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Dr. Wei Wu
Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China

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0 nitrogen management
0 Water Use Efficiency
0 cropping systems
0 crop management
0 Tropical crops

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Agricultural Water Management
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Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions significantly reduce nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) and adversely affect environmental quality. There is thus much interest in mitigating NH3 emissions through appropriate N fertilizer and water management in winter wheat. A two–year field study –was conducted to quantify the recovery of 15N–labelled N fertilizer and to investigate the NH3 flux, grain yield, yield–scaled NH3 emissions, NUEs and water use efficiency (WUE) among different N application rates (0, 120, 240, and 360 kg N ha–1, abbreviated as N0, N120, N240 and N360, respectively) under rain–fed and supplemental irrigation condition. The peak daily NH3 emissions reached 2–8 DAS after basal N fertilizer application, and the fluxes decreased to relatively low levels thereafter. Most NH3 volatilization (> 90%) occurred within one month after sowing. The maximum accumulative NH3 emission was 66 kg N ha–1 in N360, which was increased by 104%, 2–fold and 12–fold compared with N240, N120 and N0, respectively, averaged across water regimes and experimental years. The NH3 emission factor (%) of N360 was significantly increased by 43% and 77% compared with the other two N application rates (N120 and N240) under rain–fed and supplemental irrigation regimes, respectively. Water regimes did not have a significant effect on NH3 fluxes or NH3 emission factors (%). Grain yield, WUE and yield–scaled NH3 emissions generally increased with increasing N application rate, and the highest values were achieved under N120 or N240 regardless of the water regimes. All NUE traits were reduced, and the 15N residue in the soil profiles increased with increasing N application rates under both water regimes. The results suggested that high NH3 emissions were the major reason for inferior NUE, which was further confirmed by the 15N stable isotope. Overall, the medium N rate (120–240 kg N ha–1) is the optimal rate for achieving a high yield of 8 t ha–1, as further increases in N rates fail to produce significantly higher yield, and even increase NH3 emissions, lead to the deterioration of WUE and NUE, and cause serious environmental costs.

ACS Style

Xuejie Wan; Wei Wu; Yuncheng Liao. Mitigating ammonia volatilization and increasing nitrogen use efficiency through appropriate nitrogen management under supplemental irrigation and rain–fed condition in winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 255, 107050 .

AMA Style

Xuejie Wan, Wei Wu, Yuncheng Liao. Mitigating ammonia volatilization and increasing nitrogen use efficiency through appropriate nitrogen management under supplemental irrigation and rain–fed condition in winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 255 ():107050.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuejie Wan; Wei Wu; Yuncheng Liao. 2021. "Mitigating ammonia volatilization and increasing nitrogen use efficiency through appropriate nitrogen management under supplemental irrigation and rain–fed condition in winter wheat." Agricultural Water Management 255, no. : 107050.

Heat stress
Published: 18 May 2021 in Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
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There has been little research on crop lodging and yield determination in response to varying degrees of heat stress in canola. This research aimed to examine root morphology, pod fertility, seed yield and crop lodging of two canola genotypes subjected to normal temperature (23/17°C, light/dark, as CK), and three elevated temperature regimes imposed at flowering for a short term (10 days), namely CK+2 (25.0/22.0°C, light/dark), CK+4 (27.0/24.0°C) and CK+6 (29.0/26.0°C), in a controlled growth facility. Elevated temperature treatment, CK+4 and CK+6, displayed a significant adverse effect on seed yield and stem lodging. Compared to the CK, a significant yield loss of 35.6% and 48.7% in CK+4 and CK+6, respectively, was mainly due to poor pod fertility. This was evident from the smaller number of total filled pods (−21% in the CK+4 and −25% in the CK+6), low success ratio of pod developed (−25%, CK+4 and −29%, CK+6) and poor pollen viability (−36%, CK+4 and −50%, CK+6), averaged across both genotypes. Lateral root development was sensitive to the elevated temperature treatment, showing significant reductions in the lateral root morphology (8.0%–28.5%), while the taproot was relatively tolerant to the elevated temperature stress. A strong relationship between root electrical capacitance and lateral root morphology (R2 > .74**) indicates that electrical measurements could be used as a non‐destructive method for evaluating root parameters under elevated temperatures. Higher risk of stem lodging (21.4% lower stem safety factor) compared to the CK was evident under severe elevated temperature stress, as ascribed from the reduced stem bending strength that was caused by the deteriorating stem mechanical properties such as decreased flexural rigidity and weakened vascular bundle size (i.e. stunted fibre cell, and thinned size of fibre wall, deteriorated secondary xylem and smaller secondary phloem). These results were further verified by the principal component analysis and structural equation model. The root lodging risk was not influenced by the elevated temperature regime, primarily due to the unaffected anchorage strength and height of the centre of gravity. This information will be useful in improving lodging resistance and alleviating the related impact of heat stress in canola.

