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Dr. Ruiliang Pu
School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 4204 E Fowler Ave., NES 107, Tampa, FL 33620, USA

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Image Processing
0 Remote Sensing
0 land cover change detection
0 Hyperspectral data analysis
0 Invasive species mapping and monitoring

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Remote Sensing
Image Processing

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Short Biography

Dr. Pu is currently a Professor with School of Geosciences, University of South Florida. His research experience and interests are in remote sensing, GIS and spatial statistics with direct applications to natural hazard monitoring, land use/cover change detection, biophysical and biochemical parameters extraction, and coastal and terrestrial ecosystems modeling. He has published more than 130 journal papers, book chapters, segments and monograph (Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices) in English and more than 25 journal papers and books in Chinese. He has been a reviewer of USA NASA, Canada NSERC and Belgian Science Policy research proposals and more than 20 journals’ papers. He also is currently an associate editor of Geosciences and an editorial board member of Remote Sensing of MDPI. His current research interests are (1) mapping and characterization of seagrass habitats, and (2) urban environmental studies using multi-sensor's data.

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Journal article
Published: 31 May 2021 in Land
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Ecosystem services (ESs) is a term used to describe the foundations of the well-being of human society, and several relevant studies have been carried out in this area. However, given the fact that the complex trade-offs/synergy relationships of ESs are a challenging area, studies on matching mechanisms for ES supply and demand are still rare. In this study, using the InVEST model, ArcGIS, and other professional tools, we first mapped and quantitatively evaluated the supply and demand of five ES types (water yield, soil conservation, carbon retention, food supply, and leisure and entertainment) in Hangzhou, China, based on land use, meteorology, soil, and socio-economic data. Then, we analyzed the matching characteristics between the supply and demand of these ESs and analyzed the complex trade-offs and synergy between the supply and demand of ESs and factors affecting ESs. The results of this analysis indicate that although the ES supply and demand of carbon retention tended to be out of balance (supply was less than demand), the supply and demand of the other four ES types (i.e., water yield, soil conservation, food supply, and leisure and entertainment) were in balance (supply exceeded demand). Finally, the spatial heterogeneity of the supply and demand of ESs in Hangzhou was significant, especially in urban areas in the northeast and mountainous areas in the southwest. The supply of ESs was based on trade-offs, whereas the demand of ESs was based on synergy. Our results further show that the supply and demand of ESs in the urban area in Hangzhou were out of balance, whereas the supply and demand of ESs in the western region were coordinated. Therefore, the linkage of ES flows between this urban area and the western region should be strengthened. This innovative study could provide useful information for regional land use planning and environmental protection.

ACS Style

Peng Tian; Jialin Li; Luodan Cao; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Haitao Zhang; Huilin Chen; Xiaodong Yang. Assessing Matching Characteristics and Spatial Differences between Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China. Land 2021, 10, 582 .

AMA Style

Peng Tian, Jialin Li, Luodan Cao, Ruiliang Pu, Hongbo Gong, Haitao Zhang, Huilin Chen, Xiaodong Yang. Assessing Matching Characteristics and Spatial Differences between Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China. Land. 2021; 10 (6):582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Tian; Jialin Li; Luodan Cao; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Haitao Zhang; Huilin Chen; Xiaodong Yang. 2021. "Assessing Matching Characteristics and Spatial Differences between Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China." Land 10, no. 6: 582.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
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Monitoring the growth and distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is crucial to the protection and restoration of the ecosystem of inland reservoirs. Considering the high sensitivity of SAV to water depth fluctuations in Guanting Reservoir, China, in this study, we realized the reconstruction of bottom topography by combining changing water level with a long time series remote sensing technology and explored the spatiotemporal succession law of SAV by analyzing the effect of water depth on the spatiotemporal distribution of SAV. Results of water depth spatial distribution in Guanting Reservoir were obtained by using water and land boundary lines to construct underwater terrain contours. The accuracy of estimated water depth data from remote sensing images was verified with measured water depth data, and the average relative error of water depth estimation results was about 0.25 m. The experimental results show that (1) the SWIR bands of Landsat images could avoid the interference of aquatic vegetation and realize the separation of land and water; and (2) after separating water area from land, an SWIR1_NIR index was used to effectively map SAV distribution in the reservoir. The results also indicate that the distribution of SAV in the reservoir is suitable for the water depth range of 0 2 m. Water depth fluctuations cause changes in the spatial distribution of suitable water depth. It is the main reason for the change of SAV distribution area in the reservoir during the past 20 years.

ACS Style

Zhaoning Gong; Shuang Liang; Xing Wang; Ruiliang Pu. Remote Sensing Monitoring of the Bottom Topography in a Shallow Reservoir and the Spatiotemporal Changes of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Under Water Depth Fluctuations. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 2021, 14, 5684 -5693.

