Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of four different skinfold calipers, as well as to establish the differences between them in a healthy young adult population. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design, including 138 participants, with 69 males (21.46 ± 2.52 years) and 69 females (22.19 ± 2.85 years). The measurement protocol included basic measurements of body mass and stretch stature and eight skinfolds with a Harpenden, Holtain, Slim Guide, and Lipowise. The ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds and fat mass were calculated. The order in which the skinfold calipers were used was randomized. Results: No significant differences were found in either the Σ6 and Σ8 skinfolds or masses and fat percentages calculated with the skinfolds obtained with the different calipers (p > 0.05), and the inclusion of the covariates of sex, BMI, and hydration status of the participants showed no effect on the differences. The Bland–Altman test showed significant differences between the calipers (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It has been observed that the analyzed calipers have shown validity for the assessment of adiposity-related variables in a male and female sample of non-overweight, young healthy adults, but they are not interchangeable with each other when the assessment is meant to be compared over time or with other samples.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a restrictive therapeutic diet, distinguished by being hyperlipidic, normoproteic, and hypoglucidic. This diet simulates biochemical changes related to fasting periods to achieve systemic ketosis. The metabolic particularities of glioma tumors motivated the rise in investigations and nutritional strategies, such as KD, to modulate the glycemic response as a treatment. This systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations and was published in PROSPERO, with the identification CRD42021264173. The databases used were EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the studies were analyzed using the web-based application Rayyan. To analyze the risk of bias, Cochrane RevMan 5 software was used. For the analysis and treatment of statistical data, Microsoft® Excel® was used. A total of nine original articles were included. Data on survival, symptomology, and quality of life were collected. Mean overall survival was 15.9 months. Constipation and fatigue were the most reported symptoms. In 44.4% of the studies, an improvement in the quality of life was found. The KD is supported by most published studies as an effective therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas due to its positive effects on patient survival. It was not possible to conclude the effectiveness of KD on quality of life.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease. Previous research has explored the impact of diet on CD, as specific dietary components can influence gut microbiota and immune responses, contributing to damage in the gastrointestinal tract. The Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) is based on an exclusion diet; it is a recent dietary approach that is often used alongside partial enteral nutrition (PEN) and aims to induce disease remission by excluding certain dietary components. This study assesses the current evidence for the effectiveness of the CDED + PEN in achieving remission in both children and adults with active CD. Our systematic review followed PRISMA recommendations and was registered in PROSPERO with CRD number 42022335076. The searched databases were PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. The included studies were analyzed using Rayyan software, and the risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane RevMan 5.0 software. The primary assessed outcome was clinical remission, evaluated with validated questionnaire scores such as PCDAI, CDAI, or HBI. All analyzed papers yielded promising results. Notably, the CDED + PEN demonstrated better tolerance than exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), resulting in higher adherence rates. Therefore, the CDED + PEN appears to be a viable alternative for induction remission in active disease for both children and adults with CD.

Cardiovascular (CV) risk is known to be increased in HIV-infected individuals. Our aim was to assess CV risk in HIV-infected adults. CV risk was estimated for each patient using three different risk algorithms: SCORE, the Framingham risk score (FRS), and DAD. Patients were classified as at low, moderate or high CV risk. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. We included 571 HIV-infected individuals, mostly male (67.1%; n=383). Patients were divided into two groups according to antiretroviral therapy (ART): naïve (7.5%; n=43) or under ART (92.5%; n=528). The mean time since HIV diagnosis was 6.7±6.5 years in the naive group and 13.3±6.1 years in the ART group. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was identified in 33.9% (n=179) and 16.3% (n=7) of participants in the ART and naïve groups, respectively. MS was associated with ART (OR=2.7; p=0.018). Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl (OR=13.643, p<0.001) was one of the major factors contributing to MS. Overall, high CV risk was found in 4.4% (n=23) of patients when the SCORE tool was used, in 20.5% (n=117) using the FRS, and in 10.3% (n=59) using the DAD score. The observed agreement between the FRS and SCORE was 55.4% (k=0.183, p<0.001), between the FRS and DAD 70.5% (k=0.465, p<0.001), and between SCORE and DAD 72.3% (k=0.347, p<0.001). On the basis of the three algorithms, we detected a high rate of high CV risk, particularly in patients under ART. The FRS was the algorithm that classified most patients in the high CV risk category (20.5%). In addition, a high prevalence of MS was identified in this patient group.