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Terry A. Klein
Force Health Protection and Prevention Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigrade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA

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Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Pathogens
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The horse industry has grown rapidly as a leisure industry in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in parallel with an increased demand for equestrian activities. As a result, there has been an increase in horse breeding and equestrian population and potential exposure to ticks and their associated pathogens. To provide a better understanding of the potential disease risks of veterinary and medical importance, a study was conducted to determine the geographical distribution and diversity of ticks collected from horses and vegetation associated with horse racetracks/ranches throughout the ROK. This included a survey of five associated common pathogens, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Borrelia spp., Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi. A total 9220 ticks were collected from horses and associated pastures. Ticks were identified to species, stage of development, and sex. Two species of ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis (99.9%) and Ixodes nipponensis (0.1%) were identified. Two of the target pathogens, A. phagocytophilum and Borrelia spp., were detected in 5/1409 tick pools (0.35%) and 4/1409 pools (0.28%) of H. longicornis, respectively, both of which are zoonotic pathogens of medical importance. The results of 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis of A. phagocytophilum showed a close relationship to strains distributed in China, USA, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and Poland. Borrelia spp. showed a close relationship, based on 16S rRNA gene, to the strains reported from the USA (B. burgdorferi and B. americana) and Japan (B. tanukii and B. garinii). These results provide information about the potential risks of veterinary and medical importance and the development of mitigation strategies for disease prevention.

ACS Style

Hyun-Ji Seo; A-Tai Truong; Keun-Ho Kim; Ji-Yeon Lim; Subin Min; Heung-Chul Kim; Mi-Sun Yoo; Soon-Seek Yoon; Terry A. Klein; Yun Sang Cho. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Horses in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1069 .

AMA Style

Hyun-Ji Seo, A-Tai Truong, Keun-Ho Kim, Ji-Yeon Lim, Subin Min, Heung-Chul Kim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Soon-Seek Yoon, Terry A. Klein, Yun Sang Cho. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Horses in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (9):1069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Ji Seo; A-Tai Truong; Keun-Ho Kim; Ji-Yeon Lim; Subin Min; Heung-Chul Kim; Mi-Sun Yoo; Soon-Seek Yoon; Terry A. Klein; Yun Sang Cho. 2021. "Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Horses in the Republic of Korea." Pathogens 10, no. 9: 1069.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in The Korean Journal of Parasitology
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Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected using New Jersey light traps at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG;urban), Seoul Metropolitan city and Camp Humphreys USAG (rural), Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do (province), Republic of Korea , from May-October 2010-2013 and 2015-2017, to determine species composition and seasonal distribution patterns in urban and rural habitats. A total of 9,958 female (53.85%) and 8,533 male (46.15%) Culicoides comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides arakawae (74.3%), followed by C. circumscriptus (16.2%), C. kibunensis (2.5%), C. nasuensis (2.2%), C. clavipalpis (1.4%), and C. pallidulus (1.3%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for <2.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The 2 predominant species collected were C. circumscriptus (47.4%) and C. arakawae (33.4%) at Yongsan, and C. arakawae (90.4%) and C. circumscriptus (3.9%) at Camp Humphreys. The seasonal abundance of these 2 species varied between years and between sites but on average peaked in August-September for C. arakawae and June-July for C. circumscriptus. Annual variations in abundance were observed for most species collected during this study. Unusually high proportions of male specimens were observed for most species at both sites which may be due to the use of the New Jersey trap.

ACS Style

Myung-Soon Kim; Heung Chul Kim; Glenn A. Bellis; Sung-Tae Chong; Hyo-Sung Kim; Terry A. Klein. Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017. The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2021, 59, 273 -280.

AMA Style

Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein. Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2021; 59 (3):273-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myung-Soon Kim; Heung Chul Kim; Glenn A. Bellis; Sung-Tae Chong; Hyo-Sung Kim; Terry A. Klein. 2021. "Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017." The Korean Journal of Parasitology 59, no. 3: 273-280.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Pathogens
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Ticks are important vectors of various pathogens that result in clinical illnesses in humans and domestic and wild animals. Information regarding tick infestations and pathogens transmitted by ticks is important for the identification and prevention of disease. This study was a large-scale investigation of ticks collected from dogs and their associated environments in the Republic of Korea (ROK). It included detecting six prevalent tick-borne pathogens (Anaplasma spp., A. platys, Borrelia spp., Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis, and E. chaffeensis). A total of 2293 ticks (1110 pools) were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis (98.60%) was the most frequently collected tick species, followed by Ixodes nipponensis (0.96%) and H. flava (0.44%). Anaplasma spp. (24/1110 tick pools; 2.16%) and Borrelia spp. (4/1110 tick pools; 0.36%) were detected. The phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA genes revealed that the Anaplasma spp. detected in this study were closely associated with A. phagocytophilum reported in humans and rodents in the ROK. Borrelia spp. showed phylogenetic relationships with B. theileri and B. miyamotoi in ticks and humans in Mali and Russia. These results demonstrate the importance of tick-borne disease surveillance and control in dogs in the ROK.

ACS Style

A-Tai Truong; Jinhyeong Noh; Yeojin Park; Hyun-Ji Seo; Keun-Ho Kim; Subin Min; Jiyeon Lim; Mi-Sun Yoo; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry Klein; Hyunkyoung Lee; Soon-Seek Yoon; Yun Cho. Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Dogs in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2021, 10, 613 .

