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Toxic effects among fumonisins B (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) administered alone and combined were investigated in 84-day-old ducks during force-feeding. 75 male ducks, divided into five groups of 15 animals, received daily during the meal a capsule containing the desired among of toxin. Treated animals received dietary levels of toxins equivalent to 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg (FB), 5 mg DON/kg (DON), 0.5 mg ZEN/kg (ZEN) and 20, 5 and 0.5 mg/kg of FB, DON and ZEN (FBDONZEN), respectively. Control birds received capsules with no toxin. After 12 days, a decrease in body weight gain accompanied by an increase in the feed conversion ratio was observed in ducks exposed to FBDONZEN, whereas there was no effect on performances in ducks exposed to FB, DON and ZEN separately. No difference among groups was observed in relative organ weight, biochemistry, histopathology and several variables used to measure oxidative damage and testicular function. A sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of 0.32, 1.19 and 1.04, was measured in liver in controls and in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Concentrations of FB1 in liver were 13.34 and 15.4 ng/g in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Together ZEN and its metabolites were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. Mean concentrations of α-zearalenol in liver were 0.82 and 0.54 ng/g in ducks exposed to ZEN and FBDONZEN, respectively. β-zearalenol was 2.3-fold less abundant than α-zearalenol, whereas ZEN was only found in trace amounts. In conclusion, this study suggests that decreased performance may occur in ducks exposed to a combination of FB, DON and ZEN, but does not reveal any other interaction between mycotoxins in any of the other variables measured.
Céline Peillod; Marie Laborde; Angélique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level. Toxins 2021, 13, 152 .
AMA StyleCéline Peillod, Marie Laborde, Angélique Travel, Amandine Mika, Jean Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Pascal Froment, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCéline Peillod; Marie Laborde; Angélique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2021. "Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level." Toxins 13, no. 2: 152.
Previous studies using zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins (FB) revealed alpha-zearalanol (α-ZOL) and FB1 in the liver of turkeys and chickens with no sign of toxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contamination persists after distribution of a mycotoxin-free diet for several days. Turkeys and broilers were fed for 14 days with a diet containing respectively, 7.5 and 0.6 mg/kg of FB and ZEN, then fed for 0, 2 or 4 days with a mycotoxin-free diet. FB1 and total α-ZOL were the most abundant metabolites found, and their concentration decreased with time. The decrease was linear for FB1 (P < 0.001) and exponential for α-ZOL. Mean concentrations of FB1 on days 0, 2, and 4 were respectively, 4.9, 4, and 2.9 ng/g in turkeys, and respectively, 5, 2.3, and 1.3 ng/g in chickens. The decrease in concentration of FB1 with time was modeled by linear regression (P < 0.001). Mean concentrations of α-ZOL on days 0, 2 and 4, were respectively, 4.8, 0.8, and 0.5 ng/g in turkeys, whereas α-ZOL was only quantified in chickens on day 0 at 0.3 ng/g. A strong correlation was found between α-ZOL and β-zearalenol (P < 0.001).
D. Tardieu; A. Travel; C. Le Bourhis; J.-P. Metayer; A. Mika; D. Cleva; C. Boissieu; P. Guerre. Fumonisins and zearalenone fed at low levels can persist several days in the liver of turkeys and broiler chickens after exposure to the contaminated diet was stopped. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2021, 148, 111968 .
AMA StyleD. Tardieu, A. Travel, C. Le Bourhis, J.-P. Metayer, A. Mika, D. Cleva, C. Boissieu, P. Guerre. Fumonisins and zearalenone fed at low levels can persist several days in the liver of turkeys and broiler chickens after exposure to the contaminated diet was stopped. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 148 ():111968.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Tardieu; A. Travel; C. Le Bourhis; J.-P. Metayer; A. Mika; D. Cleva; C. Boissieu; P. Guerre. 2021. "Fumonisins and zearalenone fed at low levels can persist several days in the liver of turkeys and broiler chickens after exposure to the contaminated diet was stopped." Food and Chemical Toxicology 148, no. : 111968.