AMA Style

Zhaoning Gong, Shuang Liang, Xing Wang, Ruiliang Pu. Remote Sensing Monitoring of the Bottom Topography in a Shallow Reservoir and the Spatiotemporal Changes of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Under Water Depth Fluctuations. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2021; 14 (99):5684-5693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhaoning Gong; Shuang Liang; Xing Wang; Ruiliang Pu. 2021. "Remote Sensing Monitoring of the Bottom Topography in a Shallow Reservoir and the Spatiotemporal Changes of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Under Water Depth Fluctuations." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 14, no. 99: 5684-5693.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Carrying out coastal wetland landscape simulations and current and future ecological risk assessments is conducive to formulating policies for coastal wetland landscape planning and promoting the coordinated development of the social economy and ecological environment. This study used the Cellular Automaton (CA)–Markov model to simulate the landscape data of the study area under different scenarios in 2021 and 2025, and built an ecological risk assessment (ERS) index model to analyze the differences of spatio-temporal characteristics of ecological risks. The results showed that: (1) The test accuracy of the CA–Markov model was 0.9562 after passing through the consistency test. The spatial distribution data of landscapes under current utilization scenarios (CUSs), natural development scenarios (NDSs), and ecological protection scenarios (EPSs) were gained through simulations. (2) During 1991–2025, the landscape types of Yancheng coastal wetlands undertake complicated transfers and have vast transfer regions. Under CUSs and NDSs, a large number of natural wetlands are transferred to artificial wetlands. Under EPSs, the area of artificial wetlands declines and artificial wetlands are mainly transferred to natural wetlands. (3) The ecological risk of Yancheng Coastal Wetland increases, accompanied with significant spatial heterogeneity, which is manifested as low in the north area and high in the south area, and there exist some differences between sea areas and land areas. Ecological risk levels transfer violently.

ACS Style

Peng Tian; Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Changda Li. Landscape Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Multi-Scenario Simulations: A Case Study of Yancheng Coastal Wetland, China. Sustainability 2020, 13, 149 .

AMA Style

Peng Tian, Luodan Cao, Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Hongbo Gong, Changda Li. Landscape Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Multi-Scenario Simulations: A Case Study of Yancheng Coastal Wetland, China. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Tian; Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Changda Li. 2020. "Landscape Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Multi-Scenario Simulations: A Case Study of Yancheng Coastal Wetland, China." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 149.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2020 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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It is confirmed that there exists a scaling effect in downscaling land surface temperature (DLST) processes. However, a literature review indicates that quantifying and fully understanding scaling effect in DLST processing remains unclear. In this study, a main goal is to quantify, assess and understand scaling effect in downscaling LST product processes at different higher spatial resolutions and spatial extents. A machine leaning model and a traditional multivariate regression model were adopted with corresponding scaling factors extracted from ASTER 15–30 m optical multispectral data and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Different Applications (AISA) 2 m hyperspectral visible-near infrared data. MODIS 990 m LST and ASTER 90 m LST products were downscaled to high and very high resolution LST maps. In addition, ETM+ 60 m retrieved LST and Thermal Airborne Broadband Imager (TABI) 2 m retrieved LST and its upscaled LSTs were used to verify higher resolution DLST maps. The experimental results demonstrate that scaling effect in downscaling LST processes is significant, especially downscaling LST to high and very high resolution LST maps. One innovation point derived from findings by assessing the scaling effect in DLST processing is that when DLST processes are at spatial resolutions beyond a range (20–30 m in this study) measured from semivariograms, the processes are safe and their results are reasonable and reliable, and thus their scaling effect may be ignored, but when spatial resolutions and spatial extent lag distance within the range, the DLST processes are not safe, and their results are not reliable and thus the scaling effect has to be considered. Therefore, it is recommended that before conducting a DLST processing project, a range needs to be calculated by plotting semivariograms with high or very high resolution images (better to include three visible and one NIR bands), then DLST processes may be conducted at spatial resolutions lower than and equal to the range.

ACS Style

Ruiliang Pu. Assessing scaling effect in downscaling land surface temperature in a heterogenous urban environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2020, 96, 102256 .

AMA Style

Ruiliang Pu. Assessing scaling effect in downscaling land surface temperature in a heterogenous urban environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2020; 96 ():102256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruiliang Pu. 2020. "Assessing scaling effect in downscaling land surface temperature in a heterogenous urban environment." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 96, no. : 102256.

Letter
Published: 16 November 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Dust pollution is severe in some mining areas in China due to rapid industrial development. Dust deposited on the vegetation canopy may change its spectra. However, a relationship between canopy spectra and dust amount has not been quantitatively studied, and a pixel-scale condition for remote sensing application has not been considered yet. In this study, the dust dispersion characteristics in an iron mining area were investigated using the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory model (AERMOD). Further, based on the three-dimensional discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) model, the spectral characteristics of vegetation canopy under the dusty condition were simulated, and the influence of dustfall on vegetation canopy spectra was studied. Finally, the dust effect on vegetation spectra at the canopy scale was extended to a pixel scale, and the response of dust effect on vegetation spectra at the pixel scale was determined under different fractional vegetation covers (FVCs). The experimental results show that the dust pollution along a haul road was more severe and extensive than that in a stope. Taking dust dispersion along the road as an example, the variation of vegetation canopy spectra increased with the height of dust deposited on the vegetation canopy. At the pixel scale, a lower vegetation FVC would weaken the influence of dust on the spectra. The results derived from simulation spectral data were tested using satellite remote sensing images. The tested result indicates that the influence of dust retention on the pixel spectra with different FVCs was consistent with that created with the simulated data. The finding could be beneficial for those making decisions on monitoring vegetation under dusty conditions and reducing dust pollution in mining areas using remote sensing technology.