AMA Style

A-Tai Truong, Jinhyeong Noh, Yeojin Park, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Jiyeon Lim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry Klein, Hyunkyoung Lee, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Cho. Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Dogs in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5):613.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A-Tai Truong; Jinhyeong Noh; Yeojin Park; Hyun-Ji Seo; Keun-Ho Kim; Subin Min; Jiyeon Lim; Mi-Sun Yoo; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry Klein; Hyunkyoung Lee; Soon-Seek Yoon; Yun Cho. 2021. "Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Dogs in the Republic of Korea." Pathogens 10, no. 5: 613.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Viruses
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Whole-genome sequencing of infectious agents enables the identification and characterization of emerging viruses. The MinION device is a portable sequencer that allows real-time sequencing in fields or hospitals. Hantaan orthohantavirus (Hantaan virus, HTNV), harbored by Apodemus agrarius, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and poses a critical public health threat worldwide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using nanopore sequencing for whole-genome sequencing of HTNV from samples having different viral copy numbers. Amplicon-based next-generation sequencing was performed in A. agrarius lung tissues collected from the Republic of Korea. Genomic sequences of HTNV were analyzed based on the viral RNA copy numbers. Amplicon-based nanopore sequencing provided nearly full-length genomic sequences of HTNV and showed sufficient read depth for phylogenetic analysis after 8 h of sequencing. The average identity of the HTNV genome sequences for the nanopore sequencer compared to those of generated from Illumina MiSeq revealed 99.8% (L and M segments) and 99.7% (S segment) identities, respectively. This study highlights the potential of the portable nanopore sequencer for rapid generation of accurate genomic sequences of HTNV for quicker decision making in point-of-care testing of HFRS patients during a hantavirus outbreak.

ACS Style

Kyungmin Park; Seung-Ho Lee; Jongwoo Kim; Jingyeong Lee; Geum-Young Lee; Seungchan Cho; Seung Lee; Kkothanahreum Park; Jin No; Shailesh Budhathoki; Yu-Jin Kim; Young-Su Kim; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry Klein; Won-Keun Kim; Jin-Won Song. Multiplex PCR-Based Nanopore Sequencing and Epidemiological Surveillance of Hantaan orthohantavirus in Apodemus agrarius, Republic of Korea. Viruses 2021, 13, 847 .

AMA Style

Kyungmin Park, Seung-Ho Lee, Jongwoo Kim, Jingyeong Lee, Geum-Young Lee, Seungchan Cho, Seung Lee, Kkothanahreum Park, Jin No, Shailesh Budhathoki, Yu-Jin Kim, Young-Su Kim, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry Klein, Won-Keun Kim, Jin-Won Song. Multiplex PCR-Based Nanopore Sequencing and Epidemiological Surveillance of Hantaan orthohantavirus in Apodemus agrarius, Republic of Korea. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):847.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyungmin Park; Seung-Ho Lee; Jongwoo Kim; Jingyeong Lee; Geum-Young Lee; Seungchan Cho; Seung Lee; Kkothanahreum Park; Jin No; Shailesh Budhathoki; Yu-Jin Kim; Young-Su Kim; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry Klein; Won-Keun Kim; Jin-Won Song. 2021. "Multiplex PCR-Based Nanopore Sequencing and Epidemiological Surveillance of Hantaan orthohantavirus in Apodemus agrarius, Republic of Korea." Viruses 13, no. 5: 847.

Brief report
Published: 02 April 2021 in Pathogens
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An epidemiological investigation was conducted for a scrub typhus case reported in a U.S. Forces Korea military patient in the Republic of Korea in November 2018. The patient had a fever, maculopapular rash, and an eschar. The full-length sequence of Orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) gene was obtained from eschar tissue by multiplex PCR-based Next Generation Sequencing for genetic identification. Based on the 56-kDa TSA gene, the O. tsutsugamushi aligned most closely with the Boryong strain.

ACS Style

Seungchan Cho; Jon Allison; Kkothanahreum Park; Jin No; Seung-Ho Lee; Kyungmin Park; Jongwoo Kim; Terry Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Won-Keun Kim; Jin-Won Song. A Clinical Case of Scrub Typhus in the United States Forces Korea Patient with Eschar and Genetic Identification of Orientia tsutsugamushi Using Multiplex PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. Pathogens 2021, 10, 424 .

