection, the border sharing, shared cultural and behaviour practice, effects on the temporal and spatial distribution of COVID-19 in SA is still unveiled. Therefore, this study has been revealed the spatial hotspot along with descriptive output on different parameters of COVID-19 infection. We extracted data from the WHO and the worldometer database from the onset of the outbreak up to 15 May, 2020. Europe has the highest case fatality rate (CFR, 9.22%), whereas Oceania has the highest (91.15%) recovery rate from COVID-19. Among SA countries, India has the highest number of cases (85,790), followed by Pakistan (38,799) and Bangladesh (20,065). However, the number of tests conducted was minimum in this region in comparison with other areas. The highest CFR was recorded in India (3.21%) among SA countries, whereas Nepal and Bhutan had no death record due to COVID-19 so far. The recovery rate varies from 4.75% in the Maldives to 51.02% in Sri Lanka. In Bangladesh, community transmission has been recorded, and the highest number of cases were detected in Dhaka, followed by Narayanganj and Chattogram. We detected Dhaka and its surrounding six districts, namely Gazipur, Narsingdi, Narayanganj, Munshiganj, Manikganj, and Shariatpur, as the 99% confidence-based hotspot where Faridpur and Madaripur district as the 95% confidence-based spatial hotspots of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. However, we did not find any cold spots in Bangladesh. We identified three hotspots and three cold spots at different confidence levels in India. Findings from this study suggested the “Test, Trace, and Isolation” approach for earlier detection of infection to prevent further community transmission of COVID-19.

ACS Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Shahanaj Shano; Shusmita Dutta Choudhury; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Spatiotemporal patterns and trends of community transmission of the pandemic COVID-19 in South Asia: Bangladesh as a case study. Biosafety and Health 2020, 3, 39 -49.

AMA Style

Ariful Islam, Abu Sayeed, Kaisar Rahman, Jinnat Ferdous, Shahanaj Shano, Shusmita Dutta Choudhury, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. Spatiotemporal patterns and trends of community transmission of the pandemic COVID-19 in South Asia: Bangladesh as a case study. Biosafety and Health. 2020; 3 (1):39-49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ariful Islam; Abu Sayeed; Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Shahanaj Shano; Shusmita Dutta Choudhury; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan. 2020. "Spatiotemporal patterns and trends of community transmission of the pandemic COVID-19 in South Asia: Bangladesh as a case study." Biosafety and Health 3, no. 1: 39-49.

Original article
Published: 19 September 2020 in Veterinary Medicine and Science
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Brucellosis is a neglected endemic zoonosis in Bangladesh and has a significant impact on public health and animal welfare of dairy farming as well as dairy farm economics. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cattle in the Chittagong metropolitan area (CMA) of Chittagong, Bangladesh. We collected serum samples (n = 158) from six randomly selected dairy farms in the CMA between February and November, 2015. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) were used as the screening and confirmatory tests respectively. Farm level and animal level demographic and risk factor data were collected using a questionnaire. The risk factors were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression with random effects. The overall seroprevalences of antibodies against brucellosis in cattle were 21.5% (34/158) and 7.6% (12/158) based on parallel and serial interpretation of the two tests respectively. Our results revealed that 20.3% (32/158) samples were positive using the RBPT and 8.9% (14/158) were positive using the cELISA. The within‐herd seroprevalence ranged from 10% to 26.3% and 5 to 20.7% using the RBPT and cELISA tests respectively. The odds of seropositivity were significantly higher in lactating cows (OR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.02–6.55), cows producing less than 2 litres of milk (OR: 29.6; 95% CI: 4.3–353.8), cow producing 2–12 litres of milk (OR: 4.8; 95% CI: 1.1–33.4) and cows with reproductive disorders (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2–10.1). About 7.6% (12/158) and 1.3% (2/158) of cattle were found to be infected with acute and chronic brucellosis respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that cows that have reproductive disorders and are producing little milk should be prioritized for brucellosis screening in CMA. The screening tests should be used to control brucellosis in cattle in order to protect animal welfare, human health and to minimize the economic losses.

ACS Style

Shariful Islam; Shama Ranjan Barua; Shahnaj Parvin Moni; A. K. M. Anisur Rahman; Sharmin Chowdhury. Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020, 7, 86 -98.

