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In this study, we aimed to molecularly characterize 14 whole genome sequences of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) isolated from samples obtained from white chick syndrome (WCS) outbreaks in Western Canada during the period of 2014–2019. Genome sequence comparisons showed all these sequences correspond to the novel Biv group from which no confirmed representatives were published in GenBank. Molecular recombination analyses using recombination detection software (i.e., RDP5 and SimPlot) and phylogenetic analyses suggest multiple past recombination events in open reading frame (ORF)1a, ORF1b, and ORF2. Our findings suggest that recombination events and the accumulation of point mutations may have contributed to the substantial genetic variation observed in CAstV and evidenced by the current seven antigenic sub-clusters hitherto described. This is the first paper that describes recombination events in CAstV following analysis of complete CAstV sequences originated in Canada.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses 2020, 12, 1096 .
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank Van Der Meer, Emily Martin, Marina Brash, Chantale Provost, Carl A. Gagnon, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses. 2020; 12 (10):1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada." Viruses 12, no. 10: 1096.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes an acute upper respiratory disease in chickens called infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Live attenuated vaccines are effective in disease control; however, they have residual virulence, which makes them able to replicate, cause disease and revert to the original virulent form. Information is scarce on the molecular nature of ILTV that is linked to ILT in Canada. This study aims to determine whether isolates originating from ILT cases in Western Canada are a wild type or vaccine origin. Samples submitted for the diagnosis of ILT between 2009–2018 were obtained from Alberta (AB, n = 46) and British Columbia (BC, n = 9). For genotyping, a Sanger sequencing of open reading frame (ORF) a and b was used. A total of 27 from AB, and 5 from BC samples yielded a fragment of 1751 base pairs (bp). Three of the BC samples classified as group IV (CEO vaccine strains) and 2 as group V (CEO revertant). Of the AB samples, 22 samples clustered with group V, 3 with group VI (wild type), and 2 with group VII, VIII, and IX (wild type). Overall, 17 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Further studies are underway to ascertain the virulence and transmission potential of these isolates.
Catalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals 2020, 10, 1634 .
AMA StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis, Ana Perez Contreras, Victor A. Palomino-Tapia, Tommy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl A. Gagnon, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b." Animals 10, no. 9: 1634.
Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) is an immunosuppressive adenovirus that causes an acute clinical disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 4-week-old turkeys and older. Recurrent incidence of secondary infections (e.g., systemic bacterial infections, cellulitis, and elevated mortality), may be associated with the presence of field-type HEV in Canadian turkey farms. We speculate that field-type HEV and vaccine/vaccine-like strains can be differentiated through analysis of the viral genomes, hexon genes, and the specific virulence factors (e.g., ORF1, E3, and fib knob domain). Nine out of sixteen spleens obtained from cases suspected of immunosuppression by HEV were analyzed. The limited data obtained showed that: (1) field-type HEV circulates in many non-vaccinated western Canadian flocks; (2) field-type HEV circulates in vaccinated flocks with increased recurrent bacterial infections; and (3) the existence of novel point mutations in hexon, ORF1, E3, and specially fib knob domains. This is the first publication showing the circulation of wild-type HEV in HEV-vaccinated flocks in Western Canada, and the usefulness of a novel procedure that allows whole genome sequencing of HEV directly from spleens, without passaging in cell culture or passaging in vivo. Further studies focusing more samples are required to confirm our observations and investigate possible vaccination failure.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018. Viruses 2020, 12, 941 .
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):941.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018." Viruses 12, no. 9: 941.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of chickens controlled through vaccination with live-modified attenuated vaccines, the chicken embryo origin (CEO) and the tissue-culture origin (TCO). Recently, novel recombinant vaccines have been developed using herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) and fowl pox virus (FPV) as vectors to express ILTV immunogens for protection against ILT. The objective of this study was to assess the protection efficacy against ILT induced by recombinants; live-modified attenuated; and inactivated virus vaccines when administered alone or in combination. Commercial layer pullets were vaccinated with one or more vaccines and challenged at 35 (35WCH) or 74 weeks of age (74WCH). Protection was assessed by scoring clinical signs; and by determining the challenge viral load in the trachea at five days post-challenge. The FPV-LT vaccinated birds were not protected when challenged at 35WCH; the HVT-LT and TCO vaccines in combination provided protection similar to that observed in chickens vaccinated with either HVT-LT or TCO vaccines when challenged at 35WCH, whereas protection induced by vaccination with HVT-LT followed by TCO was superior at 74WCH than at 35WCH. Birds given the inactivated ILT vaccine had fewer clinical signs and/or viral replication at 74WCH when combined with TCO or HVT-LT, but not when given alone. Finally, the CEO-vaccinated birds had top protection as indicated by reduction of clinical signs and viral replication when challenged at 35WCH (74WCH not done). These results suggest that certain vaccine combinations may be successful to produce long-term protection up to 74 weeks of age against ILT.
Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Guillermo Zavala; Sunny Cheng; Maricarmen García. Long-term protection against a virulent field isolate of infectious laryngotracheitis virus induced by inactivated, recombinant, and modified live virus vaccines in commercial layers. Avian Pathology 2019, 48, 209 -220.
AMA StyleVictor A. Palomino-Tapia, Guillermo Zavala, Sunny Cheng, Maricarmen García. Long-term protection against a virulent field isolate of infectious laryngotracheitis virus induced by inactivated, recombinant, and modified live virus vaccines in commercial layers. Avian Pathology. 2019; 48 (3):209-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor A. Palomino-Tapia; Guillermo Zavala; Sunny Cheng; Maricarmen García. 2019. "Long-term protection against a virulent field isolate of infectious laryngotracheitis virus induced by inactivated, recombinant, and modified live virus vaccines in commercial layers." Avian Pathology 48, no. 3: 209-220.