AMA Style

Seungchan Cho, Jon Allison, Kkothanahreum Park, Jin No, Seung-Ho Lee, Kyungmin Park, Jongwoo Kim, Terry Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Won-Keun Kim, Jin-Won Song. A Clinical Case of Scrub Typhus in the United States Forces Korea Patient with Eschar and Genetic Identification of Orientia tsutsugamushi Using Multiplex PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungchan Cho; Jon Allison; Kkothanahreum Park; Jin No; Seung-Ho Lee; Kyungmin Park; Jongwoo Kim; Terry Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Won-Keun Kim; Jin-Won Song. 2021. "A Clinical Case of Scrub Typhus in the United States Forces Korea Patient with Eschar and Genetic Identification of Orientia tsutsugamushi Using Multiplex PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing." Pathogens 10, no. 4: 424.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2021 in Journal of Medical Entomology
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In a follow-up to the investigations of soft ticks identified from seabird nest soil and litter collected from coastal islands of the Republic of Korea (ROK), Ornithodoros sawaii and Ornithodoros capensis were assessed for the presence and identification of rickettsiae. Ticks collected from samples of 50–100 g of nest litter and soil from seabird nests were identified individually by morphological techniques, and species confirmed by sequencing of the mt-rrs gene. Subsequently, tick DNA preparations were screened for the presence of rickettsiae using a genus-specific nested PCR (nPCR) assay targeting the 17 kDa antigen gene. The amplicons from the 17 kDa assay and two additional nPCR assays targeting the gltA and ompB gene fragments were sequenced and used to identify the rickettsiae. A total of 134 soft ticks belonging to two species, O. sawaii Kitaoka & Suzuki 1973 (n = 125) and O. capensis Neumann 1901 (n = 9), were collected. Rickettsia lusitaniae DNA was detected and identified among O. sawaii ticks (n = 11, 8.8%) collected from nest litter and soil of the Japanese murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume Temminck 1836) at Gugul Island along the western coastal area of the ROK. This study confirmed for the first time the presence of R. lusitaniae associated with O. sawaii collected from migratory seabird nests in the ROK.

ACS Style

Heung-Chul Kim; Ju Jiang; Jun Hang; Su Yeon Kim; Seok-Min Yun; Chang-Uk Park; Miran Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Christina M Farris; Allen L Richards; Terry A Klein. Detection of Rickettsia lusitaniae Among Ornithodoros sawaii Soft Ticks Collected From Japanese Murrelet Seabird Nest Material From Gugul Island, Republic of Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology 2021, 58, 1376 -1383.

AMA Style

Heung-Chul Kim, Ju Jiang, Jun Hang, Su Yeon Kim, Seok-Min Yun, Chang-Uk Park, Miran Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Christina M Farris, Allen L Richards, Terry A Klein. Detection of Rickettsia lusitaniae Among Ornithodoros sawaii Soft Ticks Collected From Japanese Murrelet Seabird Nest Material From Gugul Island, Republic of Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2021; 58 (3):1376-1383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heung-Chul Kim; Ju Jiang; Jun Hang; Su Yeon Kim; Seok-Min Yun; Chang-Uk Park; Miran Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Christina M Farris; Allen L Richards; Terry A Klein. 2021. "Detection of Rickettsia lusitaniae Among Ornithodoros sawaii Soft Ticks Collected From Japanese Murrelet Seabird Nest Material From Gugul Island, Republic of Korea." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 3: 1376-1383.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Viruses
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging human pathogen, endemic in areas of China, Japan, and the Korea (KOR). It is primarily transmitted through infected ticks and can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever disease with case fatality rates as high as 30%. Despite its high virulence and increasing prevalence, molecular and functional studies in situ are scarce due to the limited availability of high-titer SFTSV exposure stocks. During the course of field virologic surveillance in 2017, we detected SFTSV in ticks and in a symptomatic soldier in a KOR Army training area. SFTSV was isolated from the ticks producing a high-titer viral exposure stock. Through the use of advanced genomic tools, we present here a complete, in-depth characterization of this viral stock, including a comparison with both the virus in its arthropod source and in the human case, and an in vivo study of its pathogenicity. Thanks to this detailed characterization, this SFTSV viral exposure stock constitutes a quality biological tool for the study of this viral agent and for the development of medical countermeasures, fulfilling the requirements of the main regulatory agencies.

ACS Style

Unai Perez-Sautu; Se Gu; Katie Caviness; Dong Song; Yu-Jin Kim; Nicholas Paola; Daesang Lee; Terry Klein; Joseph Chitty; Elyse Nagle; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Brett Beitzel; Daniel Reyes; Courtney Finch; Russ Byrum; Kurt Cooper; Janie Liang; Jens Kuhn; Xiankun Zeng; Kathleen Kuehl; Kayla Coffin; Jun Liu; Hong Oh; Woong Seog; Byung-Sub Choi; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart; Gustavo Palacios; Seong Jeong. A Model for the Production of Regulatory Grade Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure Stocks: From Field Surveillance to Advanced Characterization of SFTSV. Viruses 2020, 12, 958 .

AMA Style

Unai Perez-Sautu, Se Gu, Katie Caviness, Dong Song, Yu-Jin Kim, Nicholas Paola, Daesang Lee, Terry Klein, Joseph Chitty, Elyse Nagle, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Brett Beitzel, Daniel Reyes, Courtney Finch, Russ Byrum, Kurt Cooper, Janie Liang, Jens Kuhn, Xiankun Zeng, Kathleen Kuehl, Kayla Coffin, Jun Liu, Hong Oh, Woong Seog, Byung-Sub Choi, Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart, Gustavo Palacios, Seong Jeong. A Model for the Production of Regulatory Grade Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure Stocks: From Field Surveillance to Advanced Characterization of SFTSV. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):958.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Unai Perez-Sautu; Se Gu; Katie Caviness; Dong Song; Yu-Jin Kim; Nicholas Paola; Daesang Lee; Terry Klein; Joseph Chitty; Elyse Nagle; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Brett Beitzel; Daniel Reyes; Courtney Finch; Russ Byrum; Kurt Cooper; Janie Liang; Jens Kuhn; Xiankun Zeng; Kathleen Kuehl; Kayla Coffin; Jun Liu; Hong Oh; Woong Seog; Byung-Sub Choi; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart; Gustavo Palacios; Seong Jeong. 2020. "A Model for the Production of Regulatory Grade Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure Stocks: From Field Surveillance to Advanced Characterization of SFTSV." Viruses 12, no. 9: 958.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2019 in Viruses
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Arboviruses continue to be a significant global health concern. The unbiased metagenomic analyses of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses are useful to understand viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Metagenomic analysis was conducted on 6368 mosquitoes (736 pools), covering 16 species from 18 locations throughout the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2016. In this report, we describe three viruses detected in a single pool of Aedes vexans nipponii collected at Yongsan U.S. Army Garrison, located in a densely populated district of Seoul, the ROK. The three novel viruses, designated as Yongsan bunyavirus 1 (YBV1), Yongsan picorna-like virus 3 (YPLV3) and Yongsan sobemo-like virus 1 (YSLV1), share sequence and structural characteristics with members belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, order Picornavirales, and family Solemoviridae, with shared RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) amino acid identities of 40%, 42% and 86%, respectively. The real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 3493 Aedes vexans nipponii (257 pools) showed a high prevalence of YBV1 and YSLV1 viruses, which were present in 65% and 62% of tested pools, respectively. This study highlighted the utility of a metagenomic sequencing approach for arbovirus discovery and for a better understanding of the virome of potential medically relevant vectors.

