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Prof. Dr. Jo Dewulf
Head of the Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering Group (STEN), , Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

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0 Clean Technology
0 Resource Efficiency
0 Sustainable Engineering
0 Thermodynamics
0 Life Cycle Thinking

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Journal article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The Circular Plastics Alliance initiative aims to boost the uptake of recycled plastics (as regranulates) up to 10 million ton by 2025. Consequently, the demand for regranulates in Belgium and the Netherlands is expected to increase as electronic producers begin to pledge to use 25 % regranulates in their products by 2025 or 2030. Therefore, this research aims to gain insights into the potential of regranulates to be used in vacuum cleaners, coffee machines, and electric shavers, which are products with a fair amount of plastics concentration in the small household appliances (SHA) category of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). A model is developed to forecast the amount of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) generated in 2030 in Belgium and the Netherlands using multivariate input-output analysis. The amount of regranulates released by the current formal WEEE management systems of SHA waste is quantified using material flow analysis, which equal to 22 %. This research indicates the need of improved collection rate and pre-processing efficiency (dismantling, shredding, and sorting) to at least 64 % to achieve the target of using recycled content in EEE. Moreover, up to 5 % of WEEE may still contain hazardous substances like brominated flame retardants by 2030. Lastly, through scenario analysis, we predict that the target to use recycled content in vacuum cleaners can be realized by 2027 or by 2023 in the base and positive scenario respectively, regardless of the changes in material composition as long as the collection and pre-processing technologies are continuously improved.

ACS Style

Irdanto Saputra Lase; Kim Ragaert; Jo Dewulf; Steven De Meester. Multivariate input-output and material flow analysis of current and future plastic recycling rates from waste electrical and electronic equipment:The case of small household appliances. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2021, 174, 105772 .

AMA Style

Irdanto Saputra Lase, Kim Ragaert, Jo Dewulf, Steven De Meester. Multivariate input-output and material flow analysis of current and future plastic recycling rates from waste electrical and electronic equipment:The case of small household appliances. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 174 ():105772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irdanto Saputra Lase; Kim Ragaert; Jo Dewulf; Steven De Meester. 2021. "Multivariate input-output and material flow analysis of current and future plastic recycling rates from waste electrical and electronic equipment:The case of small household appliances." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 174, no. : 105772.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Resources
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Aluminium is a metal of high economic importance for the European Union (EU), presenting unique properties (e.g., light weight and high corrosion resistance) and with applications in important sectors (e.g., transportation, construction and packaging). It is also known for its high recyclability potential, but relevant losses occur in its life cycle, compromising the amount of aluminium available for secondary production. A novel methodology that allows the identification of these losses and their impact on the aluminium flows in society is the MaTrace model. The objective of this article is to perform a dMFA of the secondary production of aluminium in the EU technosphere using the modified version of MaTrace, in order to estimate flows of the metal embedded in 12 product categories. Twelve scenarios were built in order to assess the impact of changes in policies, demand and technology. The flows were forecasted for a period of 25 years, starting in 2018. The results of the baseline scenario show that after 25 years, 24% of the initial material remains in use, 4% is hoarded by users, 10% has been exported and 61% has been physically lost. The main contributor to the losses is the non-selective collection of end-of-life products. The results of the different scenarios show that by increasing the collection-to-recycling rates of the 12 product categories, the aluminium that stays in use increase up to 32.8%, reaffirming that one way to keep the material in use is to improve the collection-to-recycling schemes in the EU.

ACS Style

Gabriela Jarrín Jácome; María Godoy León; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf. Tracking the Fate of Aluminium in the EU Using the MaTrace Model. Resources 2021, 10, 72 .

