Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of a prominent solution for the sustainability issues needing dire attention like global warming, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conversely, EVs are shown to emit higher emissions (measured from source to tailpipe) for the fossil fuel-based countries, which necessitates renewable energy sources (RES) for maximizing EV benefits. EVs can also act as a storage system, to mitigate the challenges associated with RES and to provide the grid with ancillary services, such as voltage regulation, frequency regulation, spinning reserve, etc. For extracting maximum benefits from EVs and minimizing the associated impact on the distribution network, modelling optimal integration of EVs in the network is required. This paper focuses on reviewing the state-of-the-art literature on the modelling of grid-connected EV-PV (photovoltaics) system. Further, the paper evaluates the uncertainty modelling methods associated with various parameters related to the grid-connected EV-PV system. Finally, the review is concluded with a summary of potential research directions in this area. The paper presents an evaluation of different modelling components of grid-connected EV-PV system to facilitate readers in modelling such system for researching EV-PV integration in the distribution network.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a viable alternative for a sustainable mode of transportation. A huge penetration of EVs in future will lead to increasing demand in commercial parking lots equipped with charging systems. Hence, this research area is being pursued meaningfully in recent years. This article proposes a transactive energy management system (EMS) for commercial parking lots equipped with EV charging system and rooftop PV system. Initially, the EMS is optimized with the objective of balancing charging demand with supply. To make the EMS more realistic, factors such as battery degradation cost and photovoltaic levelized cost of energy are considered. At the later stage, the EMS of each parking lot communicates the energy requirement and excess energy to the local trading agent to initiate the proposed transactive energy transaction mechanism. The double-sided auction bidding mechanism is price flexible and based on the valuation of the energy requirement of parking lots. For a system with six parking lots and 25 EVs in each parking lot, the proposed scheme results in cost savings in the range of 2% to 7% for different cases of fixed and variable feed-in tariff. The uncertainty analysis shows that the cost savings vary from a minimum of 2.41% to maximum 12.09% with an average of 6.11%. The case studies demonstrate the potential economic benefit of the proposed scheme.