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Xi Wei; Josette Garnier; Vincent Thieu; Paul Passy; Romain Le Gendre; Gilles Billen; Maia Akopian; Goulven Gildas Laruelle. Supplementary material to "Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM". 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, Goulven Gildas Laruelle. Supplementary material to "Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM". . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXi Wei; Josette Garnier; Vincent Thieu; Paul Passy; Romain Le Gendre; Gilles Billen; Maia Akopian; Goulven Gildas Laruelle. 2021. "Supplementary material to "Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM"." , no. : 1.
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum, with significant ecological and economic value. However, they have been facing strong morphological management changes as well as increased nutrient and contaminant inputs, possibly leading to ecological problems such as coastal eutrophication. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the ingoing and outgoing fluxes of the estuaries, their retention capacity, and estuarine eutrophication potential. A 1-D Carbon–Generic Estuary Model (C-GEM) was used to simulate the transient hydrodynamics, transport, and biogeochemistry for estuaries with different sizes and morphologies along the French Atlantic coast during the period 2014–2016 using readily available geometric, hydraulic, and biogeochemical data. These simulations allowed us to evaluate the budgets of the main nutrients (phosphorus [P], nitrogen [N], silica [Si]) and total organic carbon (TOC), and their imbalance with respect to estuarine eutrophication potential. Cumulated average annual fluxes to the Atlantic coast from the seven estuaries studied were 9.6 kt P yr−1, 259 kt N yr−1, 304 kt Si yr−1, and 145 kt C yr−1. Retention rates varied depending on the estuarine residence times, ranging from 0–27 %, 0–34 %, 2–39 %, and 8–96 % for TP, TN, DSi, and TOC, respectively. Large-scale estuaries had higher retention rates than medium and small estuaries, which we interpreted in terms of estuarine residence times. As shown by the indicator of eutrophication potential (ICEP), there might be a risk of coastal eutrophication, i.e., the development of nonsiliceous algae that is potentially harmful to the systems studied due to the excess TN over DSi.
Xi Wei; Josette Garnier; Vincent Thieu; Paul Passy; Romain Le Gendre; Gilles Billen; Maia Akopian; Goulven Gildas Laruelle. Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM. 2021, 2021, 1 -32.
AMA StyleXi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, Goulven Gildas Laruelle. Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM. . 2021; 2021 ():1-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXi Wei; Josette Garnier; Vincent Thieu; Paul Passy; Romain Le Gendre; Gilles Billen; Maia Akopian; Goulven Gildas Laruelle. 2021. "Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modelling approach using C-GEM." 2021, no. : 1-32.
Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle and the climate system with the ocean removing about a quarter of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere by human activities over the last decade. A common approach to estimate this net flux of CO2 across the air-sea interface is the use of surface ocean CO2 observations and the computation of the flux through a bulk parameterization approach. Yet, the details for how this is done in order to arrive at a global ocean CO2 uptake estimate varies greatly, unnecessarily enhancing the uncertainties. Here we reduce some of these uncertainties by harmonizing an ensemble of products that interpolate surface ocean CO2 observations to near global coverage. We propose a common methodology to fill in missing areas in the products and to calculate fluxes and present a new estimate of the net flux. The ensemble data product, SeaFlux (Fay et al. (2021), doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4133802, https://github.com/luke-gregor/SeaFlux), accounts for the diversity of the underlying mapping methodologies. Utilizing six global observation-based mapping products (CMEMS-FFNN, CSIR-ML6, JENA-MLS, JMA-MLR, MPI-SOMFFN, NIES-FNN), the SeaFlux ensemble approach adjusts for methodological inconsistencies in flux calculations that can result in an average error of 15 % in global mean flux estimates. We address differences in spatial coverage of the surface ocean CO2 between the mapping products which ultimately yields an increase in CO2 uptake of up to 19 % for some products. Fluxes are calculated using three wind products (CCMPv2, ERA5, and JRA55). Application of an appropriately scaled gas exchange coefficient has a greater impact on the resulting flux than solely the choice of wind product. With these adjustments, we derive an improved ensemble of surface ocean pCO2 and air-sea carbon flux estimates. The SeaFlux ensemble suggests a global mean uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere of 1.92 +/- 0.35 PgC yr-1. This work aims to support the community effort to perform model-data intercomparisons which will help to identify missing fluxes as we strive to close the global carbon budget.
Amanda R. Fay; Luke Gregor; Peter Landschützer; Galen A. McKinley; Nicolas Gruber; Marion Gehlen; Yosuke Iida; Goulven G. Laruelle; Christian Rödenbeck; Jiye Zeng. Harmonization of global surface ocean pCO2 mapped products and their flux calculations; an improved estimate of the ocean carbon sink. 2021, 2021, 1 -32.