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
Philippe Guerre. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins 2020, 12, 769 .
AMA StylePhilippe Guerre. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):769.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Guerre. 2020. "Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions." Toxins 12, no. 12: 769.
Zearalenone (ZEN) and metabolites were measured in livers of turkeys and broilers fed a control diet free of mycotoxins, a diet that contained 0.5 mg/kg ZEN (ZEN diet), and a diet that contained 0.5, 5, and 20 mg/kg of ZEN, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol, respectively (ZENDONFB diet). The feed was individually distributed to male Grade Maker turkeys from the 55th to the 70th day of age and to male Ross chickens from the 1st to the 35th day of age, without any signs of toxicity. Together, the free and conjugated forms of ZEN, α- and β-zearalenols (ZOLs), zearalanone (ZAN), and α- and β-zearalanols (ZALs) were measured by UHPLC-MS/MS with [13C18]-ZEN as an internal standard and immunoaffinity clean-up of samples. ZAN and ZALs were not detected. ZEN and ZOLs were mainly found in their conjugated forms. α-ZOL was the most abundant and was found at a mean concentration of 2.23 and 1.56 ng/g in turkeys and chickens, respectively. Consuming the ZENDONFB diet significantly increased the level of total metabolites in the livers of chickens. Furthermore, this increase was more pronounced for the free forms of α-ZOL than for the conjugated forms. An investigation of the presence of ZEN and metabolites in muscle with the methods validated for the liver failed to reveal any traces of these contaminants in this tissue. These results suggest that concomitant dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) may alter the metabolism and persistence of ZEN and its metabolites in the liver.
Didier Tardieu; Angelique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Celeste Le Bourhis; Philippe Guerre. Zearalenone and Metabolites in Livers of Turkey Poults and Broiler Chickens Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins. Toxins 2020, 12, 525 .
AMA StyleDidier Tardieu, Angelique Travel, Jean-Paul Metayer, Celeste Le Bourhis, Philippe Guerre. Zearalenone and Metabolites in Livers of Turkey Poults and Broiler Chickens Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins. Toxins. 2020; 12 (8):525.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier Tardieu; Angelique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Celeste Le Bourhis; Philippe Guerre. 2020. "Zearalenone and Metabolites in Livers of Turkey Poults and Broiler Chickens Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins." Toxins 12, no. 8: 525.
An increase in the occurrence of ergot alkaloid contamination has been observed in Europe in recent years. The typical clinical signs of pig ergot poisoning are impaired growth, agalactia and, sometimes, gangrene. Opportunities for reporting exposure doses associated with clinical signs in animals under field conditions are rare. In a farrow-to-finish pig farm with 160 sows, excessive acute neonatal mortality was reported in association with a loss of appetite and agalactia in sows. A herd examination was conducted and a high rate of piglet loss and agalactia in 13 sows out of the most affected batch of 20 were confirmed. Necropsy showed piglets with empty stomachs and intestines, with apparently normal mucosa. Gestating and lactating sow diet samples, as well as a wheat sample, were sent for analysis following feed mill inspection and a hypothesis of mycotoxin contamination of self-prepared feed. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in tandem revealed an amount of total ergot alkaloids in all of the samples ranging from 3.49 mg/kg (gestating diet) to 8.06 mg/kg (lactating diet). The contaminated feed was removed and the situation returned to normal 3 weeks later (following batch of sows). In the present case, the exposure of sows to 3.49 mg/kg ergot alkaloid for 10 to 15 days before the end of gestation and to 8.06 mg/kg ergot alkaloid over 3 to 4 days at the beginning of lactation - corresponding to a content of 10,146 mg of sclerotia/kg in the wheat of the diets- led to agalactia in 13 of 20 sows in a batch and to a high neonatal mortality rates for all litters. No clinical signs associated with vasoconstrictive effects were observed.