ACS Style

Baodong Ma; Xuexin Li; Ziwei Jiang; Ruiliang Pu; Aiman Liang; Defu Che. Dust Dispersion and Its Effect on Vegetation Spectra at Canopy and Pixel Scales in an Open-Pit Mining Area. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3759 .

AMA Style

Baodong Ma, Xuexin Li, Ziwei Jiang, Ruiliang Pu, Aiman Liang, Defu Che. Dust Dispersion and Its Effect on Vegetation Spectra at Canopy and Pixel Scales in an Open-Pit Mining Area. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (22):3759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baodong Ma; Xuexin Li; Ziwei Jiang; Ruiliang Pu; Aiman Liang; Defu Che. 2020. "Dust Dispersion and Its Effect on Vegetation Spectra at Canopy and Pixel Scales in an Open-Pit Mining Area." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22: 3759.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Pen aquaculture is the main form of aquaculture in some shallow lakes in eastern China. It is valuable to map the spatiotemporal changes of pen aquaculture in eutrophic lakes to assess its effect on water quality, thereby helping the relevant decision-making agencies to manage the water quality (WQ) of lakes. In this study, an automatic approach for extracting the pen aquaculture area was developed based on Landsat data. The approach integrates five algorithms, including grey transformation, discrete wavelet transform, fast Fourier transform, singular value decomposition and k-nearest neighbor classification. It was successfully applied in the automatic mapping of the pen aquaculture areas in Lake Yangcheng from 1990 to 2016. The overall accuracies were greater than 92%. The result indicted that the practice of pen aquaculture experienced five stages, with the general area increasing in the beginning and decreasing by the end of the last stage. Meanwhile, the changes of nine WQ parameters observed from 2000 to 2016, such as ammonia (NH3-N), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemiluminescence detection of permanganate index (CODMn), Secchi disk depth (SDD) and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed in the lake sectors of Lake Yangcheng, and then their relationships were explored with the percentage of pen aquaculture area. The result suggested that the percentage of pen aquaculture area exhibits significantly positive correlations with NH3-N, TN, TP, chlorophyll a, BOD and CODMn, but significantly negative correlations with SDD and DO. The experimental results may offer an important implication for managing similar shallow lakes with pen aquaculture expansion and water pollution problems.

ACS Style

Juhua Luo; Ruiliang Pu; Ronghua Ma; Xiaolong Wang; Xijun Lai; Zhigang Mao; Li Zhang; Zhaoliang Peng; Zhe Sun. Mapping Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pen Aquaculture in a Shallow Lake: Less Aquaculture Coming along Better Water Quality. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1866 .

AMA Style

Juhua Luo, Ruiliang Pu, Ronghua Ma, Xiaolong Wang, Xijun Lai, Zhigang Mao, Li Zhang, Zhaoliang Peng, Zhe Sun. Mapping Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pen Aquaculture in a Shallow Lake: Less Aquaculture Coming along Better Water Quality. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (11):1866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juhua Luo; Ruiliang Pu; Ronghua Ma; Xiaolong Wang; Xijun Lai; Zhigang Mao; Li Zhang; Zhaoliang Peng; Zhe Sun. 2020. "Mapping Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pen Aquaculture in a Shallow Lake: Less Aquaculture Coming along Better Water Quality." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11: 1866.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The influence of terrestrial and marine input has dramatically changed eutrophication in coastal seas over the past 100 years. In this study, Zhoushan coastal sea (ZCS) is taken as a study area. We studied ZCS as it is a sink of the temporal and spatial variation of primary productivity, dominant species of algae, and the variation of provenance in this area over the past 100 years. We performed analysis using three sediment cores and the carbon and silicon deposition records. The analysis results demonstrate that: (1) The primary productivity in the northern area of the ZCS close to the Yangtze Estuary was the highest comparatively, but it declined slightly before 2010. The primary productivity in the southern area had an increasing trend over the past 100 years. The value of total organic carbon (TOC) in the northern area was relatively high, with an average value of 0.532% over the past 100 years, with a decreasing trend in recent years. On the contrary, TOC in the southern area was relatively low, but it was increased dramatically after 1995. (2) Diatom might play an important role in the variations. The biogenic silica (BSi) and TOC in the northern area showed a synchronous declining trend, while the BSi/TOC ratio did not change significantly. This indicates the algae population structure in this area was relatively stable over the past 100 years. The BSi/TOC ratio decreased continuously in the southern area, indicating that the dominance of diatoms was decreasing continuously. (3) The variation of diatom dominance in this area might have a great relationship with the change of nutrients’ provenance. A mean value of stable carbon isotope (δ13C) in the north of Zhoushan was −23.46‰, indicating that the terrestrial-source input was the highest. (4) The change of provenance in the study area was quite different. This illustrates that the terrestrial input impacted the largest area of ZCS while marine input became dominant in the offshore area.

ACS Style

Hao Xu; Shangwei Jiang; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Jia Wang; Wanghai Jin; Longbin Sha; Dongling Li. Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3890 .