AMA StyleAmanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Jiye Zeng. Harmonization of global surface ocean pCO2 mapped products and their flux calculations; an improved estimate of the ocean carbon sink. . 2021; 2021 ():1-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda R. Fay; Luke Gregor; Peter Landschützer; Galen A. McKinley; Nicolas Gruber; Marion Gehlen; Yosuke Iida; Goulven G. Laruelle; Christian Rödenbeck; Jiye Zeng. 2021. "Harmonization of global surface ocean pCO2 mapped products and their flux calculations; an improved estimate of the ocean carbon sink." 2021, no. : 1-32.
Past century increases in terrigenous N and P inputs to the ocean due to industrialization, agricultural practices and wastewater have been reported to have dramatic consequences for ecosystems in various coastal regions. Yet, the impacts of increased nutrient inputs through river transports and atmospheric deposition on the coastal and open ocean carbon cycle have yet to be quantitatively investigated at the global scale. To address this gap of knowledge, we enhanced the ocean biogeochemical model HAMOCC at a horizontal resolution of around 0.4° in order to improve the representation of temporal changes of riverine fluxes and of coastal ocean dynamics in the model. Through a series of simulations with differing model forcings, we isolated individual effects arising from (1) increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, (2) a changing physical climate and (3) alterations in oceanic inputs of terrigenous P and N inputs, all over the 1905 to 2010 period. Our results indicate a strong response of the coastal ocean ecosystem to increased terrestrial nutrient inputs, which induce the global coastal Net Primary Production (NPP) to increase by 14% over the simulation time span. This eutrophication signal is, furthermore, partly exported to the open ocean, which undergoes an increase in NPP of 1.75 Pg C yr-1, or 4 % in relative terms, in the simulations, owing to the cross-shelf export of 33-46% of the anthropogenic P and N inputs to the coastal ocean. As a whole, increased P and N inputs lead to an overall global ocean NPP rise of around 2.15 Pg C yr-1, or 5% (combined coastal and open ocean). This net increase attributed to land-ocean couplings exceeds the simulated global oceanic NPP decrease of 4 % associated with stronger upper ocean thermal stratification over the time span, a feedback that been under stronger scrutiny in published literature. Our results suggest that increased riverine nutrient concentrations due to anthropogenic activities may also have substantial impacts for ecosystems in the open ocean, in contrary to what was assumed until now, although this is dependent on the rate of transfer of the nutrients from the coastal to the open ocean.
Fabrice Lacroix; Tatiana Ilyina; Moritz Mathis; Goulven Gildas Laruelle; Pierre Regnier. Past century increases of terrestrial nutrient inputs impact both the coastal and open ocean carbon cycle. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleFabrice Lacroix, Tatiana Ilyina, Moritz Mathis, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Pierre Regnier. Past century increases of terrestrial nutrient inputs impact both the coastal and open ocean carbon cycle. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrice Lacroix; Tatiana Ilyina; Moritz Mathis; Goulven Gildas Laruelle; Pierre Regnier. 2021. "Past century increases of terrestrial nutrient inputs impact both the coastal and open ocean carbon cycle." , no. : 1.
By means of a variety of international observing and modeling efforts, the ocean carbon community has developed numerous estimates for ocean carbon uptake. In this presentation, we report on the synthesis effort we are undertaking under the auspices of an Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Working Group. Our initial goal for this working group is to determine the best estimate for the net and anthropogenic carbon sink from 1994-2007 based on three approaches that independently use interior data, surface data or hindcast ocean models. Combining two approaches that use interior ocean data to estimate anthropogenic carbon, Fant = -2.40+-0.21 PgC/yr (2 sigma uncertainty). Estimates for the net, or contemporary, ocean carbon uptake come from 6 products that interpolate surface ocean pCO2 data to global coverage: Fnet = -1.58+-0.19 PgC/yr for 1994-2007. Uncertain closure terms for naturally-outgassed river-derived carbon and non-steady state natural carbon fluxes in the open ocean are then added to derive Fant from surface observation-based Fnet. Ocean models do not include river-derived carbon, but do include non-steady state natural carbon fluxes, and thus a third estimate for Fant is derived. The combined best-estimate is Fant = -2.35+-0.53 PgC/yr. We detail the uncertainties and assumptions made in deriving these estimates, and suggest paths forward to further reduce uncertainties.
Galen A. McKinley; Jessica Cross; Timothy DeVries; Judith Hauck; Amanda Fay; Peter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Nicole Lovenduski; Pedro Monteiro; Ray Najjar; Laure Resplandy; Christian Rödenbeck; Christopher Sabine; Rik Wanninkhof; Nancy Williams. Quantifying the ocean carbon sink for 1994-2007: Combined evidence from multiple methods. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleGalen A. McKinley, Jessica Cross, Timothy DeVries, Judith Hauck, Amanda Fay, Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Nicole Lovenduski, Pedro Monteiro, Ray Najjar, Laure Resplandy, Christian Rödenbeck, Christopher Sabine, Rik Wanninkhof, Nancy Williams. Quantifying the ocean carbon sink for 1994-2007: Combined evidence from multiple methods. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalen A. McKinley; Jessica Cross; Timothy DeVries; Judith Hauck; Amanda Fay; Peter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Nicole Lovenduski; Pedro Monteiro; Ray Najjar; Laure Resplandy; Christian Rödenbeck; Christopher Sabine; Rik Wanninkhof; Nancy Williams. 2021. "Quantifying the ocean carbon sink for 1994-2007: Combined evidence from multiple methods." , no. : 1.