Agnès Waret-Szkuta; Laurent Larraillet; Isabelle P. Oswald; Xavier Legrand; Philippe Guerre; Guy-Pierre Martineau. Unusual acute neonatal mortality and sow agalactia linked with ergot alkaloid contamination of feed. Porcine Health Management 2019, 5, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAgnès Waret-Szkuta, Laurent Larraillet, Isabelle P. Oswald, Xavier Legrand, Philippe Guerre, Guy-Pierre Martineau. Unusual acute neonatal mortality and sow agalactia linked with ergot alkaloid contamination of feed. Porcine Health Management. 2019; 5 (1):1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnès Waret-Szkuta; Laurent Larraillet; Isabelle P. Oswald; Xavier Legrand; Philippe Guerre; Guy-Pierre Martineau. 2019. "Unusual acute neonatal mortality and sow agalactia linked with ergot alkaloid contamination of feed." Porcine Health Management 5, no. 1: 1-5.
Although provisional maximum tolerable daily intake and recommended guidelines have been established for fumonisins (FB) in food, few data are available concerning levels of FB in edible animal tissues. Such data are of particular interest in avian species that can tolerate relatively high levels of fumonisins in their feed. Also, even if multiple contamination of animal feed by toxins produced by Fusarium is very frequent, little is known about the consequences of multiple contamination for FB levels in tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the concentrations of FB in the muscle and liver of chickens and turkeys fed with FB alone and with FB combined with deoxynivalenol (DON), and with zearalenone (ZEN). Experimental diets were formulated by incorporating ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains in corn-soybean based feeds. Control diets were free of mycotoxins, FB diets contained 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg, and FBDONZEN diets contained 20, 5, and 0.5 mg/kg of FB1+FB2, DON, and ZEN, respectively. Animals were reared in individual cages with free access to water and feed. The feed was distributed to male Ross chickens from the 1st to the 35th day of age and to male Grade Maker turkeys from the 55th to the 70th day of age. On the last day of the study, the birds were starved for eight hours, killed, and autopsied for tissues sampling. No sign of toxicity was observed. A UHPLC-MS/MS method with isotopic dilution and immunoaffinity clean-up of samples has been developed for analysis of FB in muscle (n = 8 per diet) and liver (n = 8 per diet). Only traces of FB that were below the LOQ of 0.25 µg/kg were found in most of the samples of animals fed with the control diets. Mean concentrations of FB1, FB2, and FB3 in muscle were 17.5, 3.39, and 1.26 µg/kg, respectively, in chickens, and 5.77, 1.52, and 0.54 µg/kg in turkeys, respectively. In the liver, the respective FB1, FB2, and FB3 concentrations were 44.7, 2.61, and 0.79 µg/kg in chickens, and 41.47, 4.23, and 1.41 µg/kg, in turkeys. Cumulated level of FB1+FB2+FB3 in the highly contaminated samples were above 60 and 100 µg/kg in muscle and liver, respectively. The concentrations of FB in the tissues of animals fed the FBDONZEN diet did not greatly differ from the concentrations measured in animals fed the diet containing only FB.
Didier Tardieu; Angelique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Celeste Le Bourhis; Philippe Guerre. Fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 in Muscle and Liver of Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins at the EU Maximum Tolerable Level. Toxins 2019, 11, 590 .
AMA StyleDidier Tardieu, Angelique Travel, Jean-Paul Metayer, Celeste Le Bourhis, Philippe Guerre. Fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 in Muscle and Liver of Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins at the EU Maximum Tolerable Level. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier Tardieu; Angelique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Celeste Le Bourhis; Philippe Guerre. 2019. "Fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 in Muscle and Liver of Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Fed with Diets Containing Fusariotoxins at the EU Maximum Tolerable Level." Toxins 11, no. 10: 590.