AMA Style

Hao Xu, Shangwei Jiang, Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Jia Wang, Wanghai Jin, Longbin Sha, Dongling Li. Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):3890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Xu; Shangwei Jiang; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Jia Wang; Wanghai Jin; Longbin Sha; Dongling Li. 2020. "Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3890.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2020 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Mapping individual tree species is critical to understand the ecosystem services value of the urban forest and improve management. The main aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of integrating multi-seasonal high resolution Pléiades satellite images with airborne LiDAR data for improving urban tree species mapping in the City of Tampa, FL, USA. In this study, we evaluated and compared the abilities of multi-seasonal individual and combined Pléiades satellite images with airborne LiDAR data for classifying seven urban tree species to understand effects of season and tree canopy height information on tree species mapping accuracy. A multi-level classification system was adopted to classify image objects of the tree species and groups. To efficiently utilize seasonal change information of tree species, a seasonal trajectory difference index (STDI) was developed with multi-seasonal images. Species mapping accuracy was compared and evaluated among individual seasonal Pléiades images and combined dry-wet season images, and between feature types: (i) 6 canonical variables only, transformed by canonical discriminant analysis algorithm; ii) 6 canonical variables plus 2 normalized Digital Surface Model (nDSM) derived variables; and iii) 6 canonical variables plus 2 nDSM variables and 4 STDI band indices. The 6 canonical variables were extracted from all spectral and textural features (SFs) including tree species fraction features. Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classifiers were used to classify the seven tree species with tree crown image objects. The research results demonstrate that (1) with additional 2 nDSM variables and extracted 4 STDI band indices, the accuracy of mapping urban tree species could be further improved (p < 0.09); and (2) with the 6 canonical variables, tree species mapping accuracies could be significantly improved using late spring season (April) image compared to all other seasonal images (p < 0.01), combined dry-wet season images performed even better. Our results further confirm that there exists a significant seasonal effect on tree species classification and that the 2 nDSM variables and the newly developed STDI in this study are useful to improve mapping urban tree species.

ACS Style

Ruiliang Pu; Shawn Landry. Mapping urban tree species by integrating multi-seasonal high resolution pléiades satellite imagery with airborne LiDAR data. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 53, 126675 .

AMA Style

Ruiliang Pu, Shawn Landry. Mapping urban tree species by integrating multi-seasonal high resolution pléiades satellite imagery with airborne LiDAR data. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 53 ():126675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruiliang Pu; Shawn Landry. 2020. "Mapping urban tree species by integrating multi-seasonal high resolution pléiades satellite imagery with airborne LiDAR data." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 53, no. : 126675.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2019 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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Forest plantations are an important source of terrestrial carbon sequestration. The forest of Robinia pseudoacacia in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) is the largest artificial ecological protection forest in China. However, more than half of the forest has appeared different degrees of dieback and even death since the 1990s. Timely and accurate estimation of the forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is a basis for studying the carbon cycle of forests. Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) has been proved to be one of the most powerful methods for forest biomass estimation. However, because of an irregular and overlapping shape of the broadleaved forest canopy in a growing season, it is difficult to segment individual trees and estimate the tree biomass from airborne LiDAR data. In this study, a new method was proposed to solve this problem of individual tree detection in the Robinia pseudoacacia forest based on a combination of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Light Detecting and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR) with the Backpack-LiDAR. The proposed method mainly consists of following steps: (i) at a plot level, trees in the UAV-LiDAR data were detected by seed points obtained by an individual tree segmentation (ITS) method from the Backpack-LiDAR data; (ii) height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of an individual tree would be extracted from UAV and Backpack LiDAR data, respectively; (iii) the individual tree AGB would be calculated through an allometric equation and the forest AGB at the plot level was accumulated; and (iv) the plot-level forest AGB was taken as a dependent variable, and various metrics extracted from UAV-LiDAR point cloud data as independent variables to estimate forest AGB distribution in the study area by using both multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) models. The results demonstrate that: (1) the seed points extracted from Backpack-LiDAR could significantly improve the overall accuracy of individual tree detection (F = 0.99), and thus increase the forest AGB estimation accuracy; (2) compared with MLR model, the RF model led to a higher estimation accuracy (p < 0.05); and (3) LiDAR intensity information selected by both MLR and RF models and laser penetration rate (LP) played an important role in estimating healthy forest AGB.

ACS Style

Jinbo Lu; Hong Wang; Shuhong Qin; Lin Cao; Ruiliang Pu; Guilin Li; Jing Sun. Estimation of aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Yellow River Delta based on UAV and Backpack LiDAR point clouds. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2019, 86, 102014 .