AMA Style

Gabriela Jarrín Jácome, María Godoy León, Rodrigo Alvarenga, Jo Dewulf. Tracking the Fate of Aluminium in the EU Using the MaTrace Model. Resources. 2021; 10 (7):72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriela Jarrín Jácome; María Godoy León; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf. 2021. "Tracking the Fate of Aluminium in the EU Using the MaTrace Model." Resources 10, no. 7: 72.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Food wastage is an environmental concern worldwide, particularly regarding households. This study aims to identify household food wasting segments and to assess the relationship between both consumer and food product determinants and the identified segments. Data were collected through a consumer survey of several packaged chicken products (n = 256; 2019) in a retail setting in Belgium. Of the participants, 36% reported never wasting any chicken meat. The average waste percentages were small, 1.1–3.1%, depending on the packaged product, although they were not significantly different between products. Participants with low levels of self-reported chicken waste were significantly older, without children and/or unemployed. Moreover, their households scored better for household routines and skills. They also agreed more to intend not to waste food, experienced a stronger injunctive norm and perceived consumer effectiveness. Additionally, lower chicken product wastage was discovered for households purchasing organic products and products with both a lower food convenience grade and shorter shelf life. Some relationships between household wastage and food product determinants contrast with expectations based on literature. The cause can be that some determinants are more related to food wasting (e.g., when participants buy organic products) than others (e.g., the products’ shelf life).

ACS Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed; Fien Minnens; Lieselot Boone; Kyara Botterman; Sue Taelman; Wim Verbeke; Brecht Devleesschauwer; Yung Hung; Jo Dewulf. Consumer and Food Product Determinants of Food Wasting: A Case Study on Chicken Meat. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7027 .

AMA Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed, Fien Minnens, Lieselot Boone, Kyara Botterman, Sue Taelman, Wim Verbeke, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Yung Hung, Jo Dewulf. Consumer and Food Product Determinants of Food Wasting: A Case Study on Chicken Meat. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed; Fien Minnens; Lieselot Boone; Kyara Botterman; Sue Taelman; Wim Verbeke; Brecht Devleesschauwer; Yung Hung; Jo Dewulf. 2021. "Consumer and Food Product Determinants of Food Wasting: A Case Study on Chicken Meat." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7027.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Although metals and minerals represent a prominent asset for sustainable development, continuous population growth and the current accelerations in energy and mobility transitions are increasing concerns regarding their accessibility for current and future generations. As recent insights have identified access rather than depletion to be the dominant factor for resources, this paper elaborates on the (in)accessibility concept of such raw materials once they have entered the technosphere. It identifies six human actions that compromise accessibility: emitting, landfilling, tailing, downcycling, hoarding and abandoning. It analyses the degree of the generated inaccessibility and proposes estimated duration of inaccessibility as a proxy. It further explores how current sustainability management tools like material flow analysis and life cycle analysis could be further developed to address resource (in)accessibility. Finally, the paper presents a case study on cobalt in the EU, where five compromising actions make 70% of the extracted cobalt inaccessible due to tailings (21.3%), landfilling (31.2%), downcycling (11.6%), dissipation (1.4%) and hoarding (4.3%); only 30% is used to expand the functional stock.

ACS Style

Jo Dewulf; Stefanie Hellweg; Stephan Pfister; María Fernanda Godoy León; Thomas Sonderegger; Cristina T. de Matos; Gian Andrea Blengini; Fabrice Mathieux. Towards sustainable resource management: identification and quantification of human actions that compromise the accessibility of metal resources. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2021, 167, 105403 .

AMA Style

Jo Dewulf, Stefanie Hellweg, Stephan Pfister, María Fernanda Godoy León, Thomas Sonderegger, Cristina T. de Matos, Gian Andrea Blengini, Fabrice Mathieux. Towards sustainable resource management: identification and quantification of human actions that compromise the accessibility of metal resources. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 167 ():105403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jo Dewulf; Stefanie Hellweg; Stephan Pfister; María Fernanda Godoy León; Thomas Sonderegger; Cristina T. de Matos; Gian Andrea Blengini; Fabrice Mathieux. 2021. "Towards sustainable resource management: identification and quantification of human actions that compromise the accessibility of metal resources." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 167, no. : 105403.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in European Spatial Research and Policy
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In 2016, the Flemish Government adopted the transversal policy paper “Vision 2050, a long term strategy for Flanders”. It has set the ambition for Flanders for 2050 and has paved the way for a transition to a Circular Economy. It provided new objectives and confirmed the ambition to further reduce the total amount of (residual) waste by closing the loop and reducing the use of primary resources. More than before, prevention and reuse have been an integral part of materials management. The impact of waste behaviour needs to be measured against environmental and social priorities. In this context, the REPAiR project developed a multi-stakeholder and interdisciplinary methodology. Building on this methodology, this paper explores how governance in Flanders and Ghent has been affected by this transition and draws lessons to address these challenges.