The contribution of continental shelves to the marine carbon cycle is still poorly understood. Their pre‐industrial state is, for one, essentially unknown, which strongly limits the quantitative assessment of their anthropogenic perturbation. To date, approaches developed to investigate and quantify carbon fluxes on continental shelves have strongly simplified their physical and biogeochemical features. In this study, we enhance the global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC by explicitly representing riverine loads of carbon and nutrients, as well as improving the representation of organic matter dynamics in the coastal ocean. Our simulations, at a resolution of ∼0.4°, reveal a globally averaged shelf water Residence Time (RT) of 12‐17 months, which is much shorter than the global RTs previously assumed in benchmark studies (>4 years). This shorter global RT, induced primarily through outer shelf regions with large oceanic inflows, promotes an efficient offshore transport of terrestrial and marine organic carbon (0.44 PgCyr‐1) and a dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sink from the organic cycling of carbon on the global shelf (Net Ecosystem Productivity, NEP equal to +0.20 PgCyr‐1). In turn, this autotrophic state of continental shelves contributes to a weak global pre‐industrial sink of atmospheric CO2 (0.04 PgCyr‐1), dominated by extensive regions with large oceanic inflows and positive NEPs, such as the Patagonian shelf, the East China Sea and the outer North Sea. The contemporary global shelf CO2 uptake of 0.15 PgCyr‐1 furthermore suggests that the anthropogenic CO2 uptake (0.11 PgCyr‐1) on the global continental shelf is less efficient with respect to the open ocean. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Fabrice Lacroix; Tatiana Ilyina; Goulven G. Laruelle; Pierre Regnier. Reconstructing the Preindustrial Coastal Carbon Cycle Through a Global Ocean Circulation Model: Was the Global Continental Shelf Already Both Autotrophic and a CO 2 Sink? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2021, 35, 1 .
AMA StyleFabrice Lacroix, Tatiana Ilyina, Goulven G. Laruelle, Pierre Regnier. Reconstructing the Preindustrial Coastal Carbon Cycle Through a Global Ocean Circulation Model: Was the Global Continental Shelf Already Both Autotrophic and a CO 2 Sink? Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2021; 35 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrice Lacroix; Tatiana Ilyina; Goulven G. Laruelle; Pierre Regnier. 2021. "Reconstructing the Preindustrial Coastal Carbon Cycle Through a Global Ocean Circulation Model: Was the Global Continental Shelf Already Both Autotrophic and a CO 2 Sink?" Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35, no. 2: 1.
In this study, we present the first combined open- and coastal-ocean pCO2 mapped monthly climatology (Landschützer et al., 2020b, https://doi.org/10.25921/qb25-f418, https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/MPI-ULB-SOM_FFN_clim.html, last access: 8 April 2020) constructed from observations collected between 1998 and 2015 extracted from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database. We combine two neural network-based pCO2 products, one from the open ocean and the other from the coastal ocean, and investigate their consistency along their common overlap areas. While the difference between open- and coastal-ocean estimates along the overlap area increases with latitude, it remains close to 0 µatm globally. Stronger discrepancies, however, exist on the regional level resulting in differences that exceed 10 % of the climatological mean pCO2, or an order of magnitude larger than the uncertainty from state-of-the-art measurements. This also illustrates the potential of such an analysis to highlight where we lack a good representation of the aquatic continuum and future research should be dedicated. A regional analysis further shows that the seasonal carbon dynamics at the coast–open interface are well represented in our climatology. While our combined product is only a first step towards a true representation of both the open-ocean and the coastal-ocean air–sea CO2 flux in marine carbon budgets, we show it is a feasible task and the present data product already constitutes a valuable tool to investigate and quantify the dynamics of the air–sea CO2 exchange consistently for oceanic regions regardless of its distance to the coast.
Peter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Alizee Roobaert; Pierre Regnier. A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. Earth System Science Data 2020, 12, 2537 -2553.
AMA StylePeter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Alizee Roobaert, Pierre Regnier. A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. Earth System Science Data. 2020; 12 (4):2537-2553.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Alizee Roobaert; Pierre Regnier. 2020. "A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4: 2537-2553.
Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum–maximum estimates: 12.2–23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9–17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2–11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies—particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O–climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions. Bottom-up and top-down approaches are used to quantify global nitrous oxide sources and sinks resulting from both natural and anthropogenic sources, revealing a 30% increase in global human-induced emissions between 1980 and 2016.