AMA Style

Jinbo Lu, Hong Wang, Shuhong Qin, Lin Cao, Ruiliang Pu, Guilin Li, Jing Sun. Estimation of aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Yellow River Delta based on UAV and Backpack LiDAR point clouds. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2019; 86 ():102014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinbo Lu; Hong Wang; Shuhong Qin; Lin Cao; Ruiliang Pu; Guilin Li; Jing Sun. 2019. "Estimation of aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Yellow River Delta based on UAV and Backpack LiDAR point clouds." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 86, no. : 102014.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The landscape grain effect reflects the spatial heterogeneity of a landscape and it is used as a research core of landscape ecology. The landscape grain effect can be used to not only explore spatiotemporal variation characteristics of a landscape pattern, but also to disclose variation laws of ecological structures and functions of landscapes. In this study, the sensitivity of landscape pattern indexes to grain sizes 50-1000 m was studied based on landscape data in Yancheng Coastal Wetland acquired in 1991, 2000, 2008, and 2017. Response of the grain effect to landscape changes was analyzed and an optimal grain size for analysis in the study area was determined. Results indicated that: (1) among 27 indexes (12 in a class level and 15 in a landscape level), eight indexes were highly sensitive to grains, ten indexes presented moderate sensitivity, eight indexes presented low sensitivity, and one was unresponsive. It was shown that the area-margin index and the shape index were more sensitive to the different grain sizes. The aggregation index had some differences in the grain size change, and the diversity index had a low response degree to the grain size. (2) Landscape indexes showed six different responses to different grains, including slow reduced response, fast reduced and then slow reduced response, monotonically increased response, fluctuating reduced response, up-down responses, and stable response, which indicated that the landscape index was closely related to the spatial grain. (3) From 1991 to 2017, variation curves of the landscape grain size of different landscape types could be divided into four types: fluctuation rising type, fluctuation type, monotonous decreasing type, and monotonous rising type. Different grain size curves had different interpretations of landscape changes, but in general, Yancheng Coastal Wetland's landscape tended to be fragmented and complicated, internal connectivity was weakened, and dominant landscape area was reduced. Natural wetlands were more sensitive to grain size effects than artificial wetlands. (4) The landscape index at the 50 m grain size had a strong response to different grain size changes, and the loss of landscape information was the smallest. Therefore, it was determined that the optimal landscape grain size in the study area was 50 m.

ACS Style

Peng Tian; Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Xiaoli Shi; Lijia Wang; Ruiqing Liu; Hao Xu; Chen Tong; Zijing Zhou; Shuyao Shao. Landscape Grain Effect in Yancheng Coastal Wetland and Its Response to Landscape Changes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2225 .

AMA Style

Peng Tian, Luodan Cao, Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Xiaoli Shi, Lijia Wang, Ruiqing Liu, Hao Xu, Chen Tong, Zijing Zhou, Shuyao Shao. Landscape Grain Effect in Yancheng Coastal Wetland and Its Response to Landscape Changes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (12):2225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Tian; Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Xiaoli Shi; Lijia Wang; Ruiqing Liu; Hao Xu; Chen Tong; Zijing Zhou; Shuyao Shao. 2019. "Landscape Grain Effect in Yancheng Coastal Wetland and Its Response to Landscape Changes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2225.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Sustainability
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Studying land use changes and ecological risk assessment in Yongjiang River Basin in Zhejiang Province, China, provides theoretical references for optimal configuration of land resources and maintaining stability of ecosystems. Given impacts of land use changes on landscape patterns in the Yongjiang River Basin, ecological risk assessment indexes were constructed and used to analyze temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecological risk within different periods. Results show that (1) the construction land area was increased quickly, while the cultivated area decreased sharply. A prominent characteristic of land use changes was manifested by transforming cultivated area and forestland into construction land. The utilized degree of the land increased continuously. Spatially, the land utilized degree in northern regions was higher than that in southern regions and the degree in eastern regions was higher than that in western regions. (2) The ecological risk in the Yongjiang River Basin was intensified and the area of high ecological risk was expanded by 893.96 km2. Regions with low and relatively low ecological risks concentrated in western and southern regions of the Basin, whereas regions with high ecological risks were mainly in northern and eastern regions. Landscapes in cities and towns at a high economic development level are highly sensitive to human activities. (3) Transformation of ecological risk is complicated. Land area with the ecological risk changing from a low level to a high level was 4.15 times that with the ecological risk changing from a high level to a low level. There were 15 transformation directions among different ecological risk regions.

ACS Style

Peng Tian; Jialin Li; Hongbo Gong; Ruiliang Pu; Luodan Cao; Shuyao Shao; Zuoqi Shi; Xiuli Feng; Lijia Wang; Riuqing Liu. Research on Land Use Changes and Ecological Risk Assessment in Yongjiang River Basin in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2817 .

AMA Style

Peng Tian, Jialin Li, Hongbo Gong, Ruiliang Pu, Luodan Cao, Shuyao Shao, Zuoqi Shi, Xiuli Feng, Lijia Wang, Riuqing Liu. Research on Land Use Changes and Ecological Risk Assessment in Yongjiang River Basin in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2817.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Tian; Jialin Li; Hongbo Gong; Ruiliang Pu; Luodan Cao; Shuyao Shao; Zuoqi Shi; Xiuli Feng; Lijia Wang; Riuqing Liu. 2019. "Research on Land Use Changes and Ecological Risk Assessment in Yongjiang River Basin in Zhejiang Province, China." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2817.

Articles
Published: 03 April 2019 in Papers in Applied Geography
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In recent decades rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization have produced an intense pressure on coastal ecosystems. The coastline change is one of criteria used to denote the healthiness of coastal ecosystems. Comparison of coastline change patterns and relevant human interferences between the developed countries and the developing countries would provide insights on sustainable strategy for coastal areas. In this study, 30 years of coastline changes in Tampa Bay (TB), USA and Xiangshan Harbor (XH), China were used as an example for investigating the underlying coastal development strategies. The results indicate that coastlines in TB were mostly stable over the last 30 years. In fact, TB had experienced excessive anthropogenic impacts on its coastlines before the governments executed strict laws and regulations to control human activities. XH had been experiencing intensive human interferences and the shoreline underwent considerable changes, especially in recent years. Major anthropogenic impacts on XH coastlines are land reclamation and aquaculture, which resulted in reducing natural coastal land by approximately 20.3 km2. Although many developing countries are still facing the stress from population growth and economic development, enforcing strict environmental conservation rules is in an urgent need for protecting their coastal environments.

