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The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for all confined populations, dealing with their home resources and suffering changes in their psychological well-being. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home conditions (i.e., having children, square meters of the house and square meters of the terrace or similar) and psychological well-being, and to test whether this relationship is mediated by Internet addiction and nostalgia. The sample was composed of 1509 people, aged between 18 to 78 years (67.6% women). Structural Equations Models and 2 × 2 ANOVAs were analyzed. It was found that better home conditions mean greater psychological well-being, and that this relationship is partially mediated, in a negative sense, by Internet addiction and nostalgia, especially after day 45 of confinement and with greater intensity in women. These results provide evidence about how psychological well-being can be preserved during a confinement situation, which may be useful for planning healthy strategies in similar circumstances in the future.
Mario Del Líbano; Miguel Corbí; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Almudena Alonso-Centeno. Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7386 .
AMA StyleMario Del Líbano, Miguel Corbí, Aida Gutiérrez-García, Almudena Alonso-Centeno. Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Del Líbano; Miguel Corbí; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Almudena Alonso-Centeno. 2021. "Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7386.
The confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in people’s lifestyles, which in part provided an opportunity to develop habits at home. The aims were: (1) to verify if the psychological well-being (PWB) of people related to healthy habits, and if physical activity (PA) and diet mediated this relationship; (2) to test if there were differences in this model of relationships between women and men; (3) to analyze if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on gender; (4) to test if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on living area; (5) and to assess if there were interaction effects of gender and living area in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB. Using a cross-sectional design, we obtained a sample of 1509 participants (18–78 years, 1020 women). Diet and PA fully mediated the relationship between PWB and healthy habits, and women developed more healthy habits than men, whereas men had higher levels of PA and PWB. We also found that people who lived in rural areas during confinement practiced more PA and had lower PWB levels than those who lived in urban areas. These results can help in the planning of strategies to promote healthy habits.
Miguel Corbí; Mario Del Líbano; Almudena Alonso-Centeno; Aida Gutiérrez-García. Have We Taken Advantage of the Quarantine to Develop Healthy Habits? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Spanish COVID-19 Situation by Gender. Healthcare 2021, 9, 844 .
AMA StyleMiguel Corbí, Mario Del Líbano, Almudena Alonso-Centeno, Aida Gutiérrez-García. Have We Taken Advantage of the Quarantine to Develop Healthy Habits? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Spanish COVID-19 Situation by Gender. Healthcare. 2021; 9 (7):844.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Corbí; Mario Del Líbano; Almudena Alonso-Centeno; Aida Gutiérrez-García. 2021. "Have We Taken Advantage of the Quarantine to Develop Healthy Habits? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Spanish COVID-19 Situation by Gender." Healthcare 9, no. 7: 844.
(1) Background: confinement by COVID-19 in 2020 meant that face-to-face teaching changed to virtual teaching. The goal of this study was to test how confinement affected to self-regulation of motivation (SRM); (2) Methods: a longitudinal design was used to obtain information from 75 university students in three moments: before confinement, 20 days after confinement, and 40 days after confinement. The SRM Strategies Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Index were used to evaluate the study variables; (3) Results: the SRM decreased as confinement progressed. Moreover, those students who had higher levels of SRM before confinement, showed worse sleep quality 20 days after. There was no interaction effect between moments and gender and between moments and work situation on any of the dimensions of the SRM. There were gender differences (women scored higher) in almost all of the SRM dimensions in the three moments, but there were no differences dependent on the work situation (i.e., only study or study and work); (4) Conclusions: the change from face-to-face classes to virtual learning decreased the SRM of university students and was related to worse sleep quality. Women showed higher levels of SRM than men, but these levels were reduced to the same extent in both genders.
Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano; Iratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Juan Ortiz-Huerta. Self-Regulation of Motivation and Confinement by COVID-19: A Study in Spanish University Students. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5435 .
AMA StyleMontserrat Santamaría-Vázquez, Mario Del Líbano, Iratxe Martínez-Lezaun, Juan Ortiz-Huerta. Self-Regulation of Motivation and Confinement by COVID-19: A Study in Spanish University Students. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano; Iratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Juan Ortiz-Huerta. 2021. "Self-Regulation of Motivation and Confinement by COVID-19: A Study in Spanish University Students." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5435.
The Effects of Confinement on Sleep Quality and Level of Interest in University Students [Response To Letter]
Iratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano. The Effects of Confinement on Sleep Quality and Level of Interest in University Students [Response To Letter]. Nature and Science of Sleep 2021, ume 13, 123 -124.
