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Dr. Malindu Sandanayake
Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

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0 Life Cycle Assessment
0 Sustainable Construction
0 sustainable construction and building materials
0 Sustainable ag

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Due to its dynamic nature in construction, benchmarking environmental emissions of road construction projects can be a daunting task. Often stakeholders will have to prioritize the economic and environmental indicators based on the project objectives. The study presents a methodological framework to compare economic and environmental impacts to benchmark sustainable transport construction projects. Through findings, the study aims to inform focus areas and key stages of infrastructure projects to benchmark sustainable performance. Process-based emission and cost estimation models are presented with an AHP based weighting factor that enables prioritization of emissions and costs based on project scopes and objectives. Using a case study, results are represented to validate the framework and methodology. Concrete and steel are identified as the main materials that contribute to total carbon emissions, while soil and gravel are responsible for the highest costs. Electricity consumption is discovered as the major fuel type contributing to carbon emissions. Concrete and dump trucks are discovered as the top two sources of emissions and costs, respectively. Scenario analyses revealed that the choice of equipment significantly affects the project’s emissions and costs. The application of sustainable materials can significantly reduce emissions and cost. The use of the case study approach results in a lack of generalizability. However, the same methodology and process can be adopted for the sustainable benchmarking of different projects. Researchers are encouraged to investigate processes to automate sustainable benchmarking of transport infrastructure construction projects. The study is one of the first attempts to compare cost and environmental impacts using a systematic methodology of transportation infrastructure construction projects.

ACS Style

Wenkai Luo; Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Yongtao Tan. Construction Cost and Carbon Emission Assessment of a Highway Construction—A Case towards Sustainable Transportation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7854 .

AMA Style

Wenkai Luo, Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Yongtao Tan. Construction Cost and Carbon Emission Assessment of a Highway Construction—A Case towards Sustainable Transportation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7854.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenkai Luo; Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Yongtao Tan. 2021. "Construction Cost and Carbon Emission Assessment of a Highway Construction—A Case towards Sustainable Transportation." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7854.

Review
Published: 07 June 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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The building and construction industry is one of the leading generators of waste in the worldwide economy. Use of excessive quantities of virgin materials to manufacture building materials is a growing dilemma that needs urgent attention. With the excessive general of waste, research focus has been directed toward the use of waste to substitute and reduce the requirement for immense extraction of virgin materials. After glass and plastic, cardboard is considered as the most prominent recycled waste material that could possess potential use in mortar and concrete applications, thereby reducing virgin material extraction. The current study aims to conduct a systematic review in using cardboard waste in mortar and concrete. A bibliometric assessment of 874 research publications demonstrated that cardboard waste related studies on mortar and concrete remain seldom considered. An analysis of literature indicated kraft fibres within cardboard can be recycled into building materials. The key findings discovered matrix modification and fibre pre-treatment are essential for the enhancement of mechanical and durability properties. Researchers have developed mix designs including supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to mitigate fibre degradation and enhance mechanical values. However, further research is required to comprehensively analyse an effective material matrix to reduce the degradation caused on the fibre. Therefore, this paper presents key findings of current trends, limitations and future research directions related to the use of recycled cardboard in concrete and cement-based materials.

ACS Style

Robert Haigh; Malindu Sandanayake; Yanni Bouras; Zora Vrcelj. A review of the mechanical and durability performance of kraft-fibre reinforced mortar and concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 297, 123759 .

AMA Style

Robert Haigh, Malindu Sandanayake, Yanni Bouras, Zora Vrcelj. A review of the mechanical and durability performance of kraft-fibre reinforced mortar and concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 297 ():123759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Haigh; Malindu Sandanayake; Yanni Bouras; Zora Vrcelj. 2021. "A review of the mechanical and durability performance of kraft-fibre reinforced mortar and concrete." Construction and Building Materials 297, no. : 123759.

Review
Published: 18 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Concrete is the most used construction material in the world. Consequently, the mass extraction of virgin materials required for concrete production causes major environmental impacts. With a focus on promoting sustainability, numerous research studies on incorporating waste materials to replace virgin substances in concrete were undertaken. Despite this vast volume of published literature, systematic research studies on these sustainable concrete mixes that inform various stakeholders on current research trends, future research directions, and marketability options products are seldom conducted. This paper presents a decade review on sustainable concrete with a focus on virgin materials being replaced with waste materials. It aims to inform researchers of current research trends and gaps in the research area of waste material use in concrete. The review also identifies key parameters that restrict the marketability of these sustainable concrete products. The three-step research methodology involves a bibliometric assessment, a key review of selected waste materials, and an interview with a panel of experts focusing on impediments towards the transition of sustainable concrete products into the industry market. Bibliometric assessment was based on 1465 research publications in which five key materials (plastic, glass, fly ash, slag) and construction and demolition waste were selected for the review. The interview was conducted with ten industry experts to discuss the industry limitations in the commercial establishment of materials. The review of existing knowledge and the findings on sustainable concrete presented in this paper provide directions for both research academics and industry stakeholders to systematically focus on sustainable concrete products that are market-ready.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Yanni Bouras; Robert Haigh; Zora Vrcelj. Current Sustainable Trends of Using Waste Materials in Concrete—A decade Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9622 .