ACS Style

Mark Sanborn; Terry A. Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Christian K. Fung; Katherine L. Figueroa; Yu Yang; Edward A. Asafo-Adjei; Richard G. Jarman; Jun Hang. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Three Novel and Prevalent Mosquito Viruses from a Single Pool of Aedes vexans nipponii Collected in the Republic of Korea. Viruses 2019, 11, 222 .

AMA Style

Mark Sanborn, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Christian K. Fung, Katherine L. Figueroa, Yu Yang, Edward A. Asafo-Adjei, Richard G. Jarman, Jun Hang. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Three Novel and Prevalent Mosquito Viruses from a Single Pool of Aedes vexans nipponii Collected in the Republic of Korea. Viruses. 2019; 11 (3):222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Sanborn; Terry A. Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Christian K. Fung; Katherine L. Figueroa; Yu Yang; Edward A. Asafo-Adjei; Richard G. Jarman; Jun Hang. 2019. "Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Three Novel and Prevalent Mosquito Viruses from a Single Pool of Aedes vexans nipponii Collected in the Republic of Korea." Viruses 11, no. 3: 222.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2017 in Journal of Medical Entomology
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A total of 6,255 ticks belonging to three genera and six species (Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Haemaphysalis phasiana Saito, Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, and Amblyomma testudinarium Koch) collected from May–August, 2013, at four southwestern provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK) were submitted to the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences and assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. One pool each of H. flava and H. phasiana was positive by PCR and sequencing for a Francisella-like endosymbiont, while all pools were negative for Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia.

ACS Style

Ratree Takhampunya; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Achareeya Korkusol; Bousaraporn Tippayachai; Silas A Davidson; Jeannine M Petersen; Terry A Klein. Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology 2017, 54, 1735 -1742.

AMA Style

Ratree Takhampunya, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Achareeya Korkusol, Bousaraporn Tippayachai, Silas A Davidson, Jeannine M Petersen, Terry A Klein. Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2017; 54 (6):1735-1742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ratree Takhampunya; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Achareeya Korkusol; Bousaraporn Tippayachai; Silas A Davidson; Jeannine M Petersen; Terry A Klein. 2017. "Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea." Journal of Medical Entomology 54, no. 6: 1735-1742.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Journal of General Virology
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Flaviviruses comprise a large and diverse group of positive-stranded RNA viruses, including tick-, mosquito- and unknown-vector-borne flaviviruses. A novel flavivirus was detected in pools of Aedes vexans nipponii (n=1) and Aedes esoensis (n=3) collected in 2012 and 2013 near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), Republic of Korea (ROK). Phylogenetic analyses of the NS5, E gene and complete polyprotein coding sequence (CDS) showed that the novel virus fell within the Aedes-borne flaviviruses (ABFVs), with nucleotide identity ranging from 57.8–75.1 %, 46.1–74.2 % and 51.1–76.2 %, respectively. While the novel ABFV was distant from other flaviviruses within the group, it formed a clade with Ilomantsi virus (ILOV). Sequence alignments of the partial NS5 gene, full-length E gene and polyprotein CDS between the novel virus and ILOV showed approximately 76.2 % nucleotide identity and 90 % amino acid identity, respectively. The ABFV identified in Aedes mosquitoes from the ROK is a novel ABFV based on the sequence analyses and is designated as Panmunjeom flavivirus (PANFV).

ACS Style

Achareeya Korkusol; Ratree Takhampunya; Jun Hang; Richard G Jarman; Bousaraporn Tippayachai; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Silas A Davidson; Terry A Klein. A novel flavivirus detected in two Aedes spp. collected near the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea. Journal of General Virology 2017, 98, 1122 -1131.