ACS Style

Arianne Acke; Sue Ellen Taelman; Jo Dewulf. A multi-stakeholder and interdisciplinary approach to waste management and circular economy: The case of Flanders and Ghent, Belgium. European Spatial Research and Policy 2020, 27, 43 -57.

AMA Style

Arianne Acke, Sue Ellen Taelman, Jo Dewulf. A multi-stakeholder and interdisciplinary approach to waste management and circular economy: The case of Flanders and Ghent, Belgium. European Spatial Research and Policy. 2020; 27 (2):43-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arianne Acke; Sue Ellen Taelman; Jo Dewulf. 2020. "A multi-stakeholder and interdisciplinary approach to waste management and circular economy: The case of Flanders and Ghent, Belgium." European Spatial Research and Policy 27, no. 2: 43-57.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Circularity can help to prevent depletion of the earth’s limited material resources, which are vital for human’s modern society. Circular economy strategies of slowing and closing loops of resources have the ultimate goal of keeping materials useful (i.e. in-use) while avoiding losses (dissipation) and hibernation of materials; therefore, appropriate indicators that can measure these aspects are necessary. We propose a measurement of the circularity of materials by quantifying their in-use occupation, that is, the maintenance of materials in a useful state in products for as long as possible, avoiding dissipation or hibernation. Specifically, two indicators were developed: in-use occupation ratio (UOR) and final retention in society (FRS). These indicators were applied in two case studies (materials in a laptop and wood products) with three scenarios each (linear, reuse, and recycling). The reuse scenarios generally presented a higher UOR (41–48% for laptop materials and 53% for wood) compared to recycling scenarios (29–45% for laptop materials and 52% for wood). Only two scenarios of wood products resulted in retaining materials for the next generation (FRS > 0%). We argue that the differentiation between supply, in-use, and hibernation phases is essential for a circular economy. The occupation of materials is shown in charts to facilitate understanding by non-experts and can provide a scientific basis for policies supporting technologies or products with increased in-use occupation and retention of materials.

ACS Style

Gustavo Moraga; Sophie Huysveld; Steven De Meester; Jo Dewulf. Development of circularity indicators based on the in-use occupation of materials. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123889 .

AMA Style

Gustavo Moraga, Sophie Huysveld, Steven De Meester, Jo Dewulf. Development of circularity indicators based on the in-use occupation of materials. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo Moraga; Sophie Huysveld; Steven De Meester; Jo Dewulf. 2020. "Development of circularity indicators based on the in-use occupation of materials." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123889.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2020 in Waste Management
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widespread tool used to guide decision-makers towards optimal strategic choices for sustainable growth. A key aspect of LCA studies of waste management systems where recycling activities are present is to account for resource recovery and the related substitution effects. Although multiple scientific papers assume a 1:1 substitution ratio between similar materials/products, this is often incorrect as the actual ratio is likely to vary. The focus of this paper is on the calculation of the substitutability coefficient for secondary materials based on technical characteristics. A state of the art literature review showed that many different calculation procedures were applied, which led to a wide variety of substitutability coefficients (sometimes provided under different terminology). In this perspective, the objective of this paper is to provide guidelines on the procedure to be followed to calculate the substitutability coefficient for secondary materials, based on technical characteristics. These guidelines are then applied to two waste management case studies, one dealing with bottom ashes from incineration and the other with plastic waste. In total, sixteen technical substitutability coefficients are given for ten secondary materials, based on state of the art and presented case studies. The paper thus represents a step forward in quantifying the substitutability of secondary materials in waste management LCA studies. The guidelines presented may allow other case studies to enrich the list of coefficients, useful for all LCA practitioners in a harmonized way allowing a more correct evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with recycling activities.

ACS Style

L. Rigamonti; S.E. Taelman; S. Huysveld; S. Sfez; K. Ragaert; J. Dewulf. A step forward in quantifying the substitutability of secondary materials in waste management life cycle assessment studies. Waste Management 2020, 114, 331 -340.