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Yanni Bouras, Robert Haigh, Zora Vrcelj. Current Sustainable Trends of Using Waste Materials in Concrete—A decade Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Yanni Bouras; Robert Haigh; Zora Vrcelj. 2020. "Current Sustainable Trends of Using Waste Materials in Concrete—A decade Review." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9622.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Adaption of reclaimed resources within the construction industry, in order to move towards environmental sustainability and a carbon neutral society is essential. To address this issue this study focused on the investigation of the long term performance, carbon emissions and coast savings of Alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete incorporating recycled coarse aggregate (AAS-RA) up to one year of age. The performance and sustainability aspect of AAS-RA concrete was then compared with AAS concrete incorporated with natural quarry aggregate (AAS-NA) and PC concrete, respectively. Both AAS concretes achieved similar compressive strength of approx. 40 MPa and tensile strength of approx. 3.3 MPa after one year. Hence, full replacement of quarried coarse aggregate using recycled aggregate in AAS concrete did not display any evidence of an adverse impact to the strength characteristics. However, the 7-day and 28-day water cured AAS concretes demonstrated 32% and 16% higher drying shrinkage at one year in excess of the maximum permissible limit specified in AS3600. Both AAS concretes displayed high water absorption but low chloride permeability and sorptivity. A highly porous external surface layer interconnected with numerous capillaries and microcracks is hypothesised to be the reason for the high water absorption. Gel formation densified the microstructure and filled the capillaries in the bulk matrix, which in turn resulted in the lower permeability and secondary sorptivity. The AAS-NA and AAS-RA concretes displayed 43.5% and 52% carbon emission reduction compared to an equivalent strength of PC concrete having similar binder content.

ACS Style

Ominda Nanayakkara; Chamila Gunasekara; Malindu Sandanayake; David W. Law; Kate Nguyen; Jun Xia; Sujeeva Setunge. Alkali activated slag concrete incorporating recycled aggregate concrete: Long term performance and sustainability aspect. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 271, 121512 .

AMA Style

Ominda Nanayakkara, Chamila Gunasekara, Malindu Sandanayake, David W. Law, Kate Nguyen, Jun Xia, Sujeeva Setunge. Alkali activated slag concrete incorporating recycled aggregate concrete: Long term performance and sustainability aspect. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 271 ():121512.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ominda Nanayakkara; Chamila Gunasekara; Malindu Sandanayake; David W. Law; Kate Nguyen; Jun Xia; Sujeeva Setunge. 2020. "Alkali activated slag concrete incorporating recycled aggregate concrete: Long term performance and sustainability aspect." Construction and Building Materials 271, no. : 121512.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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This study investigates strength development, reactivity and environmental/economic benefits of blended High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete mixes utilizing 65% and 80% cement replacement utilizing a combination of fly ash and hydrated lime, with and without nano-silica. The carbon and non-carbon emissions are considered as environmental impacts while life cycle costs from cradle-to-gate, which is from material extraction to production, are considered for comparison of the economic benefits. The compressive strength of the HVFA mixes increased with the addition of nano-silica. The HVFA–65 and HVFA–80, without nano-silica, achieved 25.0 MPa and 14.5 MPa at 7 days, respectively, and 42.7 MPa and 29.5 MPa at 28 days. With the addition of nano-silica the HVFA–65 ns and HVFA–80 ns concrete had compressive strengths of 37.5 MPa and 28.8 MPa at 7 days and increased to 47.1 MPa and 40.1 MPa at 28 days. Incorporating 3% nano-silica into HVFA concrete increased the early age hydration reaction. This is attributed to the reaction of the C3A and C4AF phases and the formation of monosulfoaluminate, which contributed to the early age strength gain. The majority of Ca2+ ions were consumed during the initial hydration, with few Ca2+ ions remaining for the subsequent hydration reaction with the C3S phase. The HVFA concrete mixes displayed between 51 and 60 % carbon savings and a reduced Global Warming Impact. The non-Greenhouse Gas emissions, i.e. SO2 and NOx, reflects minor savings in the Acidification Impact (AI) and Photochemical Oxidant Formation Impact (POFI) environmental impact indicators. Further, HVFA concrete incorporated with hydrated lime shows a 10% cost reduction compared with Portland Cement concrete.