ACS Style

Wei Wu; Robert W. Duncan; Bao‐Luo Ma. Crop lodging, pod fertility and yield formation in canola under varying degrees of short‐term heat stress during flowering. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Robert W. Duncan, Bao‐Luo Ma. Crop lodging, pod fertility and yield formation in canola under varying degrees of short‐term heat stress during flowering. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Robert W. Duncan; Bao‐Luo Ma. 2021. "Crop lodging, pod fertility and yield formation in canola under varying degrees of short‐term heat stress during flowering." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential for achieving high yield in winter wheat. However, the over–use of N fertilizer not only significantly reduces N use efficiencies (NUEs) but also leads to serious environmental concerns. An efficient N fertilizer management is thus urgently required for mitigating NH3 volatilization and increasing grain yield and NUEs of wheat. A 3–year field study using 15N stable isotopes was conducted to evaluate the fate of 15N–labelled fertilizer and to investigate the NH3 flux, grain yield, yield–scaled NH3 emissions and NUEs of various N application rates under two different application techniques comprising split–N method (basal N plus top–dressed N application) and pre–plant–only (without top–dressed N). Daily NH3 fluxes peaked within one week after basal N fertilizer application. Total NH3 volatilization, NH3 emission factor (EF) and yield–scaled NH3 emission were enhanced significantly with an increase in N application rates. Pre–plant–only N method greatly increased total NH3 volatilization, NH3 EF and yield–scaled NH3 emission by 43%, 58% and 63%, respectively, compared with split–N method when averaged across N application rates and years. The residual 15N in soil and the unaccounted 15N losses were greater under pre–plant–only N method and under high N application rate compared with split–N method and under low N application rate, respectively. Higher values of unaccounted 15N loss (nearly 50% of the total N applied) and residual 15N (27% of the total N applied) were the major contributors to lower NUEs, that could be predominantly attributed to the higher NH3 emission under elevated N application rate and pre–plant–only N method. Considering the overall environmental impact and yield performance, 120 kg N ha–1 in combination with split–N method could be recommended for improving the overall economic return and mitigating environmental pollution to ensure cleaner production of winter wheat.

ACS Style

Xuejie Wan; Wei Wu; Farooq Shah. Nitrogen fertilizer management for mitigating ammonia emission and increasing nitrogen use efficiencies by 15N stable isotopes in winter wheat. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 790, 147587 .

AMA Style

Xuejie Wan, Wei Wu, Farooq Shah. Nitrogen fertilizer management for mitigating ammonia emission and increasing nitrogen use efficiencies by 15N stable isotopes in winter wheat. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 790 ():147587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuejie Wan; Wei Wu; Farooq Shah. 2021. "Nitrogen fertilizer management for mitigating ammonia emission and increasing nitrogen use efficiencies by 15N stable isotopes in winter wheat." Science of The Total Environment 790, no. : 147587.

Heat stress
Published: 05 December 2020 in Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
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With the expected increase of abiotic stress under global climate change, significant research has been devoted to how abiotic stress will affect crop production. To date, there has been little research on the stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to crop lodging and yield determination in canola. This research was conducted in a controlled growth facility and aimed to examine root morphology, pod fertility, seed yield and crop lodging of two contrasting canola genotypes subjected to a short‐term heat stress (27.0/24.3°C, light/dark), imposed respectively at three growth stages, rosette vegetative stage (RVHT), early flowering stage (EFHT) and late flowering stage (LFHT), in comparison with non‐stressed control (CK) (23/17°C). The results demonstrate that heat stress imposed at RVHT and LFHT was less detrimental to seed yield and lodging resistance. However, EFHT showed significant adverse effects on both, which was further confirmed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). Compared with the CK, EFHT resulted in a yield loss of 43%, which was mainly due to poor pod fertility, less number of filled pods (−28%), decreased pollen viability (−38%) and a lower success ratio of filled pods (−29%). The taproot was found to be relatively tolerant to heat stress, but lateral roots were sensitive to heat stress at EFHT and LFHT. Root capacitance could be used as a non‐destructive method for evaluating lateral root morphology. Compared with the CK, EFHT displayed a high risk of stem lodging, as indicated by a 27% lower safety factor. This was mainly attributed to the reduced stem bending strength that was caused by the deterioration of stem mechanical properties under EFHT, as illustrated by SEM. Root lodging resistance was not altered by any stages of short‐term heat stress, as the taproot remained stable.

ACS Style

Wei Wu; Robert W. Duncan; Bao–Luo Ma. The stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to lodging‐resistant traits and yield determination in canola ( Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2020, 207, 74 -87.