AMA Style

L. Rigamonti, S.E. Taelman, S. Huysveld, S. Sfez, K. Ragaert, J. Dewulf. A step forward in quantifying the substitutability of secondary materials in waste management life cycle assessment studies. Waste Management. 2020; 114 ():331-340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Rigamonti; S.E. Taelman; S. Huysveld; S. Sfez; K. Ragaert; J. Dewulf. 2020. "A step forward in quantifying the substitutability of secondary materials in waste management life cycle assessment studies." Waste Management 114, no. : 331-340.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper guides decision making in more sustainable urban water management practices that feed into a circular economy by presenting a novel framework for conceptually designing and strategically planning wastewater treatment processes from a resource recovery perspective. Municipal wastewater cannot any longer be perceived as waste stream because a great variety of technologies are available to recover water, energy, fertilizer, and other valuable products from it. Despite the vast technological recovery possibilities, only a few processes have yet been implemented that deserve the name water resource factory instead of wastewater treatment plant. This transition relies on process designs that are not only technically feasible but also overcome various non-technical bottlenecks. A multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach is needed to design water resource factories (WRFs) in the future that are technically feasible, cost effective, show low environmental impacts, and successfully market recovered resources. To achieve that, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) design space needs to be opened up for a variety of expertise that complements the traditional wastewater engineering domain. Implementable WRF processes can only be designed if the current design perspective, which is dominated by the fulfilment of legal effluent qualities and process costs, is extended to include resource recovery as an assessable design objective from an early stage on. Therefore, the framework combines insights and methodologies from different fields and disciplines beyond WWTP design like, e.g., circular economy, industrial process engineering, project management, value chain development, and environmental impact assessment. It supports the transfer of the end-of-waste concept into the wastewater sector as it structures possible resource recovery activities according to clear criteria. This makes recovered resources more likely to fulfil the conditions of the end-of-waste concept and allows the change in their definition from wastes to full-fledged products.

ACS Style

Philipp Kehrein; Mark Van Loosdrecht; Patricia Osseweijer; John Posada; Jo Dewulf. The SPPD-WRF Framework: A Novel and Holistic Methodology for Strategical Planning and Process Design of Water Resource Factories. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4168 .

AMA Style

Philipp Kehrein, Mark Van Loosdrecht, Patricia Osseweijer, John Posada, Jo Dewulf. The SPPD-WRF Framework: A Novel and Holistic Methodology for Strategical Planning and Process Design of Water Resource Factories. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Kehrein; Mark Van Loosdrecht; Patricia Osseweijer; John Posada; Jo Dewulf. 2020. "The SPPD-WRF Framework: A Novel and Holistic Methodology for Strategical Planning and Process Design of Water Resource Factories." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4168.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Polymers
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The mixing of polymers, even structurally similar polyolefins, inevitably leads to blend systems with a phase-separated morphology. Fundamentally understanding the changes in mechanical properties and occurring deformation mechanisms of these immiscible polymer blends, is important with respect to potential mechanical recycling. This work focuses on the behavior of binary blends of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) under tensile deformation and their related changes in crystallinity and morphology. All of these polymers plastically deform by shear yielding. When unmixed, the high crystalline polyolefins HDPE and PP both exhibit a progressive necking phenomenon. LDPE initiates a local neck before material failure, while LLDPE is characterized by a uniform deformation as well as clear strain hardening. LLDPE/LDPE and LLDPE/PP combinations both exhibit a clear-cut matrix switchover. Polymer blends LLDPE/LDPE, LDPE/HDPE, and LDPE/PP show transition forms with features of composing materials. Combining PP in an HDPE matrix causes a radical switch to brittle behavior.

ACS Style

Astrid Van Belle; Ruben DeMets; Nicolas Mys; Karen Van Kets; Jo Dewulf; Kevin Van Geem; Steven De Meester; Kim Ragaert. Microstructural Contributions of Different Polyolefins to the Deformation Mechanisms of Their Binary Blends. Polymers 2020, 12, 1171 .