ACS Style

Chamila Gunasekara; Malindu Sandanayake; Zhiyuan Zhou; David W. Law; Sujeeva Setunge. Effect of nano-silica addition into high volume fly ash–hydrated lime blended concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 253, 119205 .

AMA Style

Chamila Gunasekara, Malindu Sandanayake, Zhiyuan Zhou, David W. Law, Sujeeva Setunge. Effect of nano-silica addition into high volume fly ash–hydrated lime blended concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 253 ():119205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chamila Gunasekara; Malindu Sandanayake; Zhiyuan Zhou; David W. Law; Sujeeva Setunge. 2020. "Effect of nano-silica addition into high volume fly ash–hydrated lime blended concrete." Construction and Building Materials 253, no. : 119205.

Articles
Published: 04 July 2019 in International Journal of Construction Management
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Emissions at the construction stage of a building have been overlooked due to several impediments and complications. Identification and categorization of these complications could be the initial step towards carrying out a systematic assessment of construction stage emissions. This study aims to investigate major impediments affecting an emission study in building construction. Triangulation approach was adopted to collect the required data for the study in the form of literature review study, interviews and questionnaire survey distribution. Eighteen factors were identified through literature reviews and interviews with professionals in the construction industry and further investigated through a questionnaire survey. Ranking analysis was used to identify 11 critical factors out of which ‘difficulties in collection of construction site specific data’, ‘commercial sensitivity of the data’ and ‘lack of data inventories and standards to estimate emissions’ were identified as the most important factors. Using factor analysis, the identified factors were grouped into three categories, namely data related issues, scope definition issues and cost and technology related issues. Findings and the future research directions from the study provide valuable reference to researchers and industry practitioners who seek to pursue a comprehensive emission study at the construction stage of a building.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. Impediments affecting a comprehensive emission assessment at the construction stage of a building. International Journal of Construction Management 2019, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Kevin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge. Impediments affecting a comprehensive emission assessment at the construction stage of a building. International Journal of Construction Management. 2019; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. 2019. "Impediments affecting a comprehensive emission assessment at the construction stage of a building." International Journal of Construction Management , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Off-site construction is a popular construction technique due to improvements in construction time and efficiency. However, a typical construction will incur several air emission substances which can be categorised as direct and indirect emissions. The effect of these pollutant substances may have severe health impacts on the immediate surrounding environment of the construction site. The study attempts to quantify direct and indirect emissions associated with off-site construction and compare with traditional on-site construction. Two case studies in Chengdu, China is used to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of off-site construction as compared to conventional construction. The results indicate GHG emissions reduction of 8.40% for off-site construction. Impact assessment revealed pre-fabrication having more reduction on global warming and oxidation formation at global level and eutrophication, human toxicity and acidification at regional and local environment. Further analysis revealed a strong relationship between the transportation distance and the level of pre-fabrication on total carbon emission reduction. The methodology provided in the current study exemplified the importance of conducting a well-articulated assessment to help decision making on environmental impact reduction in off-site construction. The results conclude the importance of developing a structured decision making platform to assist the sustainable decision makings in future.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Wenkai Luo; Guomin Kevin Zhang. Direct and indirect impact assessment in off-site construction—A case study in China. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 48, 1 .

