Epithelioid sarcoma is a mesenchymal soft tissue sarcoma often arising in the extremities, usually in young adults with a pick of incidence at 35 years of age. Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is characterized by the loss of SMARCB1/INI1 (integrase interactor 1) or other proteins of the SWI/SNF complex. Two distinct types, proximal and distal, with varying biology and treatment outcomes, are distinguished. ES is known for aggressive behavior, including a high recurrence rate and regional lymph node metastases. An optimal long-term management strategy is still to be defined. The best treatment of localized ES is wide surgical resection. Neo-adjuvant or adjuvant radiotherapy may be recommended, as it reduces the local recurrence rate. Sentinel lymph node biopsy should be considered in ES patients. Patients with metastatic ES have a poor prognosis with an expected median overall survival of about a year. Doxorubicin-based regimens are recommended for advanced ES. Tazemetostat, an EZH2 methyltransferase, has shown promising results in ES patients. Novel therapies, including immunotherapy, are still needed.

Background: Due to the rarity of osteosarcoma and limited indications for radiotherapy (RT), data on RT for this tumor are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the utilization of RT for osteosarcomas in the recent 20 years and to identify factors related to patients’ response to radiation. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients irradiated for osteosarcoma treatment. We planned to assess differences in the utilization of RT between the periods of 2000–2010 and 2011–2020, identify the risk factors associated with local progression (LP), determine whether RT-related parameters are associated with LP, and calculate patients’ survival. Results: A total of 126 patients with osteosarcoma who received 181 RT treatments were identified. We found a difference in RT techniques between RT performed in the years 2000–2010 and that performed in the years 2011–2020. LP was observed after 37 (20.4%) RT treatments. Intent of RT, distant metastases, and concomitant systemic treatment affected the risk of LP. Five-year overall survival was 33% (95% confidence interval (26%–43%)). Conclusions: RT for osteosarcoma treatment has evolved from simple two-dimensional palliative irradiation into more conformal RT applied for new indications including oligometastatic and oligoprogressive disease. RT may be a valuable treatment modality for selected patients with osteosarcoma.

The second tumour (ST) occurrence is a relatively uncommon late complication of radiotherapy but represents one of the most significant issues, especially in childhood oncology. We describe our experience with patients who developed second brain neoplasm following cranial irradiation in childhood. We identified nine patients who received radiotherapy owing to central nervous system tumour in childhood and subsequently developed the second brain tumour. The full clinical and radiological documentation and histopathological reports were reviewed. Risk factors such as age at irradiation, latency period to ST diagnosis, radiotherapy doses and volumes and other therapy methods were evaluated. We correlated the ST location with the three levels of irradiation dose (high, >40 Gy; medium, 25-40 Gy; and low 25 Gy), only two low-grade gliomas appeared in the low-dose region. Our data suggest that the STs usually develop in the brain tissues that received doses >25 Gy in patients irradiated at a young age. The low-dose volume seems not to be so significant for second brain neoplasm induction. Therefore, the modern intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique could be safely applied in paediatric patients.