AMA Style

Achareeya Korkusol, Ratree Takhampunya, Jun Hang, Richard G Jarman, Bousaraporn Tippayachai, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Silas A Davidson, Terry A Klein. A novel flavivirus detected in two Aedes spp. collected near the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea. Journal of General Virology. 2017; 98 (5):1122-1131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achareeya Korkusol; Ratree Takhampunya; Jun Hang; Richard G Jarman; Bousaraporn Tippayachai; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Silas A Davidson; Terry A Klein. 2017. "A novel flavivirus detected in two Aedes spp. collected near the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea." Journal of General Virology 98, no. 5: 1122-1131.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2017 in Systematic and Applied Acarology
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Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted from March–October 2014 in two southeastern provinces, including three metropolitan areas, in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Three general habitats were surveyed: Grasses (grasses and herbaceous and crawling vegetation), Forests (pine, larch, deciduous, and mixed), and Forests+Grasses. A total of 40,048 ticks (1,480 adults; 24,201 nymphs; 14,367 larvae) belonging to three genera and six species were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis (84.25%; 33,741) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (14.52%; 5,816), Ixodes nipponensis (1.09%; 436), Amblyomma testudinarium (0.07%; 27), Haemaphysalis phasiana (0.06%; 23), and Ixodes turdus (0.01%; 5). Overall, adult ticks accounted for only 3.70% of all ticks collected, while nymphs and larvae accounted for 60.43% and 35.87%, respectively. The proportion of H. longicornis nymphs was highest beginning in March (99.51%), slowly declined through July (82.01%) and then rapidly declined to a low in October (6.45%). Large increases in the proportion of H. longicornis larvae were observed in August (42.05%), September (84.19%) and October (93.55%) following increased numbers of adults collected in June (4.20%), July (17.99%) and August (9.79%). Haemaphysalis flava adults and nymphs were commonly collected from April–May and October, while larvae were first collected from July, with peak numbers collected in August and low numbers collected during September–October. The proportion of I. nipponensis adults was highest in March (75.34%), declined to a low in July (0%), and then increased in September (60.00%) and October (90.32%). Larvae were collected only in August–September and accounted for 64.29% and 20.00% of all I. nipponensis collected during those months. Similar proportions of males and females of H. flava (51.47% and 48.53%, respectively) were collected from all habitats, while significantly more I. nipponensis males (62.20%) were collected than females (37.80%). Conversely, the proportion of H. longicornis females (80.00%) collected was significantly higher than for males (20.00%). Overall, the mean number of ticks collected/hr of collection for all habitats was 156.06/hr of collection. Similar numbers were collected/hr for Forests (172.61) and Grasses (168.64), while lower numbers were collected/hr for Forests+Grasses (128.12).

ACS Style

Jaree L. Johnson; Heung-Chul Kim; Jordan M. Coburn; Sung-Tae Chong; Nicholas W. Chang; Richard George Robbins; Terry A. Klein. Tick surveillance in two southeastern provinces, including three metropolitan areas, of the Republic of Korea during 2014. Systematic and Applied Acarology 2017, 22, 271 -288.

AMA Style

Jaree L. Johnson, Heung-Chul Kim, Jordan M. Coburn, Sung-Tae Chong, Nicholas W. Chang, Richard George Robbins, Terry A. Klein. Tick surveillance in two southeastern provinces, including three metropolitan areas, of the Republic of Korea during 2014. Systematic and Applied Acarology. 2017; 22 (2):271-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaree L. Johnson; Heung-Chul Kim; Jordan M. Coburn; Sung-Tae Chong; Nicholas W. Chang; Richard George Robbins; Terry A. Klein. 2017. "Tick surveillance in two southeastern provinces, including three metropolitan areas, of the Republic of Korea during 2014." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 2: 271-288.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2017 in Parasites & Vectors
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Rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. A total of 6,484 ticks were collected by tick drag from June-October 2013 in the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) (Jeollanam, n = 3,995; Jeollabuk, n = 680; Chungcheongnam, n = 1,478; and Chungcheongbuk, n = 331). Ticks were sorted into 311 pools according to species, collection site, and stage of development. DNA preparations of tick pools were assayed for rickettsiae by 17 kDa antigen gene and ompA nested PCR (nPCR) assays and the resulting amplicons sequenced to determine the identity and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR). Haemaphysalis longicornis (4,471; 52 adults, 123 nymphs and 4,296 larvae) were the most commonly collected ticks, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (1,582; 28 adults, 263 nymphs and 1,291 larvae), and Ixodes nipponensis (431; 25 adults, 5 nymphs and 401 larvae). The minimum field infection rate/100 ticks (assuming 1 positive tick/pool) was 0.93% for the 17 kDa antigen gene and 0.82% for the ompA nPCR assays. The partial 17 kDa antigen and ompA gene sequences from positive pools of H. longicornis were similar to: Rickettsia sp. HI550 (99.4–100%), Rickettsia sp. FUJ98 (99.3–100%), Rickettsia sp. HIR/D91 (99.3–100%), and R. japonica (99.7%). One sequence of the partial 17 kDa antigen gene for H. flava was similar to Rickettsia sp. 17kd-005 (99.7%), while seven sequences of the 17 kDa antigen gene obtained from I. nipponensis ticks were similar to R. monacensis IrR/Munich (98.7–100%) and Rickettsia sp. IRS3 (98.9%). SFG rickettsiae were detected in three species of ixodid ticks collected in the southwestern provinces of the ROK during 2013. A number of rickettsiae have been recently reported from ticks in Korea, some of which were identified as medically important. Results from this study and previous reports demonstrate the need to conduct longitudinal investigations to identify tick-borne rickettsiae and better understand their geographical distributions and potential impact on medical and veterinary health, in addition to risk communication and development of rickettsial disease prevention strategies.

