Indonesia is a tropical country with a hot climate. In tropical nations such as Indonesia, heat stress is a key reason for the reduced productivity of dairy cattle. Heat stress is a combination of internal and external stimuli that affects an animal, raises its body temperature, and causes it to react physiologically. Most Indonesian dairy cattle are Friesian Holstein (FH), imported from European nations with a temperate environment with low temperatures in the range of 5°C–25°C. Indonesia has a tropical climate with a high ambient temperature that can reach 34°C during the day and the local relative humidity varies between 70% and 90%. Temperature and humidity are two microenvironment factors that may impact the production and heat release in FH cattle. More than 98% of the entire dairy cattle population in Indonesia is found on Java Island. On Java Island, there are between 534.22 and 543.55 thousand heads of cattle, while the dairy cattle population outside Java Island is just 6.59 thousand heads of cattle. The milk output climbs by an average of 3.34% per year, or approximately 909.64 thousand tons and the average annual growth in whole milk consumption was 0.19 L/capita. Indonesian cow milk output has been unable to keep pace with the country’s increasing demand. This study aimed to review the strategies to mitigate heat stress in FH dairy cattle in Indonesia. Keywords: dairy cattle, heat stress, Indonesia, tropical country.

Value-added chemicals, including phenolic compounds, can be generated through lignocellulosic biomass conversion via either biological or chemical pretreatment. Currently vanillin is one of the most valuable of these products that has been shown to be extractable on an industrial scale. This study demonstrates the potential of using rice straw inoculated with Serpula lacrymans, which produced a mixture of high value bio-based compounds including vanillin. Key extraction conditions were identified to be the volume of solvent used and extraction time, which were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The vanillin compounds extracted from rice straw solid state fermentation (SSF) was confirmed through LC-ESI MS/MS in selective ion mode. The optimum concentration and yield differed depending on the solvent, which was predicted using 60 mL ethyl acetate for 160 min were 0.408% and 3.957 μg g⁻¹ respectively. In comparison, when ethanol was used, the highest concentration and yields of vanillin were 0.165% and 2.596 μg g⁻¹. These were achieved using 40 mL of solvent, and extraction time increased to 248 min. The results confirm that fungal conversion of rice straw to vanillin could consequently offer a cost-effect alternative to other modes of production.

The Pesantren people’s involvement in politics is a new phenomenon that is considered an impediment to the democratic process and progress. This paper aims to fill the gap in existing research on the dominance of the Pesantren people in local politics, which they seem to have strategically mastered. The methodology in this study involved qualitative data collected through observation techniques, interviews, and documentation. The results were analyzed, interpreted, and verified. The study aims to prove that the Pesantren family, including chief officials, utilized state facilities and are in involved in dynastic politics. The study also explores the roles of social, economic, and political capital in election wins. Furthermore, the study explores how dynastic politics has weakened the democratic process and proposes a revision of current election processes to ensure fair elections by strengthening election supervision and encouraging voter education.

Conventionally the social construction of a gender equality society can increase awareness of education in a patriarchal culture in Indonesia. The construction of gender equality and gender justice is carried out by people who have concerns about the role and work of women in particular and society in education. Top-down affirmations are carried out in various actions and gender equality movements. Women are the object of the equality movement to raise awareness and gender justice in the field of education. Along with the development of the times and in the era of digitalization as it is today, it can transform the paradigm of women's thinking. They actively participate in development through education. Although through various challenges and obstacles due to being in a patriarchal culture, the level of women is lower than men. This paper shows Gender Equality in Patriarchal Education and Culture, real theoretical challenges in improving gender equality, efforts to raise women's awareness of the importance of education, and the implementation of gender equality in education in the social context of society. This paper suggests the need for access and opportunity for women and public policies that are gender bias-oriented, involving women's participation and providing equitable benefits for women.

The religious elite's role is significant in Indonesia's regional head elections. The political behavior of the religious elite; The role of the religious elite has legitimacy as a symbolic representation of the highest religious authority in society. The politicization of Identity at the local level has strengthened along with the presence of elite groups that participate in proclaiming the superiority of Identity, the spirit of communalism, feudalism, and regional issues in political events. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the role and behavior of religious elites and identity politics in regional elections in the realm of politics at the local level. Based on the results of interviews, observations, and analysis of qualitative research data revealed: First, the dynamics of direct regional elections in Situbondo, Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, and Jember; second, the legitimacy of power and the political behavior of religious elites in regional elections; third, the current role of the elite mobilizes the masses and political campaigns and forth, the use of Identity Politics in regional elections. This paper suggests that the government and election organizers increase consistency in keeping the public sphere from being dominated by specific identity political forces by commodifying the politicization of religion; whatever form of identity politics in the name of religion does not cause a commotion that has the potential to undermine the disintegration of nation and state.