This paper presents a review of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from transportation in an attempt to establish a quick and suboptimal update of the methods used to calculate and analyze CO₂ emissions from transportation. Transportation is the largest contributor to air pollution through the release of high amounts of CO₂ gas into the atmosphere. The methods for calculating and analyzing the carbon footprint of transportation; which is of critical importance in the management of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming; are still being developed. However; there are some differences in the definitions and methods used to calculate the carbon footprint of transportation in previous studies. This review focuses on the similarities of the methods used to measure CO₂ emissions as well as the analyses used to evaluate the emissions. This paper will also highlight the advantages and limitations of each research work. By doing this; the present study contributes to the selection of appropriate methods for calculating CO₂ emissions from transportation and draws attention to environmental issues. It is hoped that the implementation of the most appropriate framework will help to reduce CO₂ emissions from transportation

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a significant global environmental concern, widely notable as a major cause of climate change. Meanwhile, transportation is the main sector contributing to CO₂ emissions, which are escalating at a faster rate than Gross Domestic Product Growth. This study attempted to evaluate the spatial–temporal pattern of CO₂ emissions from vehicles using the Sentinel 5P satellite image. The Sentinel 5P image was acquired from the European Space Agency from 2019 until 2022. Utilizing ArcGIS 10.5, these data were analyzed to extract the CO₂ values, which were then displayed as the total column amount. Thereafter, the extraction by point method was conducted on road features based on the Mukim Kajang basemap to obtain the value of CO₂ emissions from transportation. Spatial–temporal mapping was then accomplished through kernel density analysis, enabling the identification of CO₂ emission hotspot areas. The findings show that the spatial–temporal pattern of CO₂ emissions was higher in September 2019 (0.06964 mol/m²), March 2020 (0.03596 mol/m²), December 2021 (0.0437 mol/m²), and January (0.03384 mol/m²), respectively. Based on eight cities in Mukim Kajang, Bandar Kajang has been a hotspot area for carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles for four consecutive years, starting in 2019 until 2022. In summary, the results of this study could provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies to reduce the level of CO₂ emissions from transportation in urban areas.