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Robert W. Duncan, Bao–Luo Ma. The stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to lodging‐resistant traits and yield determination in canola ( Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2020; 207 (1):74-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Robert W. Duncan; Bao–Luo Ma. 2020. "The stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to lodging‐resistant traits and yield determination in canola ( Brassica napus L.)." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 207, no. 1: 74-87.

Book chapter
Published: 27 July 2020 in Advances in Agronomy
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The excessive use of plastic in modern agriculture is threatening the overall sustainability of our ecosystem due to persistency of residual plastic residues in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. As a result, key components of crop production (including crops, soil and water) and even human beings are all extremely vulnerable to this menace of plastic pollution. To which massive use of plastic film as mulch is among the leading contributors. Lack of viable alternatives for conventional polyethylene (PE) film which is the predominant type currently used as mulch; has made the scenario even worst. Biodegradable mulch (BDM) films have the potential to ameliorate the problem of residue accumulation of PE plastic film in soil. But non-affordable price and lower reliability of consumers coupled with lack of aesthetic value in the field are some of the main hindrances, hampering wider acceptability of BDMs. Moreover, still little is known about the key mechanisms involved in biodegradation, active plastic degrading organisms, and actual fate of resultant micro-particles in the soil. Identifying efficient microorganisms that could immediately biodegrade plastic film mulch (PFM) after use can be paramount in developing BDM films and bioremediation of pollution problem. Recycling of the synthetic PE films also can play a vital role and offers solution to ameliorate several related hazards, but heavy investment is needed to obtain the desired results. The non-acceptability of the used PFM due to attached dirt and chemicals is another concern for limited recycling. Various options that could possibly unravel the underlying mechanism of biodegradation and help in developing cost effective BDMs as complete replacement for the extensive use of PE film in current production systems are presented in this chapter. All mitigation measures emphasize that concerted efforts from all components of society are imperative to effectively confront the perils of plastic pollution.

ACS Style

Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. Use of plastic mulch in agriculture and strategies to mitigate the associated environmental concerns. Advances in Agronomy 2020, 231 -287.

AMA Style

Farooq Shah, Wei Wu. Use of plastic mulch in agriculture and strategies to mitigate the associated environmental concerns. Advances in Agronomy. 2020; ():231-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. 2020. "Use of plastic mulch in agriculture and strategies to mitigate the associated environmental concerns." Advances in Agronomy , no. : 231-287.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Timely sowing is an important agronomic practice that ensures normal seed germination, stable seedling establishment and final yield formation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, delays in sowing frequently occur due to uncontrollable limitations, especially under multi–cropping. Increased seeding rate is recommended to minimize the negative impacts associated with delayed sowing, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. A 4–year field study was conducted under winter wheat–maize (Zea mays L.) double–cropping system to determine the grain yield penalty and grain quality deterioration due to delayed sowing of winter wheat and to evaluate the potential compensatory role of increased seeding rate. The results showed that grain yield declined by 1% for each day that sowing date was delayed. Such yield penalty could be mainly explained in terms of suppression of crop growth, yield components, leaf area index (LAI) and biomass production. The reduction in yield–determining attributes was mainly caused by some key environmental limitations, i.e., adverse weather factors such as low temperature during crop vegetative growth, shortened duration of various phases of crop development, and elevated temperature during the grain–filling period. Grain protein and starch content were both increased and milled flour (%) was reduced significantly with delayed sowing. Increased seeding rate completely mitigated the yield loss for a one–week delay in sowing and partially compensated for the two–week delay in sowing. For delays in sowing of more than two weeks, increased seeding rate failed to compensate for the yield penalty. Such failure can be explained by the lack in efficiency of increased plant population under higher seeding rate to compensate for reduced biomass production, LAI and grain number under delayed sowing. Other more effective mitigatory options such as varietal selection and development that could sustain high yield even under delayed sowing should be considered for extended delays of winter wheat.

ACS Style

Farooq Shah; Jeffrey A. Coulter; Cheng Ye; Wei Wu. Yield penalty due to delayed sowing of winter wheat and the mitigatory role of increased seeding rate. European Journal of Agronomy 2020, 119, 126120 .