Hanqin Tian; Rongting Xu; Josep G. Canadell; Rona L. Thompson; Wilfried Winiwarter; Parvadha Suntharalingam; Eric A. Davidson; Philippe Ciais; Robert B. Jackson; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Michael J. Prather; Pierre Regnier; Naiqing Pan; Shufen Pan; Glen P. Peters; Hao Shi; Francesco N. Tubiello; Sönke Zaehle; Feng Zhou; Almut Arneth; Gianna Battaglia; Sarah Berthet; Laurent Bopp; Alexander F. Bouwman; Erik T. Buitenhuis; Jinfeng Chang; Martyn P. Chipperfield; Shree R. S. Dangal; Edward Dlugokencky; James W. Elkins; Bradley D. Eyre; Bojie Fu; Bradley Hall; Akihiko Ito; Fortunat Joos; Paul B. Krummel; Angela Landolfi; Goulven G. Laruelle; Ronny Lauerwald; Wei Li; Sebastian Lienert; Taylor Maavara; Michael MacLeod; Dylan B. Millet; Stefan Olin; Prabir K. Patra; Ronald G. Prinn; Peter A. Raymond; Daniel J. Ruiz; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Nicolas Vuichard; Junjie Wang; Ray F. Weiss; Kelley C. Wells; Chris Wilson; Jia Yang; Yuanzhi Yao. A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature 2020, 586, 248 -256.
AMA StyleHanqin Tian, Rongting Xu, Josep G. Canadell, Rona L. Thompson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Eric A. Davidson, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Michael J. Prather, Pierre Regnier, Naiqing Pan, Shufen Pan, Glen P. Peters, Hao Shi, Francesco N. Tubiello, Sönke Zaehle, Feng Zhou, Almut Arneth, Gianna Battaglia, Sarah Berthet, Laurent Bopp, Alexander F. Bouwman, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Jinfeng Chang, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Shree R. S. Dangal, Edward Dlugokencky, James W. Elkins, Bradley D. Eyre, Bojie Fu, Bradley Hall, Akihiko Ito, Fortunat Joos, Paul B. Krummel, Angela Landolfi, Goulven G. Laruelle, Ronny Lauerwald, Wei Li, Sebastian Lienert, Taylor Maavara, Michael MacLeod, Dylan B. Millet, Stefan Olin, Prabir K. Patra, Ronald G. Prinn, Peter A. Raymond, Daniel J. Ruiz, Guido R. Van Der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Junjie Wang, Ray F. Weiss, Kelley C. Wells, Chris Wilson, Jia Yang, Yuanzhi Yao. A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature. 2020; 586 (7828):248-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanqin Tian; Rongting Xu; Josep G. Canadell; Rona L. Thompson; Wilfried Winiwarter; Parvadha Suntharalingam; Eric A. Davidson; Philippe Ciais; Robert B. Jackson; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Michael J. Prather; Pierre Regnier; Naiqing Pan; Shufen Pan; Glen P. Peters; Hao Shi; Francesco N. Tubiello; Sönke Zaehle; Feng Zhou; Almut Arneth; Gianna Battaglia; Sarah Berthet; Laurent Bopp; Alexander F. Bouwman; Erik T. Buitenhuis; Jinfeng Chang; Martyn P. Chipperfield; Shree R. S. Dangal; Edward Dlugokencky; James W. Elkins; Bradley D. Eyre; Bojie Fu; Bradley Hall; Akihiko Ito; Fortunat Joos; Paul B. Krummel; Angela Landolfi; Goulven G. Laruelle; Ronny Lauerwald; Wei Li; Sebastian Lienert; Taylor Maavara; Michael MacLeod; Dylan B. Millet; Stefan Olin; Prabir K. Patra; Ronald G. Prinn; Peter A. Raymond; Daniel J. Ruiz; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Nicolas Vuichard; Junjie Wang; Ray F. Weiss; Kelley C. Wells; Chris Wilson; Jia Yang; Yuanzhi Yao. 2020. "A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks." Nature 586, no. 7828: 248-256.
The Paris Climate Agreements and Sustainable Development Goals, signed by 197 countries, present agendas and address key issues for implementing multi-scale responses for sustainable development under climate change—an effort that must involve local, regional, national, and supra-national stakeholders. In that regard, Continental Carbon Sequestration (CoCS) and conservation of carbon sinks are recognized increasingly as having potentially important roles in mitigating climate change and adapting to it. Making that potential a reality will require indicators of success for various stakeholders from multidisciplinary backgrounds, plus promotion of long-term implementation of strategic action towards civil society (e.g., law and policy makers, economists, and farmers). To help meet those challenges, this discussion paper summarizes the state of the art and uncertainties regarding CoCS, taking an interdisciplinary, holistic approach toward understanding these complex issues. The first part of the paper discusses the carbon cycle’s bio-geophysical processes, while the second introduces the plurality of geographical scales to be addressed when dealing with landscape management for CoCS. The third part addresses systemic viability, vulnerability, and resilience in CoCS practices, before concluding with the need to develop inter-disciplinarity in sustainable science, participative research, and the societal implications of sustainable CoCS actions.