Surveys of mycotoxins worldwide have shown that deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB), and zearalenone (ZON) are the most abundant Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) in European poultry feed, in both the level and the frequency of contamination. Previous studies reported that a combination of FUS at concentrations that individually are not toxic may negatively affect animals. However, although toxic thresholds and regulatory guidelines exist for FUS, none account for the risk of multiple contamination, which is the most frequent. The aim of this study was to compare DON, FB, and ZON toxicity, alone and in combination, in male turkey poults. Ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains were incorporated in corn-soybean-based feed in five experimental diets: control diet, containing no mycotoxins, DON diet (5 mg DON/kg), FB diet (20 mg FB1 + FB2/ kg), ZON diet (0.5 mg ZON/kg), and DONFBZON diet (5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively). Seventy male Grade Maker turkeys were reared in individual cages on mycotoxin-free diets from 0 to 55 days of age. On the 55th day, the turkeys were weighed and divided into five groups each comprising 14 birds. Each group was fed one of the five experimental diets for a period of 14 days. On the 70th day of age, feed was withheld for 8 hr, at which time a blood sample was collected, and then all the turkeys were killed, autopsied, and different tissues sampled. The weight of the different organs, analyses of performance, biochemistry, histopathology, oxidative damage, and testis toxicity revealed no significant effects attributable to FUS. Measurement of sphingolipids in the liver revealed an increase in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in turkeys fed diets containing FB, but had no apparent consequences in terms of toxicity. Finally, only slight differences were found in some variables and the results of this study showed no interactions between DON, FB, and ZON. Taken together, results thus suggest that the maximum tolerated levels established for individual contamination by DON, FB, and ZON can also be considered safe in turkeys fed with combinations of these FUS for a period of 14 days.
Angélique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level. Avian Diseases 2019, 63, 703 -712.
AMA StyleAngélique Travel, Jean-Paul Metayer, Amandine Mika, Jean-Denis Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Gurvan Lepivert, Eric Marengue, Pascal Froment, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level. Avian Diseases. 2019; 63 (4):703-712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngélique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2019. "Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level." Avian Diseases 63, no. 4: 703-712.
Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) occur frequently in poultry diets, and regulatory limits are laid down in several countries. However, the limits were established for exposure to a single mycotoxin, whereas multiple contamination is more realistic, and different studies have demonstrated that it is not possible to predict interactions between mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was thus to compare the toxic effect of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) and zearalenone (ZON), alone and in combination on broiler chickens, at the maximum tolerated level established by the EU for poultry feed. Experimental corn-soybean diets incorporated ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains. One feed was formulated for chickens 0 to 10 days old and another for chickens 11 to 35 days old. The control diets were mycotoxin free, the DON diets contained 5 mg DON/kg, the FB diet contained 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg, and the ZON diet contained 0.5mg ZON/kg. The DONFBZON diet contained 5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively. Diets were distributed ad libitum to 70 broilers (male Ross PM3) separated into five groups of 14 chickens each reared in individual cages from one to 35 days of age. On day 35, after a starvation period of 8 h, a blood sample was collected, and all the animals were killed and autopsied. No difference between groups that could be attributed to FUS was observed in performances, the relative weight of organs, biochemistry, histopathology, intestinal morphometry, variables of oxidative damage, and markers of testicle toxicity. A significant increase in sphinganine and in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio was observed in broilers fed FB. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory guidelines established for single contamination of broiler chickens fed with DON, FB, and ZON can also be used in the case of multiple contamination with these toxins.
Jean-Paul Metayer; Angelique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Pascal Froment; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union. Toxins 2019, 11, 455 .
AMA StyleJean-Paul Metayer, Angelique Travel, Amandine Mika, Jean-Denis Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Pascal Froment, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Gurvan Lepivert, Eric Marengue, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Paul Metayer; Angelique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Pascal Froment; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2019. "Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union." Toxins 11, no. 8: 455.
The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.
Philippe Guerre. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations. Toxins 2016, 8, 350 .
AMA StylePhilippe Guerre. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations. Toxins. 2016; 8 (12):350.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Guerre. 2016. "Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations." Toxins 8, no. 12: 350.