ACS Style

Qiandong Guo; Ruiliang Pu; Kimberly Tapley; Jun Cheng; Jialin Li; Tong Jiao. Impacts of Coastal Development Strategies on Long-Term Coastline Changes: A Comparison Between Tampa Bay, USA and Xiangshan Harbor, China. Papers in Applied Geography 2019, 5, 126 -139.

AMA Style

Qiandong Guo, Ruiliang Pu, Kimberly Tapley, Jun Cheng, Jialin Li, Tong Jiao. Impacts of Coastal Development Strategies on Long-Term Coastline Changes: A Comparison Between Tampa Bay, USA and Xiangshan Harbor, China. Papers in Applied Geography. 2019; 5 (1-2):126-139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiandong Guo; Ruiliang Pu; Kimberly Tapley; Jun Cheng; Jialin Li; Tong Jiao. 2019. "Impacts of Coastal Development Strategies on Long-Term Coastline Changes: A Comparison Between Tampa Bay, USA and Xiangshan Harbor, China." Papers in Applied Geography 5, no. 1-2: 126-139.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Coastal Research
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ACS Style

Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Qixiang Yuan; Yongchao Liu; Baixiang Feng; Qiandong Guo; Yimei Jiang; Mengyao Ye; Li. Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Xiangshan Harbor (Zhejiang, China) During the Past 40 Years. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 346, 1418 -1428.

AMA Style

Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Qixiang Yuan, Yongchao Liu, Baixiang Feng, Qiandong Guo, Yimei Jiang, Mengyao Ye, Li. Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Xiangshan Harbor (Zhejiang, China) During the Past 40 Years. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 346 ():1418-1428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Qixiang Yuan; Yongchao Liu; Baixiang Feng; Qiandong Guo; Yimei Jiang; Mengyao Ye; Li. 2018. "Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Xiangshan Harbor (Zhejiang, China) During the Past 40 Years." Journal of Coastal Research 346, no. : 1418-1428.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2018 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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Urban vegetation can mitigate urban heat island (UHI) due to its ability to regulate temperature by directly or indirectly influencing water vapor transport, shading effect, and wind speed and direction. Mechanisms of effects of vegetation cover on land surface temperature (LST) have been extensively documented. Few studies, however, have examined the role of vegetation height in controlling LST. In this study, we examined the relationship between LST and vegetation height by using Light Detection and Range (LiDAR) data from the city of Tampa, Florida, USA. The results revealed that vegetation height has significant impact on LST. Additionally, we also identified the optimal height and fractional cover at which vegetation can exert the greatest influence on LST. In particular, we found that the maximum cooling effect of vegetation can only be achieved when vegetation cover is above 93.33%, an amount of which is nearly impossible to have in most of the cities. On the other hand, LST decreases at an increasing rate with vegetation height, and is optimized at 20 m. This shows that vegetation height can play an important role in regulating UHI in contributing to effect maximization with least cover possible in a city. Findings derived from this study could provide urban planners with critical insights on precise and efficient urban vegetation management in the purpose of UHI mitigation.

ACS Style

Qiuyan Yu; Michael Acheampong; Ruiliang Pu; Shawn M. Landry; Wenjie Ji; Thilanki Dahigamuwa. Assessing effects of urban vegetation height on land surface temperature in the City of Tampa, Florida, USA. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2018, 73, 712 -720.

AMA Style

Qiuyan Yu, Michael Acheampong, Ruiliang Pu, Shawn M. Landry, Wenjie Ji, Thilanki Dahigamuwa. Assessing effects of urban vegetation height on land surface temperature in the City of Tampa, Florida, USA. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2018; 73 ():712-720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiuyan Yu; Michael Acheampong; Ruiliang Pu; Shawn M. Landry; Wenjie Ji; Thilanki Dahigamuwa. 2018. "Assessing effects of urban vegetation height on land surface temperature in the City of Tampa, Florida, USA." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 73, no. : 712-720.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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This study evaluated the potential of five seasonal high resolution Pléiades satellite images for improving urban tree species classification in the City of Tampa, FL, USA. We assessed and compared the capabilities of individual and combined Pléiades images acquired during different seasons for classifying the urban tree species to understand the seasonal effect on tree species mapping accuracy. The seven species and groups included sand live oak (Quercus geminata), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), live oak (Q. virginiana), pine (species group), palm (species group), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). A multi-level classification system was adopted to classify image objects of the tree species and groups. Species classification performance was compared between the five individual seasonal Pléiades images, between two combined dry-wet season images, and between the optimal single season and combined dry-wet season image data. Shade image objects were spectrally normalized to similar sunlit image objects. The tree species fraction features were extracted from the seasonal images using the Mixture Tuned Matching Filtering approach and used as additional features to a set of spectral and spatial/textural features. Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Linear Discriminant Analysis classifiers were used to classify the seven tree species and groups with image objects features. The experimental results indicate significantly improved tree species mapping accuracies using late spring season (April) image compared to all other seasonal images (p < 0.01), and combined dry-wet season images performed even better. Results suggest a significant seasonal effect on tree species classification. The results also demonstrate that the Random Forest outperformed the Support Vector Machine and Linear Discriminant Analysis classifiers for tree species classification. Therefore, in practice, it is important to choose appropriate seasonal remote sensing data for mapping tree species.