Tiphaine Chevallier; Maud Loireau; Romain Courault; Lydie Chapuis-Lardy; Thierry Desjardins; Cécile Gomez; Alexandre Grondin; Frédéric Guérin; Didier Orange; Raphaël Pélissier; Georges Serpantié; Marie-Hélène Durand; Pierre Derioz; Gildas Laruelle Goulven; Marie-Hélène Schwoob; Nicolas Viovy; Olivier Barrière; Eric Blanchart; Vincent Blanfort; Michel Brossard; Julien Demenois; Mireille Fargette; Thierry Heulin; Gil Mahe; Raphaël Manlay; Pascal Podwojewski; Cornélia Rumpel; Benjamin Sultan; Jean-Luc Chotte. Paris Climate Agreement: Promoting Interdisciplinary Science and Stakeholders’ Approaches for Multi-Scale Implementation of Continental Carbon Sequestration. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6715 .
AMA StyleTiphaine Chevallier, Maud Loireau, Romain Courault, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Thierry Desjardins, Cécile Gomez, Alexandre Grondin, Frédéric Guérin, Didier Orange, Raphaël Pélissier, Georges Serpantié, Marie-Hélène Durand, Pierre Derioz, Gildas Laruelle Goulven, Marie-Hélène Schwoob, Nicolas Viovy, Olivier Barrière, Eric Blanchart, Vincent Blanfort, Michel Brossard, Julien Demenois, Mireille Fargette, Thierry Heulin, Gil Mahe, Raphaël Manlay, Pascal Podwojewski, Cornélia Rumpel, Benjamin Sultan, Jean-Luc Chotte. Paris Climate Agreement: Promoting Interdisciplinary Science and Stakeholders’ Approaches for Multi-Scale Implementation of Continental Carbon Sequestration. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiphaine Chevallier; Maud Loireau; Romain Courault; Lydie Chapuis-Lardy; Thierry Desjardins; Cécile Gomez; Alexandre Grondin; Frédéric Guérin; Didier Orange; Raphaël Pélissier; Georges Serpantié; Marie-Hélène Durand; Pierre Derioz; Gildas Laruelle Goulven; Marie-Hélène Schwoob; Nicolas Viovy; Olivier Barrière; Eric Blanchart; Vincent Blanfort; Michel Brossard; Julien Demenois; Mireille Fargette; Thierry Heulin; Gil Mahe; Raphaël Manlay; Pascal Podwojewski; Cornélia Rumpel; Benjamin Sultan; Jean-Luc Chotte. 2020. "Paris Climate Agreement: Promoting Interdisciplinary Science and Stakeholders’ Approaches for Multi-Scale Implementation of Continental Carbon Sequestration." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6715.
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning. The data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al., 2020) and from the Global Carbon Project.
Marielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Josep G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jurek Müller; Fabiola Murguia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'Doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel van Weele; Guido R. van der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. Earth System Science Data 2020, 12, 1561 -1623.
AMA StyleMarielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven G. Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul A. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'Doherty, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven J. Smith, L. Paul Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas S. Weber, Michiel van Weele, Guido R. van der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yi Yin, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. Earth System Science Data. 2020; 12 (3):1561-1623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Josep G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jurek Müller; Fabiola Murguia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'Doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel van Weele; Guido R. van der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. 2020. "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 3: 1561-1623.
In this study, we present the first combined open and coastal ocean pCO2 mapped monthly climatology (Landschützer et al. (2020), doi:10.25921/qb25-f418, https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/MPI-ULB-SOM_FFN_clim.html) constructed from observations collected between 1998 and 2015 extracted from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database. We combine two neural network-based pCO2 products, one from the open ocean and the other from the coastal ocean, and investigate their consistency along their common overlap areas. While the difference between open and coastal ocean estimates along the overlap area increases with latitude, it remains close to 0 μatm globally. Stronger discrepancies, however, exist on the regional level resulting in differences that exceed 10 % of the climatological mean pCO2, or an order of magnitude larger than the uncertainty from state of the art measurements. This also illustrates the potential of such analysis to inform the measurement community about the locations where additional measurements are essential to better represent the aquatic continuum and improve our understanding of the carbon exchange at the air water interface. A regional analysis further shows that the seasonal carbon dynamics at the coast-open interface are well represented in our climatology. While our combined product is only a first step towards a true representation of both the open ocean and the coastal ocean air-sea CO2 flux in marine carbon budgets, we show it is a feasible task and the present data product already constitutes a valuable tool to investigate and quantify the dynamics of the air-sea CO2 exchange consistently for oceanic regions regardless of its distance to the coast.
Peter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Alizee Roobaert; Pierre Regnier. A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePeter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Alizee Roobaert, Pierre Regnier. A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Landschützer; Goulven G. Laruelle; Alizee Roobaert; Pierre Regnier. 2020. "A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans." , no. : 1.
Marielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Joseph G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jureck Müller; Fabiola Murgia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel Van Weele; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleMarielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Joseph G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven G. Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul A. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jureck Müller, Fabiola Murgia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'doherty, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven J. Smith, L. Paul Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas S. Weber, Michiel Van Weele, Guido R. Van Der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yi Yin, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang. Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Joseph G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jureck Müller; Fabiola Murgia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel Van Weele; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. 2019. "Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017"." , no. : 1.