AMA StyleIratxe Martínez-Lezaun, Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez, Mario Del Líbano. The Effects of Confinement on Sleep Quality and Level of Interest in University Students [Response To Letter]. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2021; ume 13 ():123-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano. 2021. "The Effects of Confinement on Sleep Quality and Level of Interest in University Students [Response To Letter]." Nature and Science of Sleep ume 13, no. : 123-124.
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) are a recognized effective psychological practice characterized by attention control, awareness, acceptance, non-reactivity, and non-judgmental thinking obtained through the practice of meditation. They have been shown to be useful in reducing stress and enhancing well-being in different contexts. In this research, the effectiveness of an MBI was evaluated on variables that can promote successful job performance such as mindfulness trait, positive and negative affect, forgiveness, personality strengths and satisfaction with life. The intervention was carried out through a smartphone application called “Aire Fresco” (Fresh Air) during 14 days in the middle of the quarantine produced by the Covid-19 pandemic. The study sample was composed of 164 Spanish people who were distributed in two groups: control group and experimental group, which were evaluated before and after the intervention. The MANCOVA performed showed an overall positive effect of the intervention on the variables evaluated. The different ANCOVAs carried out showed that the intervention was beneficial in increasing mindfulness trait, reducing negative affect or increasing life satisfaction, among others. Our study is, as far as we know, the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of a brief intervention in mindfulness conducted using a smartphone application in Spanish.
Juan Pizarro-Ruiz; Nuria Ordóñez-Camblor; Mario Del-Líbano; María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares. Influence on Forgiveness, Character Strengths and Satisfaction with Life of a Short Mindfulness Intervention via a Spanish Smartphone Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 802 .
AMA StyleJuan Pizarro-Ruiz, Nuria Ordóñez-Camblor, Mario Del-Líbano, María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares. Influence on Forgiveness, Character Strengths and Satisfaction with Life of a Short Mindfulness Intervention via a Spanish Smartphone Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Pizarro-Ruiz; Nuria Ordóñez-Camblor; Mario Del-Líbano; María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares. 2021. "Influence on Forgiveness, Character Strengths and Satisfaction with Life of a Short Mindfulness Intervention via a Spanish Smartphone Application." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 802.
Purpose: To check for changes in sleep in three temporary times: before COVID-19 lockdown in university students, and also twenty days and forty days afterwards, as well as to see how it has influenced in their daily activities. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with a sample of 75 participants from different Spanish universities. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Adapted Interest List were administered to evaluate the main variables of the study. Results: About 70.7% of the sample showed worse sleep quality at 20 days, almost twice as much as before confinement (37.3%), there were more problems falling asleep (F(2, 75) = − 3.14, p = 0.002), and more difficulty getting back to sleep when waking up at night (F(2.75) = 2.08, p = 0.037) at 40 days of lockdown. In addition, as confinement time went on, students showed less activities. Factors such as working, in addition to studying, and relaxing activities (reading, listening to music) were associated with better sleep quality. Conclusion: Sleep quality worsened during lockdown in university students, as well as both 20 and 40 days later. Staying busy during the day (not only studying but also working) and spending free time on relaxing activities are related to better sleep quality.
Iratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano. Influence of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Quality of Sleep and the Interests of University Students. Nature and Science of Sleep 2020, ume 12, 1075 -1081.
AMA StyleIratxe Martínez-Lezaun, Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez, Mario Del Líbano. Influence of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Quality of Sleep and the Interests of University Students. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2020; ume 12 ():1075-1081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIratxe Martínez-Lezaun; Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez; Mario Del Líbano. 2020. "Influence of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Quality of Sleep and the Interests of University Students." Nature and Science of Sleep ume 12, no. : 1075-1081.
Fear of negative evaluation is the hallmark of social anxiety. We examined the hypothesis that, to facilitate detection of negative evaluators, an anticipatory coping strategy in social anxiety involves selective early gazing at the eyes of other people. Eye fixations were assessed while participants watched video-clips displaying dynamic facial expressions with prototypical (happy eyes and a smile) or ambiguous (a smile but non-happy eyes) smiling faces. High socially anxious (HSA) undergraduates with clinical levels of anxiety on questionnaire measures and low-anxious controls (LSA) judged expressers' un/trustworthiness (Experiment 1) or un/familiarity (Experiment 2) of expressions. Social anxiety was especially associated with reduced trustworthiness evaluation (interpretative bias) of ambiguous—but not of unambiguous—smiling faces. Further, HSA viewers mistrusted faces with novel, unfamiliar expressions more than LSA viewers did. Thus, the interpretative bias for ambiguous expressions could be due to their being unfamiliar. Importantly, HSA viewers selectively looked earlier at the eye region (attentional bias), whereas LSA viewers preferentially looked at the smiling mouth. Presumably, the early attention to the eyes by HSA individuals enhances detection of expressive incongruences, thus leading to untrustworthiness judgments. These biases are functional, in that they would facilitate recognition of untrustworthy expressers (e.g., with fake smiles).