AMA Style

Astrid Van Belle, Ruben DeMets, Nicolas Mys, Karen Van Kets, Jo Dewulf, Kevin Van Geem, Steven De Meester, Kim Ragaert. Microstructural Contributions of Different Polyolefins to the Deformation Mechanisms of Their Binary Blends. Polymers. 2020; 12 (5):1171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Astrid Van Belle; Ruben DeMets; Nicolas Mys; Karen Van Kets; Jo Dewulf; Kevin Van Geem; Steven De Meester; Kim Ragaert. 2020. "Microstructural Contributions of Different Polyolefins to the Deformation Mechanisms of Their Binary Blends." Polymers 12, no. 5: 1171.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Food waste represents the largest fraction of the municipal solid waste generated in Europe and its management is associated to suboptimal performance in environmental, health, and social dimensions. By processing detailed multi-fold local data as part of a comprehensive and broadly understandable sustainability framework, this study quantifies the environmental and socio-economic impacts of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area based on priorities set by local stakeholders. Five alternative short-term management options have been assessed against the current system, relying on poor separate collection and incineration. Four options involve separate collection of food waste followed by biological treatments (home/centralised composting and anaerobic digestion) while one involves a mix of separate collection and centralised mechanical-biological treatment followed by anaerobic digestion. Among these, separate collection followed by anaerobic digestion coupled with effective nutrient and energy recovery is, according to our findings, the preferred option to improve the sustainability of the current system in all dimensions considered, except for the economic pillar due to the collection costs. Home and centralised composting as well as mechanical-biological treatment are associated to more adverse impacts based on our findings. The study informs local stakeholders and authorities on the potential consequences of their options, thereby allowing them to make sound choices for a future waste and circular economy strategy.

ACS Style

Davide Tonini; Alexander Wandl; Kozmo Meister; Pablo Muñoz Unceta; Sue Ellen Taelman; David Sanjuan-Delmás; Jo Dewulf; Dries Huygens. Quantitative sustainability assessment of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 160, 104854 .

AMA Style

Davide Tonini, Alexander Wandl, Kozmo Meister, Pablo Muñoz Unceta, Sue Ellen Taelman, David Sanjuan-Delmás, Jo Dewulf, Dries Huygens. Quantitative sustainability assessment of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 160 ():104854.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Tonini; Alexander Wandl; Kozmo Meister; Pablo Muñoz Unceta; Sue Ellen Taelman; David Sanjuan-Delmás; Jo Dewulf; Dries Huygens. 2020. "Quantitative sustainability assessment of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 160, no. : 104854.

Short review
Published: 22 April 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Luis Tercero Espinoza; Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Alan J. Hurd; René Kleijn; Anthony Y. Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Evi Petavratzi; Guido Sonnemann; Ester van der Voet; Patrick A. Wäger; Steven B. Young; Alessandra Hool. Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 159, 104718 .

AMA Style

Luis Tercero Espinoza, Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Alan J. Hurd, René Kleijn, Anthony Y. Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Evi Petavratzi, Guido Sonnemann, Ester van der Voet, Patrick A. Wäger, Steven B. Young, Alessandra Hool. Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 159 ():104718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Tercero Espinoza; Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Alan J. Hurd; René Kleijn; Anthony Y. Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Evi Petavratzi; Guido Sonnemann; Ester van der Voet; Patrick A. Wäger; Steven B. Young; Alessandra Hool. 2020. "Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 159, no. : 104718.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The use of cobalt has experienced a strong growth in the last decades. Due to its high economic importance and high supply risk, it has been classified as a critical raw material for the EU and other economies. Part of the EU's strategy is intended to secure its availability, through fostering its efficient use and recycling. The latter is affected by factors such as the amount of available end-of-life products, and their collection-to-recycling rate. A novel methodology to analyze the impact of these factors on the cobalt flows in society is the model MaTrace, which can track the fate of materials over time and across products. The MaTrace model was expanded, adapted, and applied to predict the fate of cobalt embedded in finished products in use in the EU, considering the underlying life cycle phases within the technosphere. Eleven scenarios were built, assessing different options in the implementation of relevant EU's policies. The flows were projected for a period of 25 years, starting in 2015. The results of the baseline scenario show that after 25 years, around 8% of the initial stock of cobalt stays in use, 3% is being hoarded by users, 28% has been exported, and 61% has been lost. The main contributors to the losses of the system are the non-selective collection of end-of-life products, and the export of end-of-life products, recycled cobalt and final products. The results of the scenarios show that higher collection-to-recycling rates and lower export could increase up to 50% the cobalt that stays in use.

ACS Style

María Fernanda Godoy León; Gian Andrea Blengini; Jo Dewulf. Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 158, 104842 .