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). Assessing the relative importance of CH4 in comparison to CO2 is complicated by its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and atmospheric growth rate variations over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (top-down approach) to be 572 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 538–593, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the ensemble), of which 357 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ~ 60 % are attributed to anthropogenic sources (range 50–65 %). This total emission is 27 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the value estimated for the period 2000–2009 and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for the period 2003–2012 (Saunois et al. 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the carbon intensive scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Gidden et al., 2019). Bottom-up methods suggest larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 583–880) than top-down inversion methods, mostly because of larger estimated natural emissions from sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources. However the strength of the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, suggest that these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (~ 65 % of the global budget,
Marielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Joseph G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jureck Müller; Fabiola Murgia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel Van Weele; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. 2019, 1 -138.
AMA StyleMarielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Joseph G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven G. Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul A. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jureck Müller, Fabiola Murgia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'doherty, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven J. Smith, L. Paul Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas S. Weber, Michiel Van Weele, Guido R. Van Der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yi Yin, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. . 2019; ():1-138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarielle Saunois; Ann R. Stavert; Ben Poulter; Philippe Bousquet; Joseph G. Canadell; Robert B. Jackson; Peter A. Raymond; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Sander Houweling; Prabir K. Patra; Philippe Ciais; Vivek K. Arora; David Bastviken; Peter Bergamaschi; Donald R. Blake; Gordon Brailsford; Lori Bruhwiler; Kimberly M. Carlson; Mark Carrol; Simona Castaldi; Naveen Chandra; Cyril Crevoisier; Patrick M. Crill; Kristofer Covey; Charles L. Curry; Giuseppe Etiope; Christian Frankenberg; Nicola Gedney; Michaela I. Hegglin; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Gustaf Hugelius; Misa Ishizawa; Akihiko Ito; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Katherine M. Jensen; Fortunat Joos; Thomas Kleinen; Paul B. Krummel; Ray L. Langenfelds; Goulven G. Laruelle; Licheng Liu; Toshinobu Machida; Shamil Maksyutov; Kyle C. McDonald; Joe McNorton; Paul A. Miller; Joe R. Melton; Isamu Morino; Jureck Müller; Fabiola Murgia-Flores; Vaishali Naik; Yosuke Niwa; Sergio Noce; Simon O'doherty; Robert J. Parker; Changhui Peng; Shushi Peng; Glen P. Peters; Catherine Prigent; Ronald Prinn; Michel Ramonet; Pierre Regnier; William J. Riley; Judith A. Rosentreter; Arjo Segers; Isobel J. Simpson; Hao Shi; Steven J. Smith; L. Paul Steele; Brett F. Thornton; Hanqin Tian; Yasunori Tohjima; Francesco N. Tubiello; Aki Tsuruta; Nicolas Viovy; Apostolos Voulgarakis; Thomas S. Weber; Michiel Van Weele; Guido R. Van Der Werf; Ray F. Weiss; Doug Worthy; Debra Wunch; Yi Yin; Yukio Yoshida; Wenxin Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Bo Zheng; Qing Zhu; Qiuan Zhu; Qianlai Zhuang. 2019. "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017." , no. : 1-138.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from inland waters remain a major source of uncertainty in global greenhouse gas budgets. N2O emissions are typically estimated using emission factors (EFs), defined as the proportion of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) load to a water body that is emitted as N2O to the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed EFs of 0.25% and 0.75%, though studies have suggested that both these values are either too high or too low. In this work, we develop a mechanistic modeling approach to explicitly predict N2O production and emissions via nitrification and denitrification in rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. In particular, we introduce a water residence time dependence, which kinetically limits the extent of denitrification and nitrification in water bodies. We revise existing spatially explicit estimates of N loads to inland waters to predict both lumped watershed and half‐degree grid cell emissions and EFs worldwide, as well as the proportions of these emissions that originate from denitrification and nitrification. We estimate global inland water N2O emissions of 10.6–19.8 Gmol N year−1 (148–277 Gg N year−1), with reservoirs producing most N2O per unit area. Our results indicate that IPCC EFs are likely overestimated by up to an order of magnitude, and that achieving the magnitude of the IPCC's EFs is kinetically improbable in most river systems. Denitrification represents the major pathway of N2O production in river systems, whereas nitrification dominates production in reservoirs and estuaries.
Taylor Maavara; Ronny Lauerwald; Goulven G. Laruelle; Zahra Akbarzadeh; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Philippe Van Cappellen; Pierre Regnier. Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high? Global Change Biology 2018, 25, 473 -488.
AMA StyleTaylor Maavara, Ronny Lauerwald, Goulven G. Laruelle, Zahra Akbarzadeh, Nicholas J. Bouskill, Philippe Van Cappellen, Pierre Regnier. Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high? Global Change Biology. 2018; 25 (2):473-488.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaylor Maavara; Ronny Lauerwald; Goulven G. Laruelle; Zahra Akbarzadeh; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Philippe Van Cappellen; Pierre Regnier. 2018. "Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high?" Global Change Biology 25, no. 2: 473-488.