AMA Style

Farooq Shah, Jeffrey A. Coulter, Cheng Ye, Wei Wu. Yield penalty due to delayed sowing of winter wheat and the mitigatory role of increased seeding rate. European Journal of Agronomy. 2020; 119 ():126120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farooq Shah; Jeffrey A. Coulter; Cheng Ye; Wei Wu. 2020. "Yield penalty due to delayed sowing of winter wheat and the mitigatory role of increased seeding rate." European Journal of Agronomy 119, no. : 126120.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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As the demand for cereals increases with the growth of the global population, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield needs to be improved, and the environmental impacts of wheat production need to be lessened. Plastic film mulching (PFM) is becoming recognized as a strategy that guarantees the sustainability of water resources and food production. To date, insufficient attention has been paid to examining the carbon (C) footprint of the PFM practice. A six–year field experiment was conducted to identify the effects of PFM with supplementary irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on grain yield, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the C footprint of winter wheat production. In comparison with conventional flat planting without mulch (CFP), the PFM strategy increased grain yield by 31.7% (P < 0.001) and water use efficiency (WUE) by 30.7%, mainly due to the improved soil hydrothermal conditions. Supplementary irrigation (I) under PFM (PFM+I) further enhanced grain yield (by 26.6%) but reduced WUE (by 37.3%) compared to PFM. PFM+I decreased the C footprint by 21.2% at the higher N application rate but increased the C footprint (27.2%) at the lower N application rate compared with CFP. The findings suggest that additional irrigation and higher N application rates should be avoided under CFP because of the resultant lower grain yield and increased environmental impacts. Conversely, under PFM, an increased N rate (higher than 75 kg ha−1) and irrigation (if drought occurs) are recommended due to the higher grain yield and decreased C footprint. Nitrogen fertilizer application was the largest source of GHG emissions (56.5%), and increasing the N rate increased the C footprint of the cropping systems (P < 0.001). This suggests that an optimal N application rate could substantially mitigate GHG emissions and reduce the C footprint. Taken together, the combination of PFM with an appropriate N rate and irrigation regime in winter wheat is an effective management practice when considering both agronomic and environmental benefits. However, environmental concerns about “white pollution” should also be considered to ensure cleaner agricultural production when implementing PFM.

ACS Style

Li Xiong; Chang Liang; Baoluo Ma; Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. Carbon footprint and yield performance assessment under plastic film mulching for winter wheat production. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 270, 122468 .

AMA Style

Li Xiong, Chang Liang, Baoluo Ma, Farooq Shah, Wei Wu. Carbon footprint and yield performance assessment under plastic film mulching for winter wheat production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 270 ():122468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Xiong; Chang Liang; Baoluo Ma; Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. 2020. "Carbon footprint and yield performance assessment under plastic film mulching for winter wheat production." Journal of Cleaner Production 270, no. : 122468.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important edible oilseed crop that is frequently exposed to drought stress due to lack and unpredictability of precipitation. Sprinkler irrigation (SI) is a promising approach for improving yield under limited availability of water, but is often associated with increased risk of root lodging. The irrigation water can soften the upper soil layer and increase the torque of the aboveground portion of the crop. This study aims to evaluate the effect of SI and nitrogen (N) application rate on grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and root lodging resistance of sunflower. The risk of root lodging was evaluated by a “safety factor” (SF) indicator. The results showed that soil water content (%) was 13.4 and 19.1% higher under SI in comparison with rainfed (RF) conditions in 2018 and 2019 respectively, when averaged across the whole measured period. Sprinkler irrigation exhibited 12% higher mean grain yield than RF conditions across both years (P < 0.05), although WUE was not influenced. The yield advantage under SI was supported by strong relationships of grain yield with harvest index, aboveground biomass and yield components. A positive yield response to increasing N rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha–1 was evidenced, beyond which no response was observed. Root lodging resistance in terms of SF increased with higher N application rate due to decrease in anchorage strength. Root lodging resistance between SI and RF treatments was not significantly different due to the trade-off between anchorage strength and self-weight moment, although irrigation water under SI weakened the soil shear strength and reduced the anchorage strength estimated by a theoretical model. Taken together, SI in combination with an N rate of 180 kg ha–1 could be recommended to mitigate drought stress and improve grain yield and root lodging resistance of sunflower.

ACS Style

Bing Jing; Farooq Shah; Enshi Xiao; Jeffrey A. Coulter; Wei Wu. Sprinkler irrigation increases grain yield of sunflower without enhancing the risk of root lodging in a dry semi-humid region. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 239, 106270 .

AMA Style

Bing Jing, Farooq Shah, Enshi Xiao, Jeffrey A. Coulter, Wei Wu. Sprinkler irrigation increases grain yield of sunflower without enhancing the risk of root lodging in a dry semi-humid region. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 239 ():106270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bing Jing; Farooq Shah; Enshi Xiao; Jeffrey A. Coulter; Wei Wu. 2020. "Sprinkler irrigation increases grain yield of sunflower without enhancing the risk of root lodging in a dry semi-humid region." Agricultural Water Management 239, no. : 106270.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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Increasing temperature due to global climate change is detrimental to both the growth and development of canola (Brassica napus L.) that ultimately leads to a disastrous reduction in productivity. Understanding how these increasing temperatures will impact canola growth in terms of root traits, seed yield and lodging resistance is urgently required to maximize production in the coming decades. A set of eight B. napus genotypes was evaluated under controlled environments with two temperature treatments: 23/17 °C as the optimum (control) and 27.0/24.3 °C mean day/night temperatures as the heat stress. Root traits were assessed using both destructive and non–destructive methods, such as electrical capacitance (EC) and electrical impedance (EI). Simulated root and stem lodging tests were conducted to determine the risk of root lodging and stem lodging, respectively. High temperature stress significantly suppressed root morphological traits, and reduced pod fertility by an average of 28% and seed yield by 34%, along with a reduction in EC (10%) and an increased EI (17%). A significant relationship of EC with root traits (R2=0.53–0.59⁎⁎) and seed yield (R2=0.29*) was also observed. The high temperature treatment reduced the stem bending strength by 7% and stem safety factor by 11%, while did not show a consistent impact on root anchorage strength and root safety factor. The present study suggests that the risk of both yield reductions due to lower fertilization success ratio and crop lodging especially stem lodging increases under short periods of high temperature stress. Furthermore, EC could be applied as a non–destructive technique for evaluating root morphology and genotypic differences in tolerance of canola plants to heat stress.