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Wenkai Luo, Guomin Kevin Zhang. Direct and indirect impact assessment in off-site construction—A case study in China. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 48 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Wenkai Luo; Guomin Kevin Zhang. 2019. "Direct and indirect impact assessment in off-site construction—A case study in China." Sustainable Cities and Society 48, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2018 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Building construction sites are responsible for significant energy consumption and emission production. The emissions at building construction stage vary from greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxides (CO2) to non-GHG emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxides (SO2). The construction emissions are often neglected due to the low amounts of emissions compared to high use phase emissions over the building life cycle. However studies have shown that these impacts from building construction can be significant at national and local level. Several difficulties and complications in estimation have restrained the possibility of effective decision making to minimise these emissions. Stakeholders in the construction industry seek the necessity of an emission calculation tool that enables the decision making in construction related emissions with minimum effort. The Construction Emission Evaluation Tool (CEET) presented in the study allows designers and contractors to estimate and compare emissions from the major emission sources in building construction. Emission analyses at project, equipment and activity levels provide in-depth scrutiny of emissions in minimising emissions and assisting the decision making for effective resource planning. Foundation construction corresponding to a case study is presented to demonstrate the functions and the capabilities of the developed calculation tool. The tool can provide a strong basis for the construction industry stakeholders and related researchers to make better decisions in maintaining a sustainable work environment. The study is also the initial step towards developing a sustainable decision making tool that can optimise cost, emissions and other construction related issues.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. Estimation of environmental emissions and impacts of building construction – A decision making tool for contractors. Journal of Building Engineering 2018, 21, 173 -185.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge. Estimation of environmental emissions and impacts of building construction – A decision making tool for contractors. Journal of Building Engineering. 2018; 21 ():173-185.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. 2018. "Estimation of environmental emissions and impacts of building construction – A decision making tool for contractors." Journal of Building Engineering 21, no. : 173-185.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Replacing virgin materials with recycled or sustainable materials to reduce energy consumptions and emissions is the focus of contemporary research to reduce building related emissions. Geopolymer concrete produced using 100% fly ash is a similar sustainable construction material capable of replacing Portland Cement (PC) concrete. As a replacement for PC, fly ash seems to be a sustainable solution, however the benefits from the production process of fly ash geopolymer (FAGP) concrete is the subject of considerable debate. In addition, factors such as local availability and transportation issues could potentially increase the emission profile of FAGP concrete. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the emission profiles for different types of fly ash in Australia considering availability and transportation. A case study and a scenario analysis are also presented to demonstrate the factors that affect the Green House Gas (GHG) emission profile of FAGP manufacture. The results indicate that to the GHG emission profile for FAGP concrete changes considerably based on the material availability, transportation and mix design. Alkali activators and elevated heat curing processes also significantly contribute the total GHG emissions of FAGP concrete production. The results further signify that the case study location could influence the employment of FAGP concrete in terms of GHG emissions. Further studies are encouraged on optimising the cost, GHG emissions, availability and strength characteristics to strike a balance between in sustainability for selecting the best FAGP type for construction. The results also provide the initial factors to be considered in developing a guideline for employing sustainable materials in the building industry.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Chamila Gunasekara; David Law; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. Greenhouse gas emissions of different fly ash based geopolymer concretes in building construction. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 204, 399 -408.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Chamila Gunasekara, David Law, Guomin Kevin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge. Greenhouse gas emissions of different fly ash based geopolymer concretes in building construction. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 204 ():399-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Chamila Gunasekara; David Law; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. 2018. "Greenhouse gas emissions of different fly ash based geopolymer concretes in building construction." Journal of Cleaner Production 204, no. : 399-408.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Environmental Impact Assessment Review
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ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. A comparative method of air emission impact assessment for building construction activities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2018, 68, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge. A comparative method of air emission impact assessment for building construction activities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2018; 68 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. 2018. "A comparative method of air emission impact assessment for building construction activities." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 68, no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Wenkai Luo; Chun-Qing Li. Estimation and comparison of environmental emissions and impacts at foundation and structure construction stages of a building – A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 151, 319 -329.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge, Wenkai Luo, Chun-Qing Li. Estimation and comparison of environmental emissions and impacts at foundation and structure construction stages of a building – A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 151 ():319-329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Wenkai Luo; Chun-Qing Li. 2017. "Estimation and comparison of environmental emissions and impacts at foundation and structure construction stages of a building – A case study." Journal of Cleaner Production 151, no. : 319-329.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Emissions from equipment usage and transportation at the construction stage are classified as the direct emissions which include both greenhouse gas (GHG) and non-GHG emissions due to partial combustion of fuel. Unavailability of a reliable and complete inventory restricts an accurate emission evaluation on construction work. The study attempts to review emission factor standards readily available worldwide for estimating emissions from construction equipment. Emission factors published by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (AUS NGA), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and European Environmental Agency (EEA) are critically reviewed to identify their strengths and weaknesses. A selection process based on the availability and applicability is then developed to help identify the most suitable emission factor standards for estimating emissions from construction equipment in the Australian context. A case study indicates that a fuel based emission factor is more suitable for GHG emission estimation and a time based emission factor is more appropriate for estimation of non-GHG emissions. However, the selection of emission factor standards also depends on factors like the place of analysis (country of origin), data availability and the scope of analysis. Therefore, suitable modifications and assumptions should be incorporated in order to represent these factors.

ACS Style

Guomin Zhang; Malindu Sandanayake; Sujeeva Setunge; Chunqing Li; Jun Fang. Selection of emission factor standards for estimating emissions from diesel construction equipment in building construction in the Australian context. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 187, 527 -536.