Globally, nutrient loading to surface waters is large and increasing, with sources from land-based pollution to aquaculture and atmospheric deposition. Spatial differences in amounts and forms of nutrients released to receiving waters are large, with Asia, Western Europe, and North America exporting the highest loads of nutrients, especially of inorganic nitrogen (N). Export of N is increasing more rapidly than that of phosphorus (P) on a global basis, leading to stoichiometrically imbalanced nutrient conditions. Under such conditions, some types of harmful algal blooms (HABs) can thrive. Differences in coastal typology affect the retentive nature of different coastal types, while dam and reservoir constructions have further altered riverine flows and differentially retain different nutrients. A coastal eutrophication index comparing information on the changes in N and P relative to silicon (Si) and modeling projections of future outcomes using several modeling approaches show that the likelihood for increased nutrient pollution and, correspondingly, for continued regional and global expansion of HABs is great.
Patricia M. Glibert; Arthur H. W. Beusen; John A. Harrison; Hans H. Dürr; Alexander F. Bouwman; Goulven G. Laruelle. Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae. Ecological Studies 2018, 53 -76.
AMA StylePatricia M. Glibert, Arthur H. W. Beusen, John A. Harrison, Hans H. Dürr, Alexander F. Bouwman, Goulven G. Laruelle. Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae. Ecological Studies. 2018; ():53-76.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia M. Glibert; Arthur H. W. Beusen; John A. Harrison; Hans H. Dürr; Alexander F. Bouwman; Goulven G. Laruelle. 2018. "Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae." Ecological Studies , no. : 53-76.
The calculation of the air–water CO2 exchange (FCO2) in the ocean not only depends on the gradient in CO2 partial pressure at the air–water interface but also on the parameterization of the gas exchange transfer velocity (k) and the choice of wind product. Here, we present regional and global-scale quantifications of the uncertainty in FCO2 induced by several widely used k formulations and four wind speed data products (CCMP, ERA, NCEP1 and NCEP2). The analysis is performed at a 1° × 1° resolution using the sea surface pCO2 climatology generated by Landschützer et al. (2015a) for the 1991–2011 period, while the regional assessment relies on the segmentation proposed by the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. First, we use k formulations derived from the global 14C inventory relying on a quadratic relationship between k and wind speed (k = c ⋅ U102; Sweeney et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2009; Wanninkhof, 2014), where c is a calibration coefficient and U10 is the wind speed measured 10 m above the surface. Our results show that the range of global FCO2, calculated with these k relationships, diverge by 12 % when using CCMP, ERA or NCEP1. Due to differences in the regional wind patterns, regional discrepancies in FCO2 are more pronounced than global. These global and regional differences significantly increase when using NCEP2 or other k formulations which include earlier relationships (i.e., Wanninkhof, 1992; Wanninkhof et al., 2009) as well as numerous local and regional parameterizations derived experimentally. To minimize uncertainties associated with the choice of wind product, it is possible to recalculate the coefficient c globally (hereafter called c∗) for a given wind product and its spatio-temporal resolution, in order to match the last evaluation of the global k value. We thus performed these recalculations for each wind product at the resolution and time period of our study but the resulting global FCO2 estimates still diverge by 10 %. These results also reveal that the Equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are the regions in which the choice of wind product will most strongly affect the estimation of the FCO2, even when using c∗.
Alizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis. Biogeosciences 2018, 15, 1701 -1720.
AMA StyleAlizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Pierre Regnier. Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis. Biogeosciences. 2018; 15 (6):1701-1720.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. 2018. "Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6: 1701-1720.
It has been speculated that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in shelf waters may lag the rise in atmospheric CO2. Here, we show that this is the case across many shelf regions, implying a tendency for enhanced shelf uptake of atmospheric CO2. This result is based on analysis of long-term trends in the air–sea pCO2 gradient (ΔpCO2) using a global surface ocean pCO2 database spanning a period of up to 35 years. Using wintertime data only, we find that ΔpCO2 increased in 653 of the 825 0.5° cells for which a trend could be calculated, with 325 of these cells showing a significant increase in excess of +0.5 μatm yr−1 (p < 0.05). Although noisier, the deseasonalized annual data suggest similar results. If this were a global trend, it would support the idea that shelves might have switched from a source to a sink of CO2 during the last century. It remains unclear whether surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in continental shelves tracks with increasing atmospheric pCO2. Here, the authors show that pCO2 in shelf waters lags behind rising atmospheric CO2 in a number of shelf regions, suggesting shelf uptake of atmospheric CO2.
Goulven G. Laruelle; Wei-Jun Cai; Xinping Hu; Nicolas Gruber; Fred T. MacKenzie; Pierre Regnier. Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature Communications 2018, 9, 1 -11.