Aida Gutiérrez-García; Andrés Fernández-Martín; Mario Del Líbano; Manuel G. Calvo. Selective gaze direction and interpretation of facial expressions in social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences 2019, 147, 297 -305.
AMA StyleAida Gutiérrez-García, Andrés Fernández-Martín, Mario Del Líbano, Manuel G. Calvo. Selective gaze direction and interpretation of facial expressions in social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences. 2019; 147 ():297-305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAida Gutiérrez-García; Andrés Fernández-Martín; Mario Del Líbano; Manuel G. Calvo. 2019. "Selective gaze direction and interpretation of facial expressions in social anxiety." Personality and Individual Differences 147, no. : 297-305.
This study investigated (a) how prototypical happy faces (with happy eyes and a smile) can be discriminated from blended expressions with a smile but non-happy eyes, depending on type and intensity of the eye expression; and (b) how smile discrimination differs for human perceivers versus automated face analysis, depending on affective valence and morphological facial features. Human observers categorized faces as happy or non-happy, or rated their valence. Automated analysis (FACET software) computed seven expressions (including joy/happiness) and 20 facial action units (AUs). Physical properties (low-level image statistics and visual saliency) of the face stimuli were controlled. Results revealed, first, that some blended expressions (especially, with angry eyes) had lower discrimination thresholds (i.e., they were identified as “non-happy” at lower non-happy eye intensities) than others (especially, with neutral eyes). Second, discrimination sensitivity was better for human perceivers than for automated FACET analysis. As an additional finding, affective valence predicted human discrimination performance, whereas morphological AUs predicted FACET discrimination. FACET can be a valid tool for categorizing prototypical expressions, but is currently more limited than human observers for discrimination of blended expressions. Configural processing facilitates detection of in/congruence(s) across regions, and thus detection of non-genuine smiling faces (due to non-happy eyes).
Mario Del Líbano; Manuel G. Calvo; Andrés Fernández-Martín; Guillermo Recio. Discrimination between smiling faces: Human observers vs. automated face analysis. Acta Psychologica 2018, 187, 19 -29.
AMA StyleMario Del Líbano, Manuel G. Calvo, Andrés Fernández-Martín, Guillermo Recio. Discrimination between smiling faces: Human observers vs. automated face analysis. Acta Psychologica. 2018; 187 ():19-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Del Líbano; Manuel G. Calvo; Andrés Fernández-Martín; Guillermo Recio. 2018. "Discrimination between smiling faces: Human observers vs. automated face analysis." Acta Psychologica 187, no. : 19-29.
We investigated the relative contribution of (a) perceptual (eyes and mouth visual saliency), (b) conceptual or categorical (eye expression distinctiveness), and (c) affective (rated valence and arousal) factors, and (d) specific morphological facial features (Action Units; AUs), to the recognition of facial happiness. The face stimuli conveyed truly happy expressions with a smiling mouth and happy eyes, or blended expressions with a smile but non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, fearful, disgusted, surprised, or angry). Saliency, distinctiveness, affect, and AUs served as predictors; the probability of judging a face as happy was the criterion. Both for truly happy and for blended expressions, the probability of perceiving happiness increased mainly as a function of positive valence of the facial configuration. In addition, for blended expressions, the probability of being (wrongly) perceived as happy increased as a function of (a) delayed saliency and (b) reduced distinctiveness of the non-happy eyes, and (c) enhanced AU 6 (cheek raiser) or (d) reduced AUs 4, 5, and 9 (brow lowerer, upper lid raiser, and nose wrinkler, respectively). Importantly, the later the eyes become visually salient relative to the smiling mouth, the more likely it is that faces will look happy.
Manuel G. Calvo; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Mario Del Líbano. What makes a smiling face look happy? Visual saliency, distinctiveness, and affect. Psychological Research 2016, 82, 296 -309.
