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Background Differences in physical and mental health impact across continents during the COVID-19 pandemic are unknown. Objective This study compared the levels of impact of COVID-19 on mental health among people from Spain and China and correlated mental health parameters with variables relating to symptoms similar to COVID-19, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures. Methods We collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms, contact history with persons with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 Items (DASS-21). To analyze the differences in the mental health parameters, the mean scores between Chinese and Spanish respondents were compared using the independent samples t test. The differences in categorical variables between the two samples were analyzed by the chi-square test. Linear regression was used to calculate the univariate associations between the independent variables and mental health parameters for both groups separately, with adjustments made for age, gender, and education. Results A total of 1528 participants (Spain: n=687; China: n=841) were recruited. The mean age of the Chinese respondents was 24.73 years (SD 7.60; range 18-65 years), and the mean age of the Spanish respondents was 43.06 years (SD 11.95; range 18-76 years). Spanish participants reported significantly more symptoms similar to COVID-19 infection (eg, fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulties), contact history with COVID-19, higher perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, frequent use of medical services, and less confidence in medical services compared with their Chinese counterparts (P<.001). Spanish participants reported significantly higher DASS-21 stress and depression scores, while Chinese participants reported significantly higher IES-R scores (P<.001). Chinese participants encountered more discrimination from other countries (P<.001). Significantly more Chinese participants reported using face masks than Spanish ones (P<.001). More exposure to health information was associated with adverse mental health in Spain (depression: P=.02; anxiety: P=.02; stress: P=.001). Conclusions Our study found that Spanish respondents reported higher levels of stress and depression as well as more symptoms and use of medical services. In preparation for the next pandemic, Spain needs to establish a prompt policy to implement rapid response and enhance medical services to safeguard physical and mental health.
Cuiyan Wang; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Riyu Pan; Xiaoyang Wan; Yilin Tan; Linkang Xu; Faith Choo; Roger Ho; Cyrus Ho; Marta E Aparicio García. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Formative Research 2021, 5, e27818 .
AMA StyleCuiyan Wang, María Inmaculada López-Núñez, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan, Yilin Tan, Linkang Xu, Faith Choo, Roger Ho, Cyrus Ho, Marta E Aparicio García. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Formative Research. 2021; 5 (5):e27818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCuiyan Wang; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Riyu Pan; Xiaoyang Wan; Yilin Tan; Linkang Xu; Faith Choo; Roger Ho; Cyrus Ho; Marta E Aparicio García. 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 5: e27818.
BACKGROUND Differences in physical and mental health impact across continents during the COVID-19 pandemic are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study compared the levels of impact of COVID-19 on mental health among people from Spain and China and correlated mental health parameters with variables relating to symptoms similar to COVID-19, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures. METHODS We collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms, contact history with persons with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 Items (DASS-21). To analyze the differences in the mental health parameters, the mean scores between Chinese and Spanish respondents were compared using the independent samples t test. The differences in categorical variables between the two samples were analyzed by the chi-square test. Linear regression was used to calculate the univariate associations between the independent variables and mental health parameters for both groups separately, with adjustments made for age, gender, and education. RESULTS A total of 1528 participants (Spain: n=687; China: n=841) were recruited. The mean age of the Chinese respondents was 24.73 years (SD 7.60; range 18-65 years), and the mean age of the Spanish respondents was 43.06 years (SD 11.95; range 18-76 years). Spanish participants reported significantly more symptoms similar to COVID-19 infection (eg, fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulties), contact history with COVID-19, higher perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, frequent use of medical services, and less confidence in medical services compared with their Chinese counterparts (P<.001). Spanish participants reported significantly higher DASS-21 stress and depression scores, while Chinese participants reported significantly higher IES-R scores (P<.001). Chinese participants encountered more discrimination from other countries (P<.001). Significantly more Chinese participants reported using face masks than Spanish ones (P<.001). More exposure to health information was associated with adverse mental health in Spain (depression: P=.02; anxiety: P=.02; stress: P=.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study found that Spanish respondents reported higher levels of stress and depression as well as more symptoms and use of medical services. In preparation for the next pandemic, Spain needs to establish a prompt policy to implement rapid response and enhance medical services to safeguard physical and mental health.