AMA Style

Guomin Zhang, Malindu Sandanayake, Sujeeva Setunge, Chunqing Li, Jun Fang. Selection of emission factor standards for estimating emissions from diesel construction equipment in building construction in the Australian context. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 187 ():527-536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guomin Zhang; Malindu Sandanayake; Sujeeva Setunge; Chunqing Li; Jun Fang. 2017. "Selection of emission factor standards for estimating emissions from diesel construction equipment in building construction in the Australian context." Journal of Environmental Management 187, no. : 527-536.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2016 in Energy and Buildings
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Building construction incurs direct emissions from equipment operation and transportation. These emissions at a collective level seem to be high, which alerts contractors who are keen to explore reduction possibilities for emissions. Understanding emission contributions at the activity and equipment level are important to achieve this target. However, none of the past studies have conducted an in-depth analysis to identify direct emissions reduction prospects at the construction stage. This study aims to develop models and method to enable the estimation and analysis of emissions at project, activity and equipment levels in a building construction. A framework is then established to provide a systematic procedure to aid the decision making for reducing direct emissions at the construction stage. A case study of foundation construction in a commercial building is presented to validate and demonstrate the functions of the framework developed. The results show a GHG emission distribution of 77.13%, 13.53% and 9.34% for materials, equipment usage and transportation respectively at the project level. CO and NOx were the governing non-GHG emissions recorded. In-depth equipment level analysis concludes the importance of considering emission rates to compare and identify critical equipment for emission reduction. Activity level analysis ushers the identification of activities with significant emissions from transportation and equipment.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chun-Qing Li; Jun Fang. Models and method for estimation and comparison of direct emissions in building construction in Australia and a case study. Energy and Buildings 2016, 126, 128 -138.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge, Chun-Qing Li, Jun Fang. Models and method for estimation and comparison of direct emissions in building construction in Australia and a case study. Energy and Buildings. 2016; 126 ():128-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chun-Qing Li; Jun Fang. 2016. "Models and method for estimation and comparison of direct emissions in building construction in Australia and a case study." Energy and Buildings 126, no. : 128-138.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2016
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ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chun Qing Li. Environmental Emissions in Building Construction – Two Case Studies of Conventional and Pre-Fabricated Construction Methods in Australia. 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge, Chun Qing Li. Environmental Emissions in Building Construction – Two Case Studies of Conventional and Pre-Fabricated Construction Methods in Australia. . 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chun Qing Li. 2016. "Environmental Emissions in Building Construction – Two Case Studies of Conventional and Pre-Fabricated Construction Methods in Australia." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Building and Environment
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ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. Environmental emissions at foundation construction stage of buildings – Two case studies. Building and Environment 2016, 95, 189 -198.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Kevin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge. Environmental emissions at foundation construction stage of buildings – Two case studies. Building and Environment. 2016; 95 ():189-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge. 2016. "Environmental emissions at foundation construction stage of buildings – Two case studies." Building and Environment 95, no. : 189-198.

Conference paper
Published: 28 April 2015 in Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate
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The level of emissions to the environment imposed by different human activities has been increasing at an alarming rate over the past decades. Measurement and control of air pollutant emissions into the atmosphere can lead towards reducing the emission level considerably. Construction industry is a major contributor to the environmental emissions due to the extensive use of construction equipment, which is responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter emissions. Pile foundation is extensively used in high-rise buildings construction and it involves operation of heavy construction equipment. This study developed a process-based model to quantify environmental emissions of equipment usage in a typical pile foundation construction using the US EPA methodology. The emissions of excavation works govern the total emissions at site because of the high usage hours of excavators. In general the emission rates of piling rig and concrete pumping truck were found to be the highest although excavator emission rates are higher for carbon monoxide and particulate matter. It is seen that careful selection of machines and equipment can reduce the emissions up to 10 %. These findings of the study could be effectively used for minimizing the environmental emissions by careful selection of suitable equipment and technology.

ACS Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chris Malcolm Thomas. Environmental Emissions of Construction Equipment Usage in Pile Foundation Construction Process—A Case Study. Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate 2015, 327 -339.

AMA Style

Malindu Sandanayake, Guomin Kevin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge, Chris Malcolm Thomas. Environmental Emissions of Construction Equipment Usage in Pile Foundation Construction Process—A Case Study. Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate. 2015; ():327-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malindu Sandanayake; Guomin Kevin Zhang; Sujeeva Setunge; Chris Malcolm Thomas. 2015. "Environmental Emissions of Construction Equipment Usage in Pile Foundation Construction Process—A Case Study." Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate , no. : 327-339.