ACS Style

Yoontae Noh; Yeong Seon Lee; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Terry A. Klein; Ju Jiang; Allen L. Richards; Hae Kyeong Lee; Su Yeon Kim. Molecular detection of Rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea. Parasites & Vectors 2017, 10, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Yoontae Noh, Yeong Seon Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Ju Jiang, Allen L. Richards, Hae Kyeong Lee, Su Yeon Kim. Molecular detection of Rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea. Parasites & Vectors. 2017; 10 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yoontae Noh; Yeong Seon Lee; Heung-Chul Kim; Sung-Tae Chong; Terry A. Klein; Ju Jiang; Allen L. Richards; Hae Kyeong Lee; Su Yeon Kim. 2017. "Molecular detection of Rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea." Parasites & Vectors 10, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2016 in Journal of Medical Entomology
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In total, 1,300 each of Anopheles kleini Rueda and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) females (colonized from the Republic of Korea) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison (Thai strain) were allowed to feed on blood from Thai malaria patients naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax. The overall oocyst infection rates for An. dirus, An. kleini, and An. sinensis s.s. were 77.4, 46.1, and 45.9%, respectively. The mean number of oocysts was significantly higher for An. dirus (82.7) compared with An. kleini (6.1) and An. sinensis s.s. (8.6), whereas the mean number of oocysts for An. kleini and An. sinensis s.s. was similar. The overall sporozoite infection rates for An. dirus, An. kleini, and An. sinensis s.s. dissected on days 14-15, 21, and 28 days post-feed were significantly higher for An. dirus (90.0%) than An. kleini (5.4%), whereas An. kleini sporozoite rates were significantly higher than An. sinensis s.s. (1,000 sporozoites) salivary gland indices were significantly higher for An. dirus (85.7%), compared with An. kleini (47.1%). Only one An. sinensis s.s. had sporozoites (+2; >10–100 sporozoites). These results indicate that An. kleini is a competent vector of vivax malaria. Although An. sinensis s.s. develops relatively high numbers of oocysts, it is considered a very poor vector of vivax malaria due to a salivary gland barrier.

ACS Style

Ratawan Ubalee; Heung-Chul Kim; Anthony L. Schuster; Patrick W. McCardle; Siriporn Phasomkusolsil; Ratree Takhampunya; Silas A. Davidson; Won-Ja Lee; Terry A. Klein. Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology 2016, 53, 1425 -1432.

AMA Style

Ratawan Ubalee, Heung-Chul Kim, Anthony L. Schuster, Patrick W. McCardle, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Ratree Takhampunya, Silas A. Davidson, Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein. Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2016; 53 (6):1425-1432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ratawan Ubalee; Heung-Chul Kim; Anthony L. Schuster; Patrick W. McCardle; Siriporn Phasomkusolsil; Ratree Takhampunya; Silas A. Davidson; Won-Ja Lee; Terry A. Klein. 2016. "Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand." Journal of Medical Entomology 53, no. 6: 1425-1432.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2016 in Malaria Journal
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As a result of the reintroduction of malaria in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993 and the threat to military and civilian populations, the Korea Military National Defense (MND) increased emphasis on vector control in 2012 at ROK Army (ROKA) installations located near the DMZ, while decreasing chemoprophylaxis, fearing potential drug resistance. Mosquito surveillance demonstrated a need for continuous monitoring of disease patterns among ROKA soldiers and vector malaria infection rates to ensure positive outcomes. Anopheles spp. were collected from May-October at three ROKA installations in three locations near the DMZ. Each of the areas included one installation <2 km and two installations 11-12 km from the DMZ in Paju and Yeoncheon counties, Gyeonggi Province. Anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and then assayed for the presence of vivax malaria sporozoites. The ROK MND reported vivax malaria patients monthly to Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Correlations for the incidence of Plasmodium vivax patients and infected Anopheles species were analysed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson correlation test and liner regression analysis. A total of 4282 Anopheles spp. were collected. Anopheles kleini (69.5 %) was the most commonly collected, followed by Anopheles pullus (17.3 %), Anopheles belenrae (4.5 %), Anopheles sineroides (4.2 %), Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto (2.7 %), and Anopheles lesteri (1.9 %). Overall, 21 malaria patients were reported by the ROK MND. The monthly incidence of the malaria patients correlated with the monthly number of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite positive Anopheles spp. The monthly numbers of An. kleini demonstrated the highest correlations to the numbers of ROKA malaria patients throughout the mosquito season (P < 0.01). Anopheles spp. positive for P. vivax and malaria patients at ROKA installations located <2 km from the DMZ were higher than for ROKA installations located 11-12 km from DMZ. The number of Anopheles spp. positive for P. vivax sporozoites correlated with the monthly number of malaria cases and exposure of ROKA soldiers from May-October to P. vivax malaria infections. Malaria vector surveillance and vector control is warranted as part of an effective malaria management program at ROKA installations located near DMZ.

ACS Style

Kyu Sik Chang; Dae-Hyun Yoo; Young Ran Ju; Wook Gyo Lee; Jong Yul Roh; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; E-Hyun Shin. Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea. Malaria Journal 2016, 15, 259 .