AMA Style

Shariful Islam, Shama Ranjan Barua, Shahnaj Parvin Moni, A. K. M. Anisur Rahman, Sharmin Chowdhury. Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2020; 7 (1):86-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shariful Islam; Shama Ranjan Barua; Shahnaj Parvin Moni; A. K. M. Anisur Rahman; Sharmin Chowdhury. 2020. "Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh." Veterinary Medicine and Science 7, no. 1: 86-98.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Veterinary Sciences
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Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1–14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72–10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox’s Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.

ACS Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Ariful Islam; Rahman; N. U. Chowdhury; Hatem S. M. Z. Nine; Rahman; Josef D. Järhult; A. Hoque. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 122 .

AMA Style

Mohammad M. Hassan, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, Ariful Islam, Rahman, N. U. Chowdhury, Hatem S. M. Z. Nine, Rahman, Josef D. Järhult, A. Hoque. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (3):122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Ariful Islam; Rahman; N. U. Chowdhury; Hatem S. M. Z. Nine; Rahman; Josef D. Järhult; A. Hoque. 2020. "Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3: 122.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Journal of Risk and Financial Management
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The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2020, 13, 194 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Kaisar Rahman, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2020; 13 (9):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 9: 194.

Preprint
Published: 28 July 2020
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A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) among medium to large scale household dairy farms in southwestern district, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh during July to December 2019. A total of 78 (n=100) lactating cows from household dairy farms (N=32) having three or more dairy cows were selected randomly as sampled populations. Milk samples were screened for SCM by using Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). The prevalence of SCM varied among farm level [71.9% (95% CI: 53.3-86.3)], individual animal level [67.9% (95% CI: 56.4-86.3)] and quarter level [29.5% (95% CI: 24.5-34.9)]. Descriptive statistics represented the farmers and farm demography, characteristics of the sampled population, and overall management feature. Random Effect Logistic Regression identified, Body Condition Score (BCS) [OR=3.8 and 2.9, at cows level and quarter level respectively (BCS-2 vs. BCS-≥3)], and breed [OR=5.1 and 2.9, at cows level and quarter level respectively (HF× Sahiwal vs. HF × Local)] as potential risk factors. This study shows that SCM is highly prevalent in the study area, which is a major threat to the dairy industry's production performance. Regular screening by SFMT, proper hygiene, improve the management system, and farmer’s awareness is required to control the disease.

ACS Style

Abu Sayeed; Ashikur Rahman; Saiful Bari; Ariful Islam; Mizanur Rahman; Ahasanul Hoque. Prevalence of Sub-clinical Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors at Cow Level in Dairy Farms in Southwestern Part of Bangladesh. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Abu Sayeed, Ashikur Rahman, Saiful Bari, Ariful Islam, Mizanur Rahman, Ahasanul Hoque. Prevalence of Sub-clinical Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors at Cow Level in Dairy Farms in Southwestern Part of Bangladesh. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abu Sayeed; Ashikur Rahman; Saiful Bari; Ariful Islam; Mizanur Rahman; Ahasanul Hoque. 2020. "Prevalence of Sub-clinical Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors at Cow Level in Dairy Farms in Southwestern Part of Bangladesh." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2020 in Journal of Threatened Taxa
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A cross sectional study was conducted (2010–2013) to determine the diversity of hemoprotozoa among bats of Bangladesh. Microscopic examination of blood smears (N=533; Pteropus medius (377), Rousettus leschenaultii (111), Megaderma lyra (45)) revealed 9% of bats (95% confidence interval CI: 7–12%) were positive for hemoprotozoa. The overall prevalence of hemoparasites among P. medius was 5% (n=20, 95% CI: 3–8%); where Babesia sp. was 3% (n=12, 95% CI: 2–5%) and Hepatocytis sp. was 2% (n=8, 95% CI: 1–4%). Moreover, 13% of R. leschenaultii were positive (n=14, 95% CI: 7–20%) where prevalence of Babesia sp. was 10% (n=11, 95% CI: 5–17%) and prevalence of Hepatocystis sp. was 3% (n=3, 95% CI: 1–8%). Twenty-nine percent (n=13, 95% CI: 16–44%) of M. lyra harbored hemoparasites, among which 20% (n=9, 95% CI: 10–35%) were Babesia sp. and 9% (n=4, 95% CI: 2–21%) were Hepatocystis sp. The study indicates bats remain important hosts for various zoonotic parasites and suggests further research.