AMA Style

María Fernanda Godoy León, Gian Andrea Blengini, Jo Dewulf. Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 158 ():104842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernanda Godoy León; Gian Andrea Blengini; Jo Dewulf. 2020. "Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 158, no. : 104842.

Review
Published: 03 April 2020 in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
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This critical review reveals the technologies and potentials to recover water, energy, fertilizers and products from municipal WWTPs but also analyses the various bottlenecks that may their hinder successful implementation.

ACS Style

Philipp Kehrein; Mark van Loosdrecht; Patricia Osseweijer; Marianna Garfí; Jo Dewulf; John Posada. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants – market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2020, 6, 877 -910.

AMA Style

Philipp Kehrein, Mark van Loosdrecht, Patricia Osseweijer, Marianna Garfí, Jo Dewulf, John Posada. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants – market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2020; 6 (4):877-910.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Kehrein; Mark van Loosdrecht; Patricia Osseweijer; Marianna Garfí; Jo Dewulf; John Posada. 2020. "A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants – market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 4: 877-910.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) require a deep understanding of their societal metabolism, for which robust data and information are needed. However, despite the efforts to build reliable data, some CRMs such as cobalt, are still characterised by lack of data harmonization, lack of connection between datasets, and significant data unavailability. Together with data gaps filling, data quality is a crucial aspect to improve Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Criticality Assessment (CA). Nevertheless, most of the methodologies for Data Quality Assessment (DQA) are not designed for these tools, but for others, e.g. life cycle assessment. The current research addresses the following challenges; a better understanding of the societal metabolism of CRMs; the development and implementation of DQA in MFA and CA; and a better understanding of the available data related to current cobalt flows in the EU technosphere. The underlying life cycle phases of CRMs within the technosphere were identified, together with 15 key parameters. A new DQA matrix was developed, which was subsequently applied to the full dataset collected for cobalt. The dataset was built considering seven high-end applications of cobalt. More than 300 values were gathered, which were analysed in function of different aspects, such as the country/region, and year. Through the data analysis and the application of the DQA framework, data gaps were identified due to low availability and/or low quality. It was concluded that the main deficiency of cobalt data is its reliability, due to lack of information regarding its generation method, and the incomplete stakeholder coverage.

ACS Style

María Fernanda Godoy León; Jo Dewulf. Data quality assessment framework for critical raw materials. The case of cobalt. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 157, 104564 .

AMA Style

María Fernanda Godoy León, Jo Dewulf. Data quality assessment framework for critical raw materials. The case of cobalt. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 157 ():104564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernanda Godoy León; Jo Dewulf. 2020. "Data quality assessment framework for critical raw materials. The case of cobalt." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 157, no. : 104564.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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In this paper, the specific primary production required (SPPR expressed as kg-NPP/kg-fish in wet weight) of more than 1700 marine species were calculated directly from 96 published food web models using the newly developed SPPR calculation framework. The relationship between SPPR and other ecological factors were then statistically analyzed. Among- and within-species variability of SPPR were found to be both explained by trophic level (TL), suggesting similar mechanisms underpinning both sources of variability. Among species, we found that harvesting species at higher mean trophic levels (MTL) increases the mean SPPR by a factor of 19 per 1 unit increase in MTL. Based on our empirical relationship, the mean SPPR of more than 9000 marine species were predicted and subsequently used to assess the primary production required (PPR) to support fisheries in five major fishing countries in Europe. The results indicated that conventional approach to estimating PPR, which neglects food web ecology, can underestimate PPR by up to a factor of 5. Within species, we found that harvesting populations occupying a higher TL leads to a higher SPPR. For example, the SPPR of Atlantic cod in the Celtic Sea (TL = 4.75) was 5 times higher than in the Gilbert Bay (TL = 3.3). Our results, which are based on large amounts of field data, highlight the importance of properly accounting for ecological factors during the impact assessment of fisheries.

ACS Style

Anh D. Luong; Jo Dewulf; Frederik De Laender. Quantifying the primary biotic resource use by fisheries: A global assessment. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 719, 137352 .