AMA StyleManuel G. Calvo, Aida Gutiérrez-García, Mario Del Líbano. What makes a smiling face look happy? Visual saliency, distinctiveness, and affect. Psychological Research. 2016; 82 (2):296-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel G. Calvo; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Mario Del Líbano. 2016. "What makes a smiling face look happy? Visual saliency, distinctiveness, and affect." Psychological Research 82, no. 2: 296-309.
This study tests the relationships between workaholism (i.e. working excessively and compulsively), sleep problems and cardiovascular risk in 537 employees from five Spanish hospitals. Four types of worker (i.e. workaholics, positive workers, compulsive workers and hard workers) were distinguished, and their health indicators were compared. The results showed that workaholics experienced significantly more sleep problems (i.e. morning tiredness, sleeping while driving and sleeping fewer hours both on weekdays and at weekends, with poorer quality), had higher relative risk scores, and consumed more caffeine and alcohol than the other patterns of worker (positive, compulsive and hard workers). Further analyses revealed that sleep problems fully mediated the relationship between workaholism (i.e. working excessively and compulsively) and cardiovascular risk. The study emphasizes the fact that being a workaholic might be a significant risk factor for having sleep problems and cardiovascular disease.
Marisa Salanova; Angel Arturo López-González; Susana Llorens; Mario Del Líbano; Ma Teófila Vicente-Herrero; Matias Tomás-Salvá. Your work may be killing you! Workaholism, sleep problems and cardiovascular risk. Work & Stress 2016, 30, 228 -242.
AMA StyleMarisa Salanova, Angel Arturo López-González, Susana Llorens, Mario Del Líbano, Ma Teófila Vicente-Herrero, Matias Tomás-Salvá. Your work may be killing you! Workaholism, sleep problems and cardiovascular risk. Work & Stress. 2016; 30 (3):228-242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarisa Salanova; Angel Arturo López-González; Susana Llorens; Mario Del Líbano; Ma Teófila Vicente-Herrero; Matias Tomás-Salvá. 2016. "Your work may be killing you! Workaholism, sleep problems and cardiovascular risk." Work & Stress 30, no. 3: 228-242.
We investigated whether the emotional content of visual scenes depicting people is processed in peripheral vision. Emotional or neutral scene photographs were paired with a matched scrambled image for 150 ms in peripheral vision (≥ 5°). The pictures were immediately followed by a digit or letter in a discrimination task. Interference (i.e., slowed reaction times) with performance in this task indexed the processing resources drawn by the pictures. Twelve types of specific emotional scene contents (e.g., erotica or mutilation) were compared. Results showed, first, that emotional scenes caused greater interference than neutral scenes, in the absence of fixations. This suggests that emotional scenes are processed and draw covert attention outside the focus of overt attention. Second, interference was similar for female and male participants with pleasant scenes (except for erotica), but females were more affected by all types of unpleasant scenes than males. This reveals that sensitivity to peripheral vision is modulated by sex and affective valence. Third, low-level image properties, visual saliency, and size of bodies and faces, were generally equivalent for emotional and neutral scenes. This rules out the alternative hypothesis of a contribution of non-emotional, purely perceptual factors.
Manuel G. Calvo; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Mario Del Líbano. Sensitivity to emotional scene content outside the focus of attention. Acta Psychologica 2015, 161, 36 -44.
AMA StyleManuel G. Calvo, Aida Gutiérrez-García, Mario Del Líbano. Sensitivity to emotional scene content outside the focus of attention. Acta Psychologica. 2015; 161 ():36-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel G. Calvo; Aida Gutiérrez-García; Mario Del Líbano. 2015. "Sensitivity to emotional scene content outside the focus of attention." Acta Psychologica 161, no. : 36-44.
Work addiction Workaholism is defined as a “negative psychological state characterized by working excessively due essentially to an internal drive that cannot be resisted” (Del Líbano, Llorens, Salanova, & Schaufeli, 2010, p. 144). Workaholism is composed of two main dimensions: working excessively and working compulsively (Schaufeli, Taris, & Bakker, 2006). Workaholism is a common topic in the popular press, and it is also especially relevant in occupational health psychology research and practice. Oates (1968), an American minister and psychologist, used the term for the very first time to refer to the relationship he had with his own job, which he compared with another addiction, i.e., alcoholism. Subsequently, this author (Oates, 1971) defined the concept in the first book to be published on workaholism as “an excessive and uncontrollable need to work incessantly that disturbshealth, happiness, and relationships” (p. 11). Sinc ...