ACS Style

Ruiliang Pu; Shawn Landry; Qiuyan Yu. Assessing the potential of multi-seasonal high resolution Pléiades satellite imagery for mapping urban tree species. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2018, 71, 144 -158.

AMA Style

Ruiliang Pu, Shawn Landry, Qiuyan Yu. Assessing the potential of multi-seasonal high resolution Pléiades satellite imagery for mapping urban tree species. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2018; 71 ():144-158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruiliang Pu; Shawn Landry; Qiuyan Yu. 2018. "Assessing the potential of multi-seasonal high resolution Pléiades satellite imagery for mapping urban tree species." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 71, no. : 144-158.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Gains and losses in ecosystem service values (ESV) in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province during rapid urbanization were analyzed in terms of land-use changes. Decision-making on coastal development based on ESV estimation is significant for the sustainable utilization of coastal resource. In this study, coastal land-use changes in Zhejiang Province during rapid urbanization were discussed based on remote-sensing derived land-use maps created in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The ESV changes in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province from 1990 to 2010 were estimated by using the established ESV estimation model. The analysis results demonstrate the following: (1) with the continuous acceleration of urbanization, land-use types in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province changed significantly from 1990 to 2010, demonstrated by considerable growth of urban construction land and reduction of forest land and farmland; (2) in the study period, the total ESV in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province continuously decreased in value from RMB 35.278 billion to 29.964 billion, a reduction of 15.06%; (3) in terms of the spatial distribution of ESV, the ESVs in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province were generally converted from a higher ESV to a lower ESV; (4) estimates of ESV for the three years 1990, 2000 and 2010 appear to be relatively stable; and (5) land-use intensity in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province continuously increased during the 20 years. The spatial distribution of land-use intensity was consistent with that of the ESV change rate. Disordered land-use changes from forestland and farmland to urban construction land was a major cause of ESV loss.

ACS Style

Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Mengyao Ye; Ruiliang Pu; Yongchao Liu; Qiandong Guo; Baixiang Feng; Xiayun Song. Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1301 .

AMA Style

Luodan Cao, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Xiayun Song. Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (7):1301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luodan Cao; Jialin Li; Mengyao Ye; Ruiliang Pu; Yongchao Liu; Qiandong Guo; Baixiang Feng; Xiayun Song. 2018. "Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1301.

Articles
Published: 27 March 2018 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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The Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China, was planted in the 1970s and has continuously suffered dieback and mortality since the 1990s. Timely and accurate information on forest growth and forest condition and its dynamic change as well is essential for assessing and developing effective management strategies. In this study, multitemporal Landsat imagery was used to analyze and monitor changes of the R. pseudoacacia forest in the YRD from 1995 to 2013. To do so, Landsat image band reflectance, three fraction images calculated by using a multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) method, and four vegetation indices (VIs) were used to discriminate three health levels of R. pseudoacacia forest in years 1995, 2007, and 2013 with a random forest (RF) classifier. The four VIs include a difference infrared index (DII) developed in this study, normalized difference vegetation index, soil-adjusted vegetation index, and normalized difference infrared index (NDII), all of which were computed from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager multispectral (MS) bands. The dynamic changes of the forest health levels during the periods of 1995–2007 and 2007–2013 were analysed. The analysis results demonstrate that three fraction images created by MESMA method and four VIs were powerful in separating the three forest health levels. In addition to the Landsat MS bands, the additional three fraction images increased the classification accuracy by 14−20%; if coupled with the four VIs, the overall accuracy was further increased by 5−6%. According to the importance values calculated by RF classifier for all input features, the DII vegetation index was the second effective feature, outperforming NDII. From 1995 to 2013, a total of 2615 ha of forest in the study area suffered from mortality or loss.

ACS Style

Hong Wang; Yi Zhong; Ruiliang Pu; Yu Zhao; Yin Song; Guilin Li. Dynamic analysis of Robinia pseudoacacia forest health levels from 1995 to 2013 in the Yellow River Delta, China using multitemporal Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2018, 39, 4232 -4253.

AMA Style

Hong Wang, Yi Zhong, Ruiliang Pu, Yu Zhao, Yin Song, Guilin Li. Dynamic analysis of Robinia pseudoacacia forest health levels from 1995 to 2013 in the Yellow River Delta, China using multitemporal Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2018; 39 (12):4232-4253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong Wang; Yi Zhong; Ruiliang Pu; Yu Zhao; Yin Song; Guilin Li. 2018. "Dynamic analysis of Robinia pseudoacacia forest health levels from 1995 to 2013 in the Yellow River Delta, China using multitemporal Landsat imagery." International Journal of Remote Sensing 39, no. 12: 4232-4253.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2018 in Sustainability
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Spatiotemporal analysis of coastline land utilization is important for strengthening coastline resource management and promoting sustainable development in coastal zones. In this study, basic spatiotemporal characteristics of coastline land utilization in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed using remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques. For this case, Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager remote-sensing image data acquired from 1990 to 2015 were collected and processed. Several indices and metrics used for quantifying and analyzing the coastline utilization in Zhejiang Province were defined and calculated through processing remote sensing data and using GIS tools. They included the intensity index of coastline change, fractal dimension of the coastline, subjectivity of coastline utilization, and the integrated coastline utilization index. The analysis results demonstrated that (1) significant coastline changes took place in Zhejiang Province, and the coastline moved seaward, while the total coastline length decreased continuously; (2) the average fractal dimension of the coastlines was 1.0922, and it was relatively stable before 2000, but declined continuously after 2000, reduced to 1.086 in 2015; (3) the artificialization index of the coastlines kept rising; (4) there were single, binary, and other multi-land use types in different coastline sections in the study area; and (5) the coastline land use intensity increased continuously from 0.25 to 0.38, and the coastline in the Xiangshan Harbour had the highest land use intensity index, reaching 0.53 in 2015, throughout the study period, and in the study area.