ACS Style

Shariful Islam; Rakib Uddin Ahmed; Md. Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Helal Uddin; Sazeda Akter; Abdullah Al Faruq; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Ausraful Islam. Detection of hemoparasites in bats, Bangladesh. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2020, 12, 16245 -16250.

AMA Style

Shariful Islam, Rakib Uddin Ahmed, Md. Kaisar Rahman, Jinnat Ferdous, Helal Uddin, Sazeda Akter, Abdullah Al Faruq, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Ausraful Islam. Detection of hemoparasites in bats, Bangladesh. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2020; 12 (10):16245-16250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shariful Islam; Rakib Uddin Ahmed; Md. Kaisar Rahman; Jinnat Ferdous; Helal Uddin; Sazeda Akter; Abdullah Al Faruq; Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Ausraful Islam. 2020. "Detection of hemoparasites in bats, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 10: 16245-16250.

Preprint
Published: 28 June 2020
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The COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected the social and economic conditions across this globe. Little is known about the relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and socio-demographic status. Publicly available data on COVID-19 test rate, attack rate, case fatality rate, and recovery rate were analyzed in relation to country’s economic status, population density, median age, and urban population ratio. We also conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to predict the influence of countries’ social and economic factors on COVID-19. The results revealed that the median age had significant positive correlation with attack rate (r=0.2389, p=0.003), case fatality rate (r=0.3207, p=0.000) and recovery rate (r=0.4847, p=0.000). The urbanization has positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r=0.1957, p= 0.016). The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed low-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000) and attack rate (p=0.016) compare to high-income countries. The lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively) compared to high-income countries. Based on the result of this study, these economic and socio-demographic factors should consider in designing appropriate preventive measures as a next step. The low and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services to lower the case fatality rate and increase test and recovery rates as part of pandemic preparation like COVID-19. As the number of COVID-19 attacks, death and recovery rates are constantly changing; however, the intensive study is required to obtain a clear picture.

ACS Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Abul Kalam, Shahanaj Shano, Raihan Khan Nayem, Kaisar Rahman, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Ariful Islam. Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Abul Kalam; Shahanaj Shano; Raihan Khan Nayem; Kaisar Rahman; Shahneaz Ali Khan; Ariful Islam. 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Veterinary Sciences
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012–2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero–subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs’ reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic–wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

ACS Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Ariful Islam; Shahneaz A. Khan; K. Rahman; Josef D. Järhult; A. Hoque. Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 73 .

AMA Style

Mohammad M. Hassan, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, Ariful Islam, Shahneaz A. Khan, K. Rahman, Josef D. Järhult, A. Hoque. Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (2):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Ariful Islam; Shahneaz A. Khan; K. Rahman; Josef D. Järhult; A. Hoque. 2020. "Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2: 73.

Clinical research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
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SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic Betacoronavirus causing the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. More than twelve million COVID-19 cases and 500 thousand fatalities have been reported in 216 countries. Although SARS-CoV-2 originated in China, comparatively fewer people have been affected in other Asian countries than in Europe and the USA. This study examined the hypothesis that lower temperature may increase the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by comparing attack rate and case fatality rate (until 21 March 2020) to mean temperature in January–February 2020. The attack rate was highest in Luxembourg followed by Italy and Switzerland. There was a significant (p = 0.02) correlation between decreased attack rate and increased environmental temperature. The case fatality rate was highest in Italy followed by Iran and Spain. There was no significant correlation between the case fatality rate and temperature. This study indicates that lower temperature may increase SARS-CoV-2 transmission (measured as an increased attack rate), but there is no evidence that temperature affects the severity of the disease (measured as case fatality rate). However, there are clearly other factors that affect the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and many of these may be sensitive to interventions, e.g. through increased public awareness and public health response.

ACS Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Shahneaz A. Khan; Ariful Islam; Raihan K. Nayem; Josef D. Järhult. Role of Environmental Temperature on the Attack rate and Case fatality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad M. Hassan, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, Shahneaz A. Khan, Ariful Islam, Raihan K. Nayem, Josef D. Järhult. Role of Environmental Temperature on the Attack rate and Case fatality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. 2020; 10 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad M. Hassan; Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Shahneaz A. Khan; Ariful Islam; Raihan K. Nayem; Josef D. Järhult. 2020. "Role of Environmental Temperature on the Attack rate and Case fatality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic." Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 10, no. 1: 1.