AMA Style

Kyu Sik Chang, Dae-Hyun Yoo, Young Ran Ju, Wook Gyo Lee, Jong Yul Roh, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, E-Hyun Shin. Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea. Malaria Journal. 2016; 15 (1):259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyu Sik Chang; Dae-Hyun Yoo; Young Ran Ju; Wook Gyo Lee; Jong Yul Roh; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; E-Hyun Shin. 2016. "Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea." Malaria Journal 15, no. 1: 259.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2016 in Microbiology and Immunology
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Hantaan virus (HTNV), the family Bunyaviridae, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in human. Despite of majority of epidemiologic studies in seropositive rodents for hantavirus-specific immunoglobulin, the discovery of hantavirus RNA in seronegative hosts leads to an investigation of the presence of HTNV RNA in the rodents captured in endemic areas. HTNV RNA was detected in seven (3.8%) out of 186 anti-HTNV IgG seronegative rodents in the Republic of Korea during 2013-2014. RT-qPCR for HTNV RNA may reveal dynamic virus-host interaction of HTNV in highly endemic areas, providing important insights into the epidemiologic study of hantaviruses.

ACS Style

Jin Sun No; Won-Keun Kim; Jeong-Ah Kim; Seung-Ho Lee; Sook-Young Lee; Ji Hye Kim; Jeong Hoon Kho; Daesang Lee; Dong Hyun Song; Se Hun Gu; Seong Tae Jeong; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; Jin-Won Song. Detection of Hantaan virus RNA from anti-Hantaan virus IgG seronegative rodents in an area of high endemicity in Republic of Korea. Microbiology and Immunology 2016, 60, 268 -271.

AMA Style

Jin Sun No, Won-Keun Kim, Jeong-Ah Kim, Seung-Ho Lee, Sook-Young Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Jeong Hoon Kho, Daesang Lee, Dong Hyun Song, Se Hun Gu, Seong Tae Jeong, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Jin-Won Song. Detection of Hantaan virus RNA from anti-Hantaan virus IgG seronegative rodents in an area of high endemicity in Republic of Korea. Microbiology and Immunology. 2016; 60 (4):268-271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin Sun No; Won-Keun Kim; Jeong-Ah Kim; Seung-Ho Lee; Sook-Young Lee; Ji Hye Kim; Jeong Hoon Kho; Daesang Lee; Dong Hyun Song; Se Hun Gu; Seong Tae Jeong; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; Jin-Won Song. 2016. "Detection of Hantaan virus RNA from anti-Hantaan virus IgG seronegative rodents in an area of high endemicity in Republic of Korea." Microbiology and Immunology 60, no. 4: 268-271.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Systematic and Applied Acarology
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Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted monthly at different sites in four southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from April–October 2013. Three general habitats were surveyed: grasses (grasses and herbaceous and crawling vegetation), forests (pine, larch, deciduous, and mixed), and forests+grasses. A total of 27,029 ticks (1,534 adults; 11,755 nymphs; 13,740 larvae) belonging to three genera and five species were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis (64.76%; 17,504) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (29.22%; 7,899), Ixodes nipponensis (5.83%; 1,575), Amblyomma testudinarium (0.17%; 46), and Haemaphysalis phasiana (0.02%; 5). Overall, adult ticks accounted for only 5.68% of all ticks collected, while nymphs and larvae accounted for 43.49% and 50.83%, respectively. Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs were commonly collected from April–June, followed by increased numbers of adults from June–August, and large numbers of larvae from August–September, while low numbers of all stages were collected during October. Haemaphysalis flava adults and nymphs were commonly collected from April–June and September–October, while large numbers of larvae were collected from July–August. Although fewer I. nipponensis were collected, seasonal developmental stage patterns followed those of H. flava. Similar proportions of males (47.96%) and females (52.04%) of H. flava were collected. However, the proportion of H. longicornis females (85.83%) collected was significantly higher than for males (14.17%), while the proportion of I. nipponensis males (57.62%) was significantly higher than for females (42.38%). Overall, the mean number of ticks collected/hour of collection was highest for forests+grasses (108.54), followed by grasses (97.28) and forests (66.64).

ACS Style

Jordan M. Coburn; Sung-Tae Chong; Heung-Chul Kim; Nicholas W. Chang; Lesly C. Calix; Karina Resto; Ng-Jin Lee; Jaree L. Johnson; Richard George Robbins; Terry A Klein. Tick Surveillance in Four Southwestern Provinces of the Republic of Korea during 2013. Systematic and Applied Acarology 2016, 21, 147 -165.

AMA Style

Jordan M. Coburn, Sung-Tae Chong, Heung-Chul Kim, Nicholas W. Chang, Lesly C. Calix, Karina Resto, Ng-Jin Lee, Jaree L. Johnson, Richard George Robbins, Terry A Klein. Tick Surveillance in Four Southwestern Provinces of the Republic of Korea during 2013. Systematic and Applied Acarology. 2016; 21 (2):147-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jordan M. Coburn; Sung-Tae Chong; Heung-Chul Kim; Nicholas W. Chang; Lesly C. Calix; Karina Resto; Ng-Jin Lee; Jaree L. Johnson; Richard George Robbins; Terry A Klein. 2016. "Tick Surveillance in Four Southwestern Provinces of the Republic of Korea during 2013." Systematic and Applied Acarology 21, no. 2: 147-165.