ACS Style

Jialin Li; Mengyao Ye; Ruiliang Pu; Yongchao Liu; Qiandong Guo; Baixiang Feng; Ripeng Huang; Gaili He. Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Zhejiang Province, China, Over the Last Twenty-Five Years. Sustainability 2018, 10, 477 .

AMA Style

Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Ripeng Huang, Gaili He. Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Zhejiang Province, China, Over the Last Twenty-Five Years. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):477.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialin Li; Mengyao Ye; Ruiliang Pu; Yongchao Liu; Qiandong Guo; Baixiang Feng; Ripeng Huang; Gaili He. 2018. "Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Zhejiang Province, China, Over the Last Twenty-Five Years." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 477.

Articles
Published: 16 June 2017 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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Water extraction is one of challenging topics in studies on remote-sensing applications. Spectral profiles and experiments indicate that existing water indices often misclassified turbid water, small waterbodies, and some land features in a shadow area. In this study, a new water index called weighted normalized difference water index (WNDWI) was proposed to reduce those errors and improve the mapping accuracy of waterbodies by using Landsat imagery. To test the performance of the newly proposed water index, two test sites (Tampa Bay, FL, USA and Xiangshan Harbour, Zhejiang, China) were selected and the performances of three existing water indices including the normalized difference water index (NDWI), the modified NDWI (MNDWI), and the automated water extraction index (AWEI) were compared with that of the WNDWI. In addition, a default threshold 0 and automatically thresholding methods including Otsu threshold method and multiple thresholds identified by valley points in a histogram curve were tested to determine an optimal threshold that can be used to separate water and non-water features from grey images created by the four water indices. The experimental results indicate that the overall accuracies (OAs) created with WNDWI were all higher than those created with the three existing water indices: NDWI, MNDWI, and AWEI in both sites. Moreover, the results thresholded by 0 owned or shared the highest OAs with the results segmented by some of non-zero thresholds obtained from Otsu method and multiple thresholds method. Therefore, using an appropriate threshold, the proposed method could extract waterbodies from Landsat TM imagery with a high accuracy.

ACS Style

Qiandong Guo; Ruiliang Pu; Jialin Li; Jun Cheng. A weighted normalized difference water index for water extraction using Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2017, 38, 5430 -5445.

AMA Style

Qiandong Guo, Ruiliang Pu, Jialin Li, Jun Cheng. A weighted normalized difference water index for water extraction using Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2017; 38 (19):5430-5445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiandong Guo; Ruiliang Pu; Jialin Li; Jun Cheng. 2017. "A weighted normalized difference water index for water extraction using Landsat imagery." International Journal of Remote Sensing 38, no. 19: 5430-5445.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2017 in Sustainability
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Analyzing evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risk patterns would help establish ecological risk early warning mechanism, reduce the ecological risk probability and promote coastal landscape pattern optimization. In this study, landscape pattern indices were first calculated by using multitemporal Landsat TM images acquired in years 1990, 2000 and 2010, then landscape ecological risk pattern evolution models and the spatiotemporal evolutions of ecological risk patterns of coastal zones in Zhejiang province, China were constructed and analyzed. The results demonstrate that (1) greater changes have taken place in landscape structures during the two decades, and (2) the areas of cropland, sea, woodland and water surface have decreased significantly, while the areas of built-up land, unused land and aquaculture land have increased. In 1990, coastal landscapes were mainly occupied by extremely low and low ecological risk areas. However, by 2010, the low ecological risk area apparently decreased compared to that in 1990, while extremely high and high ecological risk areas increased significantly, occupying spatial regions where originally the extremely low and low ecological risk zones located. Transition rates of ecological risk grades in the second ten years (2000–2010) were significantly lower than in the first ten years (1990–2000). The result suggests that people who originally urged to accelerate coastal landscape exploitation and development have started to concern the ecological environment protection and to pursue a mode that economic development and ecological protection are synchronously conducted.

ACS Style

Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Xu Luo; Mengyao Ye; Baixiang Feng. Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk Patterns in Coastal Zones in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 584 .

AMA Style

Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Hongbo Gong, Xu Luo, Mengyao Ye, Baixiang Feng. Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk Patterns in Coastal Zones in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (4):584.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialin Li; Ruiliang Pu; Hongbo Gong; Xu Luo; Mengyao Ye; Baixiang Feng. 2017. "Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk Patterns in Coastal Zones in Zhejiang Province, China." Sustainability 9, no. 4: 584.