ACS Style

Wei Wu; Farooq Shah; Robert W. Duncan; Bao Luo Ma. Grain yield, root growth habit and lodging of eight oilseed rape genotypes in response to a short period of heat stress during flowering. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2020, 287, 107954 .

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Farooq Shah, Robert W. Duncan, Bao Luo Ma. Grain yield, root growth habit and lodging of eight oilseed rape genotypes in response to a short period of heat stress during flowering. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 287 ():107954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Farooq Shah; Robert W. Duncan; Bao Luo Ma. 2020. "Grain yield, root growth habit and lodging of eight oilseed rape genotypes in response to a short period of heat stress during flowering." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 287, no. : 107954.

Article
Published: 10 January 2020 in Agronomy Journal
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Ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching (RFPFM) is widely used as a water‐saving strategy for the improvement of crop yield. However, lodging susceptibility under RFPFM practices has not yet been determined. A 2‐yr field study comprising of three cultivation strategies (rain‐fed flat planting [FP], RFPFM, and well‐water planting [WW]) and two N application rates (75 and 225 kg N ha–1) was conducted to assess the risk of lodging and the relationship between lodging resistance and grain yields of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Xinong979 as lodging resistant and Xiaoyan22 as lodging susceptible). The results showed that higher N application increased lodging index under FP and RFPFM, and the lodging index was 33% lower under RFPFM than under WW. In both years, there was a positive relationship between grain yield and lodging susceptibility (R2 = 0.62** and 0.57**) implying that promoting crop yield by using RFPFM strategy accelerates the risk of lodging. When compared with WW, RFPFM significantly reduced the lodging index, while sustaining a comparable grain yield. Overall, RFPFM could be highly recommended as a promising strategy for winter wheat producers in dry, semi‐humid regions. The close relationships of breaking resistance and lodging index with both mass density and stem wall thickness of basal internode suggest that selection for increased stem strength trait could lead to improved lodging resistance and higher yields in future programs for winter wheat cultivar improvement.

ACS Style

Changjiang Li; Changzhen Li; Baoluo Ma; Wei Wu. The role of ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching system on stem lodging resistance of winter wheat in a dry semi‐humid region. Agronomy Journal 2020, 112, 885 -898.

AMA Style

Changjiang Li, Changzhen Li, Baoluo Ma, Wei Wu. The role of ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching system on stem lodging resistance of winter wheat in a dry semi‐humid region. Agronomy Journal. 2020; 112 (2):885-898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Changjiang Li; Changzhen Li; Baoluo Ma; Wei Wu. 2020. "The role of ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching system on stem lodging resistance of winter wheat in a dry semi‐humid region." Agronomy Journal 112, no. 2: 885-898.

Miscellaneous
Published: 10 September 2019 in Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
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Stem lodging is a common problem in cereal crop production and a main constraint for grain yield improvement. The leaf sheath that surrounds and protects the hollow internodes of stem could provide the plants with a great physical support. However, this biomechanical function has been ignored for several decades in cereal crops. This study aimed to examine the biomechanical properties of basal stem internodes and lodging susceptibility of the whole plants with or without the clasping leaf sheath in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) among different genotypes and agronomic practices (including planting densities and nitrogen application rates). The main objective was to quantify the mechanical role of the leaf sheath in oat and wheat crops by a “safety factor” method. On average, the leaf sheath contributed 40%, 68% and 38% of the overall stem bending strength, flexural rigidity and safety factor, in oat, while it accounted for 11%, 24% and 10%, respectively, in wheat plants. The significant contribution of the leaf sheath is due to its vital role in enlarging the peripheral position (i.e., second moment of area) and stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus). The contribution ratios (%) were found to be higher in oat than in wheat plants, due to the greater mass density of leaf sheath and more proficient/prevailing stay‐green capability in oat genotypes. This study emphasizes the important mechanical role of clasping leaf sheath on stem internodes of cereals and indicates that the stay‐green trait of the leaf sheath can be exploited to design appropriate varieties with improved lodging resistance and great yield potential.