AMA Style

Anh D. Luong, Jo Dewulf, Frederik De Laender. Quantifying the primary biotic resource use by fisheries: A global assessment. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 719 ():137352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh D. Luong; Jo Dewulf; Frederik De Laender. 2020. "Quantifying the primary biotic resource use by fisheries: A global assessment." Science of The Total Environment 719, no. : 137352.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Starting from a lack of consensus on how to consistently assess abiotic resource use in life cycle assessment, a structured approach was developed to enable a classification of perspectives on resource use, based on the so-called role of resources. Using this classification, this paper focusses on analysing links between perspectives and modelling concepts, i.e. the conceptual implementation. To analyse the modelling concepts for a selection of existing LCIA methods and other modelling approaches, the concept of the system model is introduced. It defines the relevant inventory flows to be assessed by the LCIA method, and, at the same time, to be considered in the characterization model, and how the flows and stocks of resources used to calculate the characterization factors are positioned in relation to environment (nature) and economy (technosphere). For consistency, they should be aligned with the position of inventory flows and, at the same time, reflect the perspective on resources taken by the method. Using this concept, we critically review a selection of methods and other modelling approaches for consistency with the perspectives on resource use, as well as for their internal consistency. As a result of the analysis, we highlight inconsistencies and discuss ways to improve links between perspectives and modelling concepts. To achieve this, the new framework can be used for the development or improvement of LCIA methods on resource use.

ACS Style

Rita Schulze; Jeroen Guinée; Lauran van Oers; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf; Johannes Drielsma. Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part II – Linking perspectives and modelling concepts. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 155, 104595 .

AMA Style

Rita Schulze, Jeroen Guinée, Lauran van Oers, Rodrigo Alvarenga, Jo Dewulf, Johannes Drielsma. Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part II – Linking perspectives and modelling concepts. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 155 ():104595.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Schulze; Jeroen Guinée; Lauran van Oers; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf; Johannes Drielsma. 2020. "Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part II – Linking perspectives and modelling concepts." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155, no. : 104595.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2019 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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With today’s continued drive to increase recycling rates of plastics, the low-hanging fruit of clean mono-streams of plastic waste has long since been picked. If Europe’s ambitious recycling targets are to be met, plastics waste streams that have until now been labeled ‘problematic’ and have consistently been sent to incineration, must be considered as well. One such stream is the sink fraction obtained from float-sink sorting of mixed post-consumer packaging waste. It is a very complex stream in terms of composition. Moreover, it contains a sizeable amount of PVC, which is considered detrimental to further mechanical recycling of any mixed plastic waste. Within the current research, the sink fraction was extensively analyzed for composition and mechanical properties, as well as treated for removal of PVC and non-ferrous metals. Subsequently, the Design from Recycling strategy was applied to successfully develop a new product with this material, called the Greentile. The Greentile was effectively manufactured and found to be a useful construction element for slanted green roofs.

ACS Style

Kim Ragaert; Sophie Huysveld; Gianni Vyncke; Sara Hubo; Lore Veelaert; Jo Dewulf; Els Du Bois. Design from recycling: A complex mixed plastic waste case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2019, 155, 104646 .

AMA Style

Kim Ragaert, Sophie Huysveld, Gianni Vyncke, Sara Hubo, Lore Veelaert, Jo Dewulf, Els Du Bois. Design from recycling: A complex mixed plastic waste case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 155 ():104646.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim Ragaert; Sophie Huysveld; Gianni Vyncke; Sara Hubo; Lore Veelaert; Jo Dewulf; Els Du Bois. 2019. "Design from recycling: A complex mixed plastic waste case study." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155, no. : 104646.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2019 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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At the beginning of the SUPRIM project, there was no global consensus on the assessment of impacts from the use of abiotic resources (minerals and metals), in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Unlike with other impact categories such as global warming, there is not just one single, explicitly agreed-upon problem arising from the use of abiotic resources. The topic is complex and new methods are still being developed, all with different perspectives and views on resource use. For this reason, the SUPRIM project initiated a consensus process together with members from the research and mining communities, with the aim to obtain an understanding of different stakeholders’ views and concerns regarding potential issues resulting from the use of resources. This paper reports on this consensus process and its outcomes. Insights from this process are twofold: First, the outcome of the process is a clear definition of the perspectives on abiotic resources which form the starting point to further refine or develop LCIA methods on abiotic resource use. Second, the process itself has been a challenging but valuable exercise, which can inspire the evolution of other complex issues in life cycle impact assessment, where research communities face similar issues as experienced with abiotic resources (e.g. water and land use, social LCA, etc.).