Cuiyan Wang; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Riyu Pan; Xiaoyang Wan; Yilin Tan; Linkang Xu; Faith Choo; Roger Ho; Cyrus Ho; Marta E Aparicio García. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint). 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCuiyan Wang, María Inmaculada López-Núñez, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan, Yilin Tan, Linkang Xu, Faith Choo, Roger Ho, Cyrus Ho, Marta E Aparicio García. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint). . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCuiyan Wang; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Riyu Pan; Xiaoyang Wan; Yilin Tan; Linkang Xu; Faith Choo; Roger Ho; Cyrus Ho; Marta E Aparicio García. 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.
Spain is one of the countries with the highest number of Covid-19 cases per habitant. On March 14, 2020, the Government declared the State of Alarm which included the mandatory confinement of all citizens. On March 30 and April 11, we surveyed 1659 adults to research the relevance of social/work status and personality variables in the prediction of psychological health (anxiety, depression and life satisfaction). Results indicated that women and young reported higher anxiety, depression, conflict between work and family relationship, conscientiousness, and extraversion. Men reported higher emotional stability. The variables considered predicted a substantial percentage of variance on anxiety (36%), depression (38%) and life satisfaction (19%), with a significant relative contribution of personality traits. People with poorer psychological health also showed more conflict between work and family relationships. Working at office was more related to anxiety while working at home was more related to depression. We noted that the influence of impact of job status and conflict between work and family relationship as mental health as performance might depend on individual differences. Depression, anxiety and life satisfaction were predicted by personality and social/work variables, which highlights the importance of consider these variables to address mental health in this situation.
Mª. Inmaculada López-Núñez; Juan F. Díaz-Morales; Marta E. Aparicio-García. Individual differences, personality, social, family and work variables on mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences 2020, 172, 110562 .
AMA StyleMª. Inmaculada López-Núñez, Juan F. Díaz-Morales, Marta E. Aparicio-García. Individual differences, personality, social, family and work variables on mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 172 ():110562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMª. Inmaculada López-Núñez; Juan F. Díaz-Morales; Marta E. Aparicio-García. 2020. "Individual differences, personality, social, family and work variables on mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain." Personality and Individual Differences 172, no. : 110562.
Research on burnout has traditionally focused on job demands, with less attention paid to protective factors. From the emerging and innovative area of psychology of sustainability and sustainable development, this study aimed to analyze the relationship that job demands (workload), and personal resources (psychological capital) have with burnout. The sample includes 517 workers from various professional sectors. Results of the structural equation analysis show that (1) psychological capital and workload are related to burnout, and (2) personal accomplishment is more a personal resource than burnout dimension. The results confirm the role of psychological capital as a protective factor for burnout. Finally, the importance of examining the relationship between the components of psychological capital, personal accomplishment, and positive emotions is pointed out due to the importance of organizations promoting the development of psychological strengths and resources to promote well-being and sustainable working conditions.
M. López-Núñez; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Eva Diaz-Ramiro; Marta Aparicio-García. Psychological Capital, Workload, and Burnout: What’s New? The Impact of Personal Accomplishment to Promote Sustainable Working Conditions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8124 .
AMA StyleM. López-Núñez, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, Eva Diaz-Ramiro, Marta Aparicio-García. Psychological Capital, Workload, and Burnout: What’s New? The Impact of Personal Accomplishment to Promote Sustainable Working Conditions. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. López-Núñez; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Eva Diaz-Ramiro; Marta Aparicio-García. 2020. "Psychological Capital, Workload, and Burnout: What’s New? The Impact of Personal Accomplishment to Promote Sustainable Working Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8124.
El objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar los hábitos de sueño y la salud psicológica de profesionales del sector sanitario, así como analizar las relaciones entre ambas variables. La muestra contó con 511 trabajadores de hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid. La salud psicológica fue evaluada con el Cuestionario GHQ-28; los hábitos de sueño a través del Cuestionario CHAS, además, se recogieron datos sociodemográficos como edad, sexo, puesto de trabajo, categoría profesional. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en síntomas somáticos, salud psicológica y estabilidad en hábitos de sueño. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna son las variables más relacionadas con las dimensiones de salud, especialmente con la ansiedad/insomnio y síntomas somáticos. Estos los resultados ponen de manifiesto las diferencias entre hábitos de sueño y salud percibida en personal de enfermería y facultativos. En conclusión, la población sanitaria presenta mayor prevalencia en malestar psicológico, peor calidad de sueño e inestabilidad en las horas de sueño. Deterioro del sueño, somnolencia y síntomas somáticos son más frecuentes en personal de enfermería que en el resto de profesionales sanitarios. The aim was to study the sleep habits and the psychological health of professionals in the health sector, as well as to analyze the relationships between both variables. The sample consisted of 511 workers from public hospitals in the Community of Madrid. Psychological health was evaluated using the GHQ-28 Questionnaire; and sleep habits with the CHAS Questionnaire. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected, such as age, sex, job position, professional category. The results showed statistically significant differences in somatic symptoms, psychological health and stability in sleep habits. Regression analysis indicated that sleep quality and daytime sleepiness are the variables most related to health dimensions, especially with anxiety/insomnia and somatic symptoms. These results reveal the differences between sleep habits and perceived health in nursing staff and physicians. Finally, the health workers present a higher prevalence of psychological distress, and poor sleep quality and instability in sleep hours. Sleep impairment, somnolence and somatic symptoms are more frequent in nursing staff than in other health professionals.
Eva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Maria Inmaculada López-Núñez; Marta Evelia Aparicio-García. Los hábitos de sueño como predictores de la salud psicológica en profesionales sanitarios. Anales de Psicología 2020, 36, 242 -246.
AMA StyleEva María Díaz-Ramiro, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, Maria Inmaculada López-Núñez, Marta Evelia Aparicio-García. Los hábitos de sueño como predictores de la salud psicológica en profesionales sanitarios. Anales de Psicología. 2020; 36 (2):242-246.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Maria Inmaculada López-Núñez; Marta Evelia Aparicio-García. 2020. "Los hábitos de sueño como predictores de la salud psicológica en profesionales sanitarios." Anales de Psicología 36, no. 2: 242-246.
Currently, entrepreneurship is of great importance to economic growth and reduced unemployment. Since entrepreneurial behaviour is multidimensional, interest in understanding the roles of individual variables has increased significantly. The present study uses the theoretical and empirical framework of entrepreneurship research to explain the existence of the psychological profile of an entrepreneur, the impact of the psychological variables of personality on behaviour and entrepreneurial intention, and the relationship between personality traits and other specific traits frequently related to entrepreneurship. A sample of 337 participants composed of real entrepreneurs (n = 83) and university students (n = 254) with high scores in entrepreneurial intention were evaluated in personality (Big Five) and other specific traits: ambiguity tolerance, emotional intelligence and coping and problem solving. The results showed that both groups share the same profile in these variables once adjustments were made for the effects of sex and age. A target profile and a preliminary evaluation of its best possible accuracy are provided.
M.I. López-Núñez; S. Rubio-Valdehita; M.E. Aparicio-García; E.M. Díaz-Ramiro. Are entrepreneurs born or made? The influence of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 2019, 154, 109699 .
AMA StyleM.I. López-Núñez, S. Rubio-Valdehita, M.E. Aparicio-García, E.M. Díaz-Ramiro. Are entrepreneurs born or made? The influence of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. 2019; 154 ():109699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.I. López-Núñez; S. Rubio-Valdehita; M.E. Aparicio-García; E.M. Díaz-Ramiro. 2019. "Are entrepreneurs born or made? The influence of personality." Personality and Individual Differences 154, no. : 109699.
María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Universidad Complutense De Madrid; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. Cambios producidos por la adaptación al EEES en la carga de trabajo de estudiantes de Psicología. Revista Española de Pedagogía 2019, 77, 163 -176.