Communication
Published: 14 April 2014 in Viruses
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The genome of Muju virus (MUJV), identified originally in the royal vole (Myodes regulus) in Korea, was fully sequenced to ascertain its genetic and phylogenetic relationship with Puumala virus (PUUV), harbored by the bank vole (My. glareolus), and a PUUV-like virus, named Hokkaido virus (HOKV), in the grey red-backed vole (My. rufocanus) in Japan. Whole genome sequence analysis of the 6544-nucleotide large (L), 3652-nucleotide medium (M) and 1831-nucleotide small (S) segments of MUJV, as well as the amino acid sequences of their gene products, indicated that MUJV strains from different capture sites might represent genetic variants of PUUV, the prototype arvicolid rodent-borne hantavirus in Europe. Distinct geographic-specific clustering of MUJV was found in different provinces in Korea, and phylogenetic analyses revealed that MUJV and HOKV share a common ancestry with PUUV. A better understanding of the taxonomic classification and pathogenic potential of MUJV must await its isolation in cell culture.

ACS Style

Jin Goo Lee; Se Hun Gu; Luck Ju Baek; Ok Sarah Shin; Kwang Sook Park; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; Richard Yanagihara; Jin-Won Song. Muju Virus, Harbored by Myodes regulus in Korea, Might Represent a Genetic Variant of Puumala Virus, the Prototype Arvicolid Rodent-Borne Hantavirus. Viruses 2014, 6, 1701 -1714.

AMA Style

Jin Goo Lee, Se Hun Gu, Luck Ju Baek, Ok Sarah Shin, Kwang Sook Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Richard Yanagihara, Jin-Won Song. Muju Virus, Harbored by Myodes regulus in Korea, Might Represent a Genetic Variant of Puumala Virus, the Prototype Arvicolid Rodent-Borne Hantavirus. Viruses. 2014; 6 (4):1701-1714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin Goo Lee; Se Hun Gu; Luck Ju Baek; Ok Sarah Shin; Kwang Sook Park; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; Richard Yanagihara; Jin-Won Song. 2014. "Muju Virus, Harbored by Myodes regulus in Korea, Might Represent a Genetic Variant of Puumala Virus, the Prototype Arvicolid Rodent-Borne Hantavirus." Viruses 6, no. 4: 1701-1714.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2013 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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The Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource–recommended PLF/UNR/VIR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles spp. mosquitoes collected in South Korea. Samples that were amplified were sequenced and compared with known Plasmodium spp. by using the PlasmoDB.org Basic Local Alignment Search Tool/n and the National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool/n tools. Results show that the primers PLF/UNR/VIR used in this PCR can produce uninterpretable results and non-specific sequences in field-collected mosquitoes. Three additional PCRs (PLU/VIV, specific for 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA; Pvr47, specific for a nuclear repeat; and GDCW/PLAS, specific for the mitochondrial marker, cytB) were then used to find a more accurate and interpretable assay. Samples that were amplified were again sequenced. The PLU/VIV and Pvr47 assays showed cross-reactivity with non-Plasmodium spp. and an arthropod fungus (Zoophthora lanceolata). The GDCW/PLAS assay amplified only Plasmodium spp. but also amplified the non-human specific parasite P. berghei from an Anopheles belenrae mosquito. Detection of P. berghei in South Korea is a new finding.

ACS Style

Genelle F. Harrison; Desmond Foley; Leopoldo M. Rueda; Vanessa R. Melanson; Richard C. Wilkerson; Lewis S. Long; Jason H. Richardson; Terry A. Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Won-Ja Lee. Plasmodium-Specific Molecular Assays Produce Uninterpretable Results and Non-Plasmodium spp. Sequences in Field-Collected Anopheles Vectors. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013, 89, 1117 -1121.

AMA Style

Genelle F. Harrison, Desmond Foley, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Vanessa R. Melanson, Richard C. Wilkerson, Lewis S. Long, Jason H. Richardson, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Won-Ja Lee. Plasmodium-Specific Molecular Assays Produce Uninterpretable Results and Non-Plasmodium spp. Sequences in Field-Collected Anopheles Vectors. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2013; 89 (6):1117-1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Genelle F. Harrison; Desmond Foley; Leopoldo M. Rueda; Vanessa R. Melanson; Richard C. Wilkerson; Lewis S. Long; Jason H. Richardson; Terry A. Klein; Heung-Chul Kim; Won-Ja Lee. 2013. "Plasmodium-Specific Molecular Assays Produce Uninterpretable Results and Non-Plasmodium spp. Sequences in Field-Collected Anopheles Vectors." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 6: 1117-1121.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2013 in The Korean Journal of Parasitology
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This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.

ACS Style

Sung Tae Chong; Heung Chul Kim; In-Yong Lee; Thomas M. Kollars; Alfredo R. Sancho; William J. Sames; Joon-Seok Chae; Terry A. Klein. Seasonal Distribution of Ticks in Four Habitats near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2013, 51, 319 -325.

AMA Style

Sung Tae Chong, Heung Chul Kim, In-Yong Lee, Thomas M. Kollars, Alfredo R. Sancho, William J. Sames, Joon-Seok Chae, Terry A. Klein. Seasonal Distribution of Ticks in Four Habitats near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2013; 51 (3):319-325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung Tae Chong; Heung Chul Kim; In-Yong Lee; Thomas M. Kollars; Alfredo R. Sancho; William J. Sames; Joon-Seok Chae; Terry A. Klein. 2013. "Seasonal Distribution of Ticks in Four Habitats near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea." The Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, no. 3: 319-325.