ACS Style

Wei Wu; Bao–Luo Ma. The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: Two case studies from oat and wheat plants. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2019, 206, 118 -129.

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Bao–Luo Ma. The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: Two case studies from oat and wheat plants. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2019; 206 (1):118-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Bao–Luo Ma. 2019. "The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: Two case studies from oat and wheat plants." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206, no. 1: 118-129.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Field Crops Research
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ACS Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma; Jin-Juan Fan; Min Sun; Yuan Yi; Wen-Shan Guo; Harvey D. Voldeng. Management of nitrogen fertilization to balance reducing lodging risk and increasing yield and protein content in spring wheat. Field Crops Research 2019, 241, 1 .

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Bao-Luo Ma, Jin-Juan Fan, Min Sun, Yuan Yi, Wen-Shan Guo, Harvey D. Voldeng. Management of nitrogen fertilization to balance reducing lodging risk and increasing yield and protein content in spring wheat. Field Crops Research. 2019; 241 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma; Jin-Juan Fan; Min Sun; Yuan Yi; Wen-Shan Guo; Harvey D. Voldeng. 2019. "Management of nitrogen fertilization to balance reducing lodging risk and increasing yield and protein content in spring wheat." Field Crops Research 241, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2019 in Agricultural Water Management
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Ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching (RFPFM), a rainwater harvesting system, is receiving increasing attention worldwide. However, its usefulness in semi–humid regions with irrigation capabilities remains unclear. In addition, the optimal ridge–to–furrow ratios and nitrogen (N) application rates are unknown. In this study, we investigated five different planting patterns (i.e., rain–fed flat planting [CK], RFPFM practices with three different ridge–to–furrow ratios [20:40, RFPFM20; 30:30, RFPFM30; and 40:20, RFPFM40], and RFPFM plus supplemental irrigation [RFPFM + SI]) under two N application rates (75 and 225 kg·ha–1) in winter wheat over two years. RFPFM practices led to increased soil temperature in the ridges at the seedling stage and the retention of more water in the furrows throughout the two growing seasons. The improved hydrothermal characteristics of RFPFM plots led to early and stable seedling establishment, resulting in higher grain yields, water use efficiency (WUE), and net revenues. Grain yields were higher with RFPFM20, RFPFM30, RFPFM40, and RFPFM + SI practices than with CK by 28.3%, 37.2%, 55.6%, and 100.4%, respectively, averaged for both N rates over the two years. Additionally, WUE was higher by 22.6%, 28.3%, 40.5%, and 9.3%, respectively. Increased ridge–to–furrow ratios affected micro–topography, as evidenced by improvements in hydrothermal features, grain yields, WUE, and net revenues. Overall, we recommend RFPFM40, the widest ridge, as a promising water–saving and economical practice for winter wheat production in dry semi–humid areas. Supplemental irrigation could be considered in RFPFM practices to alleviate drought stress in dry years (<150 mm precipitation) to increase grain yields, WUE, and net economic benefits. Technological advancements, such as innovative mechanization to reduce extensive labor costs, are required to boost the adoption of RFPFM practices, fully exploit its economic and social benefits, and prioritize environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Weiwei Li; Li Xiong; Changjiang Wang; Yuncheng Liao; Wei Wu. Optimized ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching system to use precipitation efficiently for winter wheat production in dry semi–humid areas. Agricultural Water Management 2019, 218, 211 -221.

AMA Style

Weiwei Li, Li Xiong, Changjiang Wang, Yuncheng Liao, Wei Wu. Optimized ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching system to use precipitation efficiently for winter wheat production in dry semi–humid areas. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 218 ():211-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiwei Li; Li Xiong; Changjiang Wang; Yuncheng Liao; Wei Wu. 2019. "Optimized ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching system to use precipitation efficiently for winter wheat production in dry semi–humid areas." Agricultural Water Management 218, no. : 211-221.