Marisa Salanova; Susana Llorens; Mario del Líbano. Workaholism. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research 2014, 7208 -7211.
AMA StyleMarisa Salanova, Susana Llorens, Mario del Líbano. Workaholism. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. 2014; ():7208-7211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarisa Salanova; Susana Llorens; Mario del Líbano. 2014. "Workaholism." Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research , no. : 7208-7211.
The aim of this study was to establish a typology of employee well‐being, together with its psychosocial antecedents and consequences. Results obtained with a sample of 786 full‐time employees from different occupational sectors show four types of employee well‐being: 9‐to‐5 or relaxed, work engaged or enthusiastic, workaholic or tense, and burned‐out or fatigued, each having different relationships with job and personal characteristics. This study provides evidence of a parsimonious, theory‐based classification of employee well‐being and contributes to the existing literature about work investment because meaningful relations were found between various types of employee well‐being, and heavy and soft work investors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marisa Salanova; Mario Del Líbano; Susana Llorens; Wilmar Schaufeli. Engaged, Workaholic, Burned-Out or Just 9-to-5? Toward a Typology of Employee Well-being. Stress and Health 2013, 30, 71 -81.
AMA StyleMarisa Salanova, Mario Del Líbano, Susana Llorens, Wilmar Schaufeli. Engaged, Workaholic, Burned-Out or Just 9-to-5? Toward a Typology of Employee Well-being. Stress and Health. 2013; 30 (1):71-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarisa Salanova; Mario Del Líbano; Susana Llorens; Wilmar Schaufeli. 2013. "Engaged, Workaholic, Burned-Out or Just 9-to-5? Toward a Typology of Employee Well-being." Stress and Health 30, no. 1: 71-81.
At the present time one of the most ‘desirable’ behavioural addictions that any person could develop is workaholism, a negative psychological state characterized by working excessively and compulsively. In our society, the successful person is one who spends all of their time working. Moreover, a common pattern of company management consists of stressing and putting pressure on employees to achieve the maximum profit. This trend has increased with the economic crisis in Spain and over the world. As a consequence, the terms hard working and workaholism are easily confounded, but their effects on the companies are highly different in terms of productivity. This paper proposes a discrete mathematical model to forecast the development of workaholism in Spain in the next years. A questionnaire is used in order to measure and classify our sample in subpopulations by their level of addiction. Then, different economic scenarios are simulated. Finally, economic and social consequences of this addiction are studied and public health recommendations are suggested.
E. De La Poza; Mario Del Líbano; I. García; L. Jódar; P. Merello. Predicting workaholism in Spain: a discrete mathematical model. International Journal of Computer Mathematics 2013, 91, 233 -240.
AMA StyleE. De La Poza, Mario Del Líbano, I. García, L. Jódar, P. Merello. Predicting workaholism in Spain: a discrete mathematical model. International Journal of Computer Mathematics. 2013; 91 (2):233-240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. De La Poza; Mario Del Líbano; I. García; L. Jódar; P. Merello. 2013. "Predicting workaholism in Spain: a discrete mathematical model." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 91, no. 2: 233-240.
Taking the Resources-Experiences-Demands Model (RED Model) by Salanova and colleagues as our starting point, we tested how work self-efficacy relates positively to negative (i.e., work overload and work-family conflict) and positive outcomes (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment), through the mediating role of workaholism (health impairment process) and work engagement (motivational process). In a sample of 386 administrative staff from a Spanish University (65% women), Structural Equation Modeling provided full evidence for the research model. In addition, Multivariate Analyses of Variance showed that self-efficacy was only related positively to one of the two dimensions of workaholism, namely, working excessively. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical contributions in terms of the RED Model.
Mario Del Líbano; Susana Llorens; Marisa Salanova; Wilmar B. Schaufeli. About the Dark and Bright Sides of Self-efficacy: Workaholism and Work Engagement. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 2012, 15, 688 -701.
AMA StyleMario Del Líbano, Susana Llorens, Marisa Salanova, Wilmar B. Schaufeli. About the Dark and Bright Sides of Self-efficacy: Workaholism and Work Engagement. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2012; 15 (2):688-701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Del Líbano; Susana Llorens; Marisa Salanova; Wilmar B. Schaufeli. 2012. "About the Dark and Bright Sides of Self-efficacy: Workaholism and Work Engagement." The Spanish Journal of Psychology 15, no. 2: 688-701.