AMA StyleGoulven G. Laruelle, Wei-Jun Cai, Xinping Hu, Nicolas Gruber, Fred T. MacKenzie, Pierre Regnier. Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature Communications. 2018; 9 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoulven G. Laruelle; Wei-Jun Cai; Xinping Hu; Nicolas Gruber; Fred T. MacKenzie; Pierre Regnier. 2018. "Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide." Nature Communications 9, no. 1: 1-11.
In spite of the recent strong increase in the number of measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface ocean (pCO2), the air–sea CO2 balance of the continental shelf seas remains poorly quantified. This is a consequence of these regions remaining strongly under-sampled in both time and space and of surface pCO2 exhibiting much higher temporal and spatial variability in these regions compared to the open ocean. Here, we use a modified version of a two-step artificial neural network method (SOM-FFN; Landschützer et al., 2013) to interpolate the pCO2 data along the continental margins with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and with monthly resolution from 1998 to 2015. The most important modifications compared to the original SOM-FFN method are (i) the much higher spatial resolution and (ii) the inclusion of sea ice and wind speed as predictors of pCO2. The SOM-FFN is first trained with pCO2 measurements extracted from the SOCATv4 database. Then, the validity of our interpolation, in both space and time, is assessed by comparing the generated pCO2 field with independent data extracted from the LDVEO2015 database. The new coastal pCO2 product confirms a previously suggested general meridional trend of the annual mean pCO2 in all the continental shelves with high values in the tropics and dropping to values beneath those of the atmosphere at higher latitudes. The monthly resolution of our data product permits us to reveal significant differences in the seasonality of pCO2 across the ocean basins. The shelves of the western and northern Pacific, as well as the shelves in the temperate northern Atlantic, display particularly pronounced seasonal variations in pCO2, while the shelves in the southeastern Atlantic and in the southern Pacific reveal a much smaller seasonality. The calculation of temperature normalized pCO2 for several latitudes in different oceanic basins confirms that the seasonality in shelf pCO2 cannot solely be explained by temperature-induced changes in solubility but are also the result of seasonal changes in circulation, mixing and biological productivity. Our results also reveal that the amplitudes of both thermal and nonthermal seasonal variations in pCO2 are significantly larger at high latitudes. Finally, because this product's spatial extent includes parts of the open ocean as well, it can be readily merged with existing global open-ocean products to produce a true global perspective of the spatial and temporal variability of surface ocean pCO2.
Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Nicolas Gruber; Jean-Louis Tison; Bruno Delille; Pierre Regnier. Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation. Biogeosciences 2017, 14, 4545 -4561.
AMA StyleGoulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, Pierre Regnier. Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation. Biogeosciences. 2017; 14 (19):4545-4561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Nicolas Gruber; Jean-Louis Tison; Bruno Delille; Pierre Regnier. 2017. "Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation." Biogeosciences 14, no. 19: 4545-4561.
Alizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. Supplementary material to "Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis". 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleAlizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Pierre Regnier. Supplementary material to "Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis". . 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. 2017. "Supplementary material to "Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis"." , no. : 1.
The calculation of the air-water CO2 exchange (FCO2) in the ocean not only depends on the gradient in CO2 partial pressure at the air-water interface but also on the parameterization of the gas exchange transfer velocity (k) and the choice of wind product. Here, we present regional and global-scale quantifications of the uncertainty in FCO2 induced by several widely used k-formulations and 4 wind speed data products (CCMP, ERA, NCEP1 and NCEP2). The analysis is performed at a 1° x 1° resolution using the sea surface pCO2 climatology generated by Landschützer et al. (2015) for the 1991–2011 period while the regional assessment relies on the segmentation proposed by the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. First, we use k-formulations derived from the global 14C inventory relying on a quadratic relationship between k and wind speed (k = c·U102, Sweeney et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2009; Wanninkhof, 2014) where c is a calibration coefficient and U10 is the wind speed measured 10 meters above the surface. Our results show that the range of global FCO2, calculated with these k-relationships, diverge by 12 % when using CCMP, ERA or NCEP1. Due to differences in the regional wind patterns, regional discrepancies in FCO2 are more pronounced than global. These global/regional differences significantly increase when using NCEP2 or other k-formulations which include earlier relationships (i.e. Wanninkhof, 1992; Wanninkhof et al., 2009) as well as numerous local/regional parameterizations derived experimentally. To minimize uncertainties associated with the choice of wind product it is possible to recalculate the coefficient c globally (hereafter called c*) for a given wind product and its spatio-temporal resolution, in order to match the last evaluation of the global k value. We thus performed these recalculations for each wind product at the resolution and time period of our study but the resulting global FCO2 estimates still diverge by 10 %. These results also reveal that the Equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are the regions in which the choice of wind product will most strongly affect the estimation of the FCO2, even when using c*.
Alizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis. 2017, 1 -32.
AMA StyleAlizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Pierre Regnier. Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis. . 2017; ():1-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlizée Roobaert; Goulven G. Laruelle; Peter Landschützer; Pierre Regnier. 2017. "Uncertainty of the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis." , no. : 1-32.