Review
Published: 11 March 2019 in Sustainability
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The rising population and reduction in the amount of land and some other resources have created tremendous pressure on current agricultural producers to meet the increasing food demands. To cope with this challenge, certain key inputs, such as fertilizers and other chemicals, are overused, which are worsening the surroundings. This intensive agricultural production without adherence to ecological sustainability has led to declining soil health, land degradation, and severe environmental problems. So, future efforts to feed the growing population should aim for greater agricultural production within sustainable environments. In this regard, innovative steps are needed, as business-as-usual policies lack the potential to cope with these challenges. The concept of agricultural sustainability and various soil and crop management strategies (SCMS) that have been designed to optimize crop yield under sustainable environmental conditions are discussed, including nutrient management, site specific nutrient management (SSNM), integrated nutrient management (INM), integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), integrated soil-crop system management (ISSM), ridge-furrow mulching systems (RFMS), sustainable water management (SWM), conservation agriculture (CA), sustainable land management (SLM), vertical/sky farming, and integrated crop management, and breeding strategies as well as other approaches combined with technological and behavioural changes. The present review suggests that a sustainable production system can be developed by combining the multifaceted efforts under SCMS practices with short- and long-term preventive measures. Reducing chemicals’ usage, such as that of fertilizers and pesticides, plus improvements in the crop input use efficiency could minimize greenhouse gases emissions while protecting the environment. Sustainable agriculture holds promise for humankind and the planet Earth, and it can be successful if all developed and developing nations stand together to seek ‘our common future’ to produce more food while generating less environmental pressure.

ACS Style

Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1485 .

AMA Style

Farooq Shah, Wei Wu. Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (5):1485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farooq Shah; Wei Wu. 2019. "Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments." Sustainability 11, no. 5: 1485.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2019 in Agronomy
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: Understanding the interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) nutrition is of great economic importance to improve plant growth and grain yield for oat plants. The objective of this study was to investigate whether N application could alleviate the negative effect of salinity (NaCl) stress on oat physiological parameters and yield performance. Two oat genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance response (6-SA120097, a salt-tolerant genotype SA and 153-ND121147, salt-sensitive ND) were grown under four N rates (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg N pot−1) in non-saline and saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions. The results showed that salinity, N fertilization and their interaction significantly affected the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (aNUE), physiological nitrogen efficiency (pNUE) and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR), seed number, and grain yield. Saline stress reduced gas exchange rate, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), grain yield, and yield components. N fertilization increased photosynthetic productivity and chlorophyll fluorescence, resulting in improved grain yields and yield components for both genotypes. On average, the photosynthetic rate was increased by 38.7%, 74.1%, and 98.8% for SA and by 49.8%, 77.6%, and 110% for ND, respectively, under the N rates of 100, 200, and 400 mg N pot−1, as compared with non-fertilized treatment. In addition, grain yield was increased by 80.6% for genotype SA and 88.7% for genotype ND under higher N application rate (200 mg N pot−1) in comparison with the non-nitrogen treatment. Our experimental results showed that an increase of N supply can alleviate the negative effects induced by salinity stress and improved plant growth and yield by maintaining the integrity of the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence processes of oat plants, which provides a valuable agronomic strategy for improving oat production in salt-affected soils.

ACS Style

Xudong Song; Guisheng Zhou; Bao-Luo Ma; Wei Wu; Irshad Ahmad; Guanglong Zhu; Weikai Yan; Xiurong Jiao. Nitrogen Application Improved Photosynthetic Productivity, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Yield and Yield Components of Two Oat Genotypes under Saline Conditions. Agronomy 2019, 9, 115 .

AMA Style

Xudong Song, Guisheng Zhou, Bao-Luo Ma, Wei Wu, Irshad Ahmad, Guanglong Zhu, Weikai Yan, Xiurong Jiao. Nitrogen Application Improved Photosynthetic Productivity, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Yield and Yield Components of Two Oat Genotypes under Saline Conditions. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (3):115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xudong Song; Guisheng Zhou; Bao-Luo Ma; Wei Wu; Irshad Ahmad; Guanglong Zhu; Weikai Yan; Xiurong Jiao. 2019. "Nitrogen Application Improved Photosynthetic Productivity, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Yield and Yield Components of Two Oat Genotypes under Saline Conditions." Agronomy 9, no. 3: 115.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Developing an appropriate strategy to increase oat yield potential to meet the increasing market demand and overall returns is urgently needed. Crop lodging is the main constraint for improving oat yields. The objectives of this study were aimed to evaluate the effect of leaf posture on crop lodging resistance and lodging related traits, yield performance and their responses to plant populations. Four genotypes with similar yield potential, but differing substantially in leaf architecture, i.e., erect–leaf (E) vs. prostrate–leaf type (P), were tested under three plant population conditions. The results showed that with increasing plant densities from 200 to 600 plants m–2, resistance to stem lodging, resistance to root lodging, and grain yield were decreased, respectively by 21.9%, 14.9% and 6.8% for the P cultivars, but increased by 11.5%, 28.7%, and 3.2%, for E cultivars, averaged across both years. It implied that erect–leaf posture could promote crop resistance to lodging, especially under high plant population condition. Oat plants were more prone to anchorage failure than stem buckling, which was illustrated by the quantitative “safety factor” that was closely related to the visual lodging scores based on field investigation (R2 = 0.56* in 2017). Thus, root lodging should be targeted as the priority criteria in oat breeding for selecting more rigid root system. Taken together, two important attributes of the plant ideotype, i.e., erect–leaf architecture and rigid root system, could be recommended to plant breeders in selecting oat cultivars with improved high–yielding potential and strong lodging resistance.