AMA StyleMaría Inmaculada López-Núñez, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. Cambios producidos por la adaptación al EEES en la carga de trabajo de estudiantes de Psicología. Revista Española de Pedagogía. 2019; 77 (272):163-176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Inmaculada López-Núñez; Universidad Complutense De Madrid; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. 2019. "Cambios producidos por la adaptación al EEES en la carga de trabajo de estudiantes de Psicología." Revista Española de Pedagogía 77, no. 272: 163-176.
Young transgender and non-binary individuals (TNBI) are exposed to situations of discrimination and have a greater risk of violence. The purpose of this study is to analyze which protective, violence and health and well-being factors have more influence on TNBI compared to cisgender people. The sample comprised 856 youth between 14 and 25 years old. A survey including questions about sociodemographic information and protective, violence and health and well-being factors was designed ad hoc for this study. The results show the non-binary group received the least support from family and friends, higher risk of suffering cyberbullying, and many feel isolated and unhappy. TNBI have suffered more verbal attacks both inside and outside their school and physical attacks at school than cisgender young. These results are important because they may contribute to the promotion of public policies and clinical interventions that favor the integration of TNBI in our society.
Marta Evelia Aparicio-García; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Isidro García-Nieto. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2133 .
AMA StyleMarta Evelia Aparicio-García, Eva María Díaz-Ramiro, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez, Isidro García-Nieto. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (10):2133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Evelia Aparicio-García; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Isidro García-Nieto. 2018. "Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2133.
Purpose: Young transgender and non-binary are exposed to situations of discrimination and have a greater risk of violence. The purpose of this study is to analyze which protective, violence and health and well-being factors have more influence on transgender and non-binary people compared to cisgender people. Method: The sample comprised 856 people between 14 and 25 years old. A survey including questions about sociodemographic information and protective, violence and health and well-being factors was designed ad hoc for this study. Results: The results show non-binary group received the least support from family and friends, higher risk of suffering cyberbullying and a higher feel isolated and unhappy. Non-binary and transgender have suffered more verbal attacks both inside and outside their school and physical attacks at school than cisgender young. Conclusions: These results are important and may contribute to promote public policies and clinical interventions to favor the integration of non-binary and transgender people in our society.
Marta Evelia Aparicio-García; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Isidro García-Nieto. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMarta Evelia Aparicio-García, Eva María Díaz-Ramiro, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, María Inmaculada López-Núñez, Isidro García-Nieto. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Evelia Aparicio-García; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro; Susana Rubio-Valdehita; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Isidro García-Nieto. 2018. "Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People." , no. : 1.
El capital psicológico es un constructo que se incluye en el marco de comportamiento organizacional positivo, que se basa en principios positivos de psicología. Este concepto está compuesto por cuatro dimensiones interrelacionadas: autoeficacia, esperanza, resiliencia y optimismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar las propiedades psicométricas de una de las medidas de capital psicológico, el Cuestionario de Capital Psicológico-12 (PCQ-12), en una muestra de 396 trabajadores mexicanos. La estructura del factor de este instrumento se analizó a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. La fiabilidad se evaluó con los coeficientes alfa y compuestos de Cronbach. Además, también se evaluaron la validez convergente y discriminante. Con base en tres modelos concurrentes, se observó que el modelo que tenía un mejor ajuste estaba compuesto por cuatro factores correlacionados. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados y se brindan recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones. Este documento, que presenta una estructura factorial diferente a la habitual del capital psicológico, sugiere que las diferencias culturales pueden jugar un papel crucial en la forma en que se comporta la construcción evaluada.
Soraya Santana-Cárdenas; João Nuno Viseu; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Saúl Neves Jesus. Evidencias psicométricas sobre la validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de capital psicológico (PCQ-12) en población mexicana. Anales de Psicología 2018, 34, 562 -570.
AMA StyleSoraya Santana-Cárdenas, João Nuno Viseu, Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez, Saúl Neves Jesus. Evidencias psicométricas sobre la validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de capital psicológico (PCQ-12) en población mexicana. Anales de Psicología. 2018; 34 (3):562-570.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoraya Santana-Cárdenas; João Nuno Viseu; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Saúl Neves Jesus. 2018. "Evidencias psicométricas sobre la validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de capital psicológico (PCQ-12) en población mexicana." Anales de Psicología 34, no. 3: 562-570.
Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Saul Neves De Jesús; João Viseu; Soraya Santana-Cárdenas. Capital Psicológico de los Trabajadores en España. Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio del PCQ-12. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica 2018, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleMaria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez, Saul Neves De Jesús, João Viseu, Soraya Santana-Cárdenas. Capital Psicológico de los Trabajadores en España. Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio del PCQ-12. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica. 2018; 48 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Saul Neves De Jesús; João Viseu; Soraya Santana-Cárdenas. 2018. "Capital Psicológico de los Trabajadores en España. Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio del PCQ-12." Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica 48, no. 3: 1.
Mental workload has emerged as one of the most important occupational risk factors present in most psychological and physical diseases caused by work. In view of the lack of specific tools to assess mental workload, the objective of this research was to assess the construct validity and reliability of a new questionnaire for mental workload assessment (CarMen-Q).The sample was composed of 884 workers from several professional sectors, between 18 and 65 years old, 53.4% men and 46.6% women. To evaluate the validity based on relationships with other measures, the NASA-TLX scale was also administered.Confirmatory factor analysis showed an internal structure made up of four dimensions: cognitive, temporal and emotional demands and performance requirement. The results show satisfactory evidence of validity based on relationships with NASA-TLX and good reliability.The questionnaire has good psychometric properties and can be an easy, brief, useful tool for mental workload diagnosis and prevention.
Susana Rubio-Valdehita; Inmaculada López-Núñez; Ramón López-Higes. Development of the CarMen-Q Questionnaire for mental workload assessment. Psicothema 2017, 29, 570 -576.
AMA StyleSusana Rubio-Valdehita, Inmaculada López-Núñez, Ramón López-Higes. Development of the CarMen-Q Questionnaire for mental workload assessment. Psicothema. 2017; 29 (29.4):570-576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Rubio-Valdehita; Inmaculada López-Núñez; Ramón López-Higes. 2017. "Development of the CarMen-Q Questionnaire for mental workload assessment." Psicothema 29, no. 29.4: 570-576.
Susana Rubio-Valdehita; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Ramón López-Higes; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. Carga Mental Questionnaire. PsycTESTS Dataset 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleSusana Rubio-Valdehita, María Inmaculada López-Núñez, Ramón López-Higes, Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. Carga Mental Questionnaire. PsycTESTS Dataset. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Rubio-Valdehita; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Ramón López-Higes; Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. 2017. "Carga Mental Questionnaire." PsycTESTS Dataset , no. : 1.
Luis Rodríguez-Franco; Javier López-Cepero; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Susana G. Paíno-Quesada; M. Ángeles Antuña-Bellerín; Carolina Bringas-Molleda; Francisco-Javier Rodríguez-Díaz. Evolution of victimization, tolerance and detection of intimate partner violence among young Spanish women / Evolución de victimización, tolerancia y detección de la violencia de pareja entre mujeres jóvenes españolas. International Journal of Social Psychology 2015, 31, 137 -156.
AMA StyleLuis Rodríguez-Franco, Javier López-Cepero, Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez, Susana G. Paíno-Quesada, M. Ángeles Antuña-Bellerín, Carolina Bringas-Molleda, Francisco-Javier Rodríguez-Díaz. Evolution of victimization, tolerance and detection of intimate partner violence among young Spanish women / Evolución de victimización, tolerancia y detección de la violencia de pareja entre mujeres jóvenes españolas. International Journal of Social Psychology. 2015; 31 (1):137-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Rodríguez-Franco; Javier López-Cepero; Maria Inmaculada Lopez-Nuñez; Susana G. Paíno-Quesada; M. Ángeles Antuña-Bellerín; Carolina Bringas-Molleda; Francisco-Javier Rodríguez-Díaz. 2015. "Evolution of victimization, tolerance and detection of intimate partner violence among young Spanish women / Evolución de victimización, tolerancia y detección de la violencia de pareja entre mujeres jóvenes españolas." International Journal of Social Psychology 31, no. 1: 137-156.