Congenital defects of the lens are rare in the cat. In this report, two unrelated Siamese kittens, a four-month-old male and a six-month-old female, with microphakia are presented. Abnormally small lenses were associated with elongation and rupture of the ciliary processes, leading to lens subluxations and subsequent anterior luxations. To the authors' knowledge, this condition has been reported only once previously.

Based on computed tomography (CT) images, volume rendering was used to obtain a three-dimensional representation of data (3DVR). The aims of this study included: describing the bone anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of dogs; comparing the TMJs of each dog by skull type and age; comparing 3DVR images with three-standard-plane CTs; assessing soft tissues adjacent to the TMJ and assessing pathological cases. Multidetector computed tomography scans of bilateral TMJs of 410 dogs were observed. From a ventral view, slight displacements in the positions of the skulls were seen, whereas from a caudal view, differences in amplitude of the articular space were observed. Dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs showed more similar TMJ features than brachycephalic dogs. The shape of the TMJ bones were irregular in dogs under 1 year old. The 3DVR images related to the three-standard-plane CT improved the overall comprehension of the changes in the articular space amplitude and condylar process morphology. The fovea pterygoidea, mandibular fossa and retroarticular process were perfectly shown. A better spatial situation of adjacent soft tissues was obtained. The 3DVR represents an ancillary method to the standard-plane CT that could help in the understanding of the anatomy and diagnoses of different pathologies of the TMJ in dogs.

To gain insight into the radiographic appearance of maxillary deciduous incisors and dental germs of maxillary permanent incisors in the period prior to teeth shedding, radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of 25 horse skulls, with an estimated age of between 12 and 42 months, were studied. Data regarding morphology and development were obtained. Dental germs of first maxillary permanent incisors were identified radiographically as rounded radiolucent areas at the level of the apical parts of the first deciduous incisors, in skulls with an estimated age of twelve months. The first sign of crown mineralization of these dental germs appeared in skulls supposedly a few months older. Before teeth shedding, the unerupted, mineralized crowns of the first permanent incisor could be identified radiographically relatively caudal to the corresponding first deciduous incisors. The results of the present study indicate that radiographic intraoral images are suitable to identify the grade of development of the dental germs of maxillary permanent incisors. A detailed description of the radiographic appearance of deciduous incisors and dental germs of permanent incisors will help clinicians to expand their knowledge for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

The adoption of horse riding profoundly reshaped mobility, exchange, and socio-economic organization, yet identifying early ridden horses in Iberian archaeological contexts remains challenging due to the poor preservation of tack and other perishable equipment. Here we present an exceptional equine cranial specimen from the Late Bronze Age site of Castillo Reyes (Pinto, Madrid, central Iberia), assigned to the Cogotas I horizon and directly dated by radiocarbon. The rostral skull fragment displays a well-developed groove on the dorsal margin and medial surface of the nasal process of the incisive bone. This feature is consistent with mechanically induced bone remodelling linked to prolonged pressure and friction in the nasal region, as documented in modern ridden horses and interpreted as a marker associated with early bridle/noseband control. The specimen was analysed using radiography, multidetector computed tomography, and 3D volume rendering to quantify groove position (relative to the nasoincisive notch and incisival length) and maximum depth. In addition, sequential stable isotope analyses of adult horse tooth enamel were conducted at millimetre-scale resolution, yielding 179 paired measurements of enamel carbonate δ13C and δ18O. Enamel δ13C values indicate a diet dominated by C3 plant resources, whereas enamel δ18O exhibits wide intra- and inter-individual variability. Several horses show isotopically homogeneous profiles consistent with local residency, while others present structured intradental shifts incompatible with sustained formation under a single local water signature, supporting individual mobility across climatically distinct regions. Taken together, osteological and isotopic evidence indicates the presence of domesticated, ridden horses and mixed local/non-local individuals at Castillo Reyes during the Late Bronze Age, highlighting the value of integrating cranial activity markers and sequential enamel isotopes to reconstruct early horse management, movement, and exchange in Iberia.