ACS Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma. Erect–leaf posture promotes lodging resistance in oat plants under high plant population. European Journal of Agronomy 2018, 103, 175 -187.

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Bao-Luo Ma. Erect–leaf posture promotes lodging resistance in oat plants under high plant population. European Journal of Agronomy. 2018; 103 ():175-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma. 2018. "Erect–leaf posture promotes lodging resistance in oat plants under high plant population." European Journal of Agronomy 103, no. : 175-187.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2018 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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Ridge–furrow mulching system (RFMS) is widely used in arid and semi–arid areas, but its effect on soil respiration (Rs) and its components, including heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra) are still poorly understood. In this study, CO2 flux from the soil of furrows and ridges was measured across different RFMS practices (i.e., three different ridge/furrow ratios) and conventional flat planting (CK). A trenching method was used to estimate the contribution of Rh to Rs. Compared with CK, RFMS significantly increased soil temperature of the ridge, promoted soil moisture of the furrow, and enhanced microbial diversity at the early crop growth stage, resulting in increased Rs and its components. The ridge soils exhibited much higher Rs (3.43 μmol m–2 s–1) than the furrow soils (2.98 μmol m–2 s–1) under all three RFMS practices. The contribution ratios of Rh to Rs across the different practices ranged from 50.4% to 59.6%. Soil temperature rather than soil moisture explained the seasonal variation of Rs and its components for both CK and RFMS. Nonetheless, high Rs and Rh values in RFMS did not induce a decline of soil organic carbon during the two–year experimental period. Improved root growth in RFMS practices may provide more exudates to the soil, thus offsetting soil carbon decomposition. Compared with CK, RFMS with ridge/furrow ratios of 40:70 cm, 55:55 cm, and 70:40 cm, significantly increased soil CO2 emissions by 10.6%, 19.6%, and 20.4%, respectively, while increasing maize yield by 26.1%, 36.4%, and 50.3%, respectively. Carbon emission efficiency (CEE) was significantly higher in RFMS than in CK in both years. This study suggests that, due to its high CEE, RFMS with a ridge/furrow ratio of 70:40 cm could be a highly promising strategy for sustaining crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts.

ACS Style

Weiwei Li; Qianlai Zhuang; Wei Wu; Xiaoxia Wen; Juan Han; Yuncheng Liao. Effects of ridge–furrow mulching on soil CO2 efflux in a maize field in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2018, 264, 200 -212.

AMA Style

Weiwei Li, Qianlai Zhuang, Wei Wu, Xiaoxia Wen, Juan Han, Yuncheng Liao. Effects of ridge–furrow mulching on soil CO2 efflux in a maize field in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2018; 264 ():200-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiwei Li; Qianlai Zhuang; Wei Wu; Xiaoxia Wen; Juan Han; Yuncheng Liao. 2018. "Effects of ridge–furrow mulching on soil CO2 efflux in a maize field in the Chinese Loess Plateau." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 264, no. : 200-212.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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ACS Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma. Assessment of canola crop lodging under elevated temperatures for adaptation to climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2018, 248, 329 -338.

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Bao-Luo Ma. Assessment of canola crop lodging under elevated temperatures for adaptation to climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2018; 248 ():329-338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Bao-Luo Ma. 2018. "Assessment of canola crop lodging under elevated temperatures for adaptation to climate change." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 248, no. : 329-338.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2018 in Advances in Agronomy
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Wei Wu; Bao–Luo Ma; JoAnn K. Whalen. Enhancing Rapeseed Tolerance to Heat and Drought Stresses in a Changing Climate: Perspectives for Stress Adaptation from Root System Architecture. Advances in Agronomy 2018, 87 -157.

AMA Style

Wei Wu, Bao–Luo Ma, JoAnn K. Whalen. Enhancing Rapeseed Tolerance to Heat and Drought Stresses in a Changing Climate: Perspectives for Stress Adaptation from Root System Architecture. Advances in Agronomy. 2018; ():87-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu; Bao–Luo Ma; JoAnn K. Whalen. 2018. "Enhancing Rapeseed Tolerance to Heat and Drought Stresses in a Changing Climate: Perspectives for Stress Adaptation from Root System Architecture." Advances in Agronomy , no. : 87-157.

Book review
Published: 28 December 2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Wei Wu. Sustainable crop rotation for improving crop productivity and environmental safety: a book review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 176, 555 -556.

AMA Style

Wei Wu. Sustainable crop rotation for improving crop productivity and environmental safety: a book review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 176 ():555-556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Wu. 2017. "Sustainable crop rotation for improving crop productivity and environmental safety: a book review." Journal of Cleaner Production 176, no. : 555-556.