ACS Style

Rita Schulze; Jeroen Guinée; Lauran van Oers; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf; Johannes Drielsma. Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part I- towards a common perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2019, 154, 104596 .

AMA Style

Rita Schulze, Jeroen Guinée, Lauran van Oers, Rodrigo Alvarenga, Jo Dewulf, Johannes Drielsma. Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part I- towards a common perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 154 ():104596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Schulze; Jeroen Guinée; Lauran van Oers; Rodrigo Alvarenga; Jo Dewulf; Johannes Drielsma. 2019. "Abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment—Part I- towards a common perspective." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 154, no. : 104596.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Nurturing the global population without exceeding the carrying capacity of the earth is a challenge. Linking nutritional quality and environmental objectives is of high importance in a sustainable food context. Meals are not usually evaluated and classified based on their contribution to health and, especially, to environmental sustainability. Therefore, we propose a methodology for the classification of meals based on environmental policy targets and nutritional recommendations. As a case study, we analyzed 100 hot meals served in a university canteen in Belgium. Every meal contained three meal components (protein, vegetable, and carbohydrate). A life cycle assessment and a nutritional assessment, based on the Weighted Nutrient Density Score, were performed to evaluate the environmental impact and the nutritional value, respectively. To classify the meals, we introduced three reference values for both the environmental impact and the nutritional value. This corresponded to four environmental and four nutritional classes which results in 16 classes in total. The environmental reference values were based on the 2020 and 2030 European Commission targets on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The nutritional reference values were based on food recommendations from national public health authorities. Meals with fish had the best overall score and meals with ruminant meat had the worst score. Vegetarian meals had the best environmental score and, similarly to ruminant meat meals, the worst nutritional score. Further studies are needed to test the classification methodology for other meals and food items. Future research may focus on further optimization of the combined environmental and nutritional assessment, especially for the classification of reference values. To conclude, we developed a novel nutritional and environmental classification for meals based on environmental policy targets and nutritional recommendations.

ACS Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed; Sophie Huysveld; Carl Lachat; Jo Dewulf. How to integrate nutritional recommendations and environmental policy targets at the meal level: A university canteen example. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2019, 21, 120 -131.

AMA Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed, Sophie Huysveld, Carl Lachat, Jo Dewulf. How to integrate nutritional recommendations and environmental policy targets at the meal level: A university canteen example. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2019; 21 ():120-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margot Cooreman-Algoed; Sophie Huysveld; Carl Lachat; Jo Dewulf. 2019. "How to integrate nutritional recommendations and environmental policy targets at the meal level: A university canteen example." Sustainable Production and Consumption 21, no. : 120-131.

Review
Published: 09 November 2019 in Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X
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The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the likelihood of a supply disruption of a material and the vulnerability of a system (e.g. a national economy, technology, or company) to this disruption. Inconclusive outcomes of various studies suggest that criticality assessments would benefit from the identification of best practices. To prepare the field for such guidance, this paper aims to clarify the mechanisms that affect methodological choices which influence the results of a study. This is achieved via literature review and round table discussions among international experts. The paper demonstrates that criticality studies are divergent in the system under study, the anticipated risk, the purpose of the study, and material selection. These differences in goal and scope naturally result in different choices regarding indicator selection, the required level of aggregation as well as the subsequent choice of aggregation method, and the need for a threshold value. However, this link is often weak, which suggests a lack of understanding of cause-and-effect mechanisms of indicators and outcomes. Data availability is a key factor that limits the evaluation of criticality. Furthermore, data quality, including both data uncertainty and data representativeness, is rarely addressed in the interpretation and communication of results. Clear guidance in the formulation of goals and scopes of criticality studies, the selection of adequate indicators and aggregation methods, and the interpretation of the outcomes, are important initial steps in improving the quality of criticality assessments.

ACS Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla Van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 2019, 100023 .

AMA Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla Van Ellen, Roland Gauss, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Atsufumi Hirohata, Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink, Jan Kosmol, Maïté Le Gleuher, Milan Grohol, Anthony Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Gang Liu, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Armin Reller, Guido Sonnemann, Luis Tercero, Andrea Thorenz, Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X. 2019; ():100023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla Van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. 2019. "A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality." Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X , no. : 100023.