A resistência do solo à penetração é considerada a propriedade mais adequada para expressar o grau de compactação do solo e, consequentemente, a facilidade que este oferece à penetração das raízes. Por isso, sua quantificação representa um importante indicativo da dinâmica de crescimento e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a relação entre a umidade do solo e a resistência à penetração em um Argissolo Amarelo distrocoeso na região do Recôncavo da Bahia. O estudo foi realizado no município de Governador Mangabeira - BA, em um pomar comercial de laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis Osb.) sob porta-enxerto de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) cultivado com feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.). As avaliações foram realizadas entre junho e dezembro de 2008, com um penetrômetro de impacto modelo Stoff (1991), e a amostragem do solo, em duas profundidades: 0,0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, nas entrelinhas da cultura. Para caracterização da relação umidade do solo versus resistência à penetração de raízes, realizou-se a avaliação estatística descritiva e testaram-se quatro modelos de ajuste: dois exponenciais e dois potenciais. Os resultados demonstram que a resistência à penetração do solo apresentou distribuição diferente da normal e elevado coeficiente de variação, assim como os modelos matemáticos testados mostraram bom ajuste; o modelo exponencial foi o que apresentou os melhores índices de aferição para a relação umidade do solo versus resistência à penetração.

In the semiarid region of Brazil, inadequate management of cropping systems and low plant biomass production can contribute to reduce soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks; therefore, management systems that preserve C and N must be adopted. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in soil C and N stocks that were promoted by agroforestry (agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral) and traditional agricultural systems (slash-and-burn clearing and cultivation for two and three years) and to compare these systems with the natural Caatinga vegetation after 13 years of cultivation. The experiment was carried out on a typical Ortic Chromic Luvisol in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Soil samples were collected (layers 0-6, 6-12, 12-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) with four replications. The plain, convex and concave landforms in each study situation were analyzed, and the total organic C, total N and densities of the soil samples were assessed. The silvopastoral system promoted the greatest long-term reductions in C and N stocks, while the agrosilvopastoral system promoted the smallest losses and therefore represents a sustainable alternative for soil C and N sequestration in these semiarid conditions. The traditional agricultural system produced reductions of 58.87 and 9.57 Mg ha-1 in the organic C and total N stocks, respectively, which suggests that this system is inadequate for these semiarid conditions. The organic C stocks were largest in the concave landform in the agrosilvopastoral system and in the plain landform in the silvopastoral system, while the total N values were highest in the concave landform in the native, agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral systems.

Sustainable agricultural production systems can improve physical attributes of soil as well as increase carbon and nitrogen stocks in soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the stability of soil aggregates and contents and stocks of carbon and nitrogen after the conversion of native forest to crop-livestock-forest integration systems in the region of Western Pará. Soil samples from five management systems (including a control) were collected at three depths in a randomized block design, with five replications. The stability of the aggregates, soil density, particle density, and total soil porosity, as well as total carbon and nitrogen and their respective stocks were evaluated. The native forest had the highest percentages of macroaggregates, followed by the integration system with African mahogany. At a depth of 0-0.10 m, the contents and stocks of carbon were higher in the agricultural area and in the integration system with cumaru, whereas nitrogen contents and stocks were higher in the native forest, followed by the integration systems with mahogany and cumaru. Compared to the other systems, the pasture area stored more carbon at depths of 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m.

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de citros e exportador de suco concentrado de laranja. Na região Nordeste, a citricultura tem grande importância social, onde é cultivada predominantemente por produtores com áreas menores do que 10 hectares, em solos como caráter coeso. Na Bahia, a citricultura é explorada sobre diversas condições tecnológicas, e especialmente nos Tabuleiros Costeiros os pomares têm baixa longevidade e produtividade em função das limitações dos solos coesos à produção agrícola. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a qualidade física e química de um Latossolo Amarelo Coeso cultivado com citros. O estudo foi realizado na região do Recôncavo Baiano, em um pomar comercial de laranja "Pera" (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) sob porta-enxerto de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia L. Osb.). Para a determinação do índice de qualidade do solo (IQS), utilizou-se o método proposto por Karlen & Stott (1994), e amostras foram coletadas em duas camadas: 0,00 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m. Os resultados mostraram que o Latossolo Amarelo Coeso sob manejo tradicional para a cultura de citros apresentou índice de qualidade regular, com limitações determinadas pela elevada resistência do solo à penetração, baixa permeabilidade à água e baixo teor de matéria orgânica, o que resulta em limitações para permitir o crescimento e o aprofundamento do sistema radicular e prover o fornecimento e a disponibilidade de água para as plantas cítricas.

Information on spatial variability and soil carbon stocks after the conversion of Caatinga vegetation to different cropping systems is scarce. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability and to evaluate the changes in carbon stocks and the emission of greenhouse gases after the conversion of Caatinga vegetation with different sisal cultivation systems. The study was carried out in three areas in the city of Valente, Bahia, two areas that had been cultivated for 20 years with sisal in either a traditional (TSC) or alternative (ASC) system, and the third area containing natural Caatinga vegetation. The cultivated soils were sampled at 40 soil sampling points with 15 × 10 m spacing at depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Total organic carbon (TOC) stocks had spatial dependence and the isoline maps allowed the variability in the studied depths to be analyzed. The conversion of Caatinga vegetation to sisal cultivation using traditional farming systems caused a 30% decrease in soil TOC stocks. Moreover, the alternative culture system caused an 11% increase in soil TOC stocks. The emission factor or carbon absorption due to changes in land use after 20 years was 0.66 t ha^-1 yr^-1 of carbon in the traditional farming system and -0.25 t ha^-1 yr^-1 of carbon in the alternative culture system.

Ants are important components of food webs in several ecosystems. In anthropic areas, they can be used as bioindicators of the environmental impacts caused by many factors or in the evaluation of the dynamics of the recovery of an area after a certain disturbance. In this context, ants can be used as bioindicators in studies on the evaluation of environmental disturbances caused by pesticide use. Thus, the present work investigated the environmental impacts caused by the application of the insecticides chlorpyriphos and thiamethoxam and the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl in the community of ants in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The data were collected by pitfall traps and Berlese funnels. A Principal Response Curve was used for a relative abundance analysis. In addition, diversity index and richness were calculated for ant communities. The presence of six families, 11 tribes, 15 genera, and 19 morphospecies of ants belonging to the guilds of fungivorous, omnivorous, and predaceous ants were observed in the soil of the wheat crop. The insecticides chlorpyriphos and thiamethoxam reduced the richness, diversity, and relative abundance of ants of all the guilds on the surface and inside the soil. The effect of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl on the community of ants was lower than the impact of the insecticides on these insects.