Different group of alkaloids are produced during the symbiotic development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grass. The structure and toxicity of the compounds vary considerably in mammalian herbivores and in crop pests. Alkaloids of the indole-diterpene group, of which lolitrem B is the most toxic, were first characterized in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass, and are responsible for “ryegrass staggers.” Ergot alkaloids, of which ergovaline is the most abundant ergopeptide alkaloid produced, are also found in ryegrass, but generally at a lower rate than lolitrem B. Other alkaloids such as lolines and peramine are toxic for crop pests but have weak toxicological properties in mammals. The purpose of this review is to present indole-diterpene alkaloids produced in endophyte infected ryegrass from the first characterization of ryegrass staggers to the determination of the toxicokinetics of lolitrem B and of their mechanism of action in mammals, focusing on the different factors that could explain the worldwide distribution of the disease. Other indole diterpene alkaloids than lolitrem B that can be found in Epichloë infected ryegrass, and their tremorgenic properties, are presented in the last section of this review.
Guerre Philippe. Lolitrem B and Indole Diterpene Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë and Their Toxic Effects in Livestock. Toxins 2016, 8, 47 .
AMA StyleGuerre Philippe. Lolitrem B and Indole Diterpene Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë and Their Toxic Effects in Livestock. Toxins. 2016; 8 (2):47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerre Philippe. 2016. "Lolitrem B and Indole Diterpene Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë and Their Toxic Effects in Livestock." Toxins 8, no. 2: 47.
The symbiotic association of Epichloë festucae var. lolii (formerly named Neotyphodium lolii) with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leads to the production of ergovaline (EV) and lolitrem B (LB) that are toxic for livestock. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding endophyte-infected ryegrass (SE+) hay on 16 lactating ewes (BW 80 ± 10 kg) in comparison with endophyte-free ryegrass (SE–) hay to investigate the putative mechanisms of action of EV and LB and to evaluate their persistence in milk and animal tissues. The mean EV and LB concentrations in SE+ hay were 851 and 884 μg/kg DM, respectively, whereas these alkaloids were below the limit of detection in SE– hay. No effect of SE+ was observed on animal health and skin temperature whereas prolactin decreased and significant differences between hays were observed from d 7 to 28 of the study (P < 0.03) but had no effect on milk production. Hematocrit and biochemical analyses of plasma revealed no significant difference between SE+ and SE–, whereas cortisol concentration differed significantly on d 28 (P = 0.001). Measurement of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma, liver, and kidneys revealed a slight increase in some enzyme activities involved in defense against oxidative damage in the SE+ fed ewes. Slight variations in the activities of hepatic and kidney flavin monooxygenase enzymes were observed, whereas in the kidney, glutathione S-transferase activity decreased significantly (P = 0.002) in the SE+ fed ewes, whereas uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activity increased (P = 0.001). After 28 d of exposure of ewes to the SE+ hay, low EV and LB concentrations were measured in tissues. The highest concentration of EV was observed in the liver (0.68 μg/kg) whereas fat contained the highest concentration of LB (2.39 μg/kg). Both toxins were also identified at the trace level in milk. Copyright © 2015. American Society of Animal Science.
N. Zbib; C. Repussard; D. Tardieu; Nathalie Priymenko; C. Domange; P. Guerre. Toxicity of endophyte-infected ryegrass hay containing high ergovaline level in lactating ewes1. Journal of Animal Science 2015, 93, 4098 -4109.
AMA StyleN. Zbib, C. Repussard, D. Tardieu, Nathalie Priymenko, C. Domange, P. Guerre. Toxicity of endophyte-infected ryegrass hay containing high ergovaline level in lactating ewes1. Journal of Animal Science. 2015; 93 (8):4098-4109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Zbib; C. Repussard; D. Tardieu; Nathalie Priymenko; C. Domange; P. Guerre. 2015. "Toxicity of endophyte-infected ryegrass hay containing high ergovaline level in lactating ewes1." Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 8: 4098-4109.
Fusariotoxins are mycotoxins produced by different species of the genus Fusarium whose occurrence and toxicity vary considerably. Despite the fact avian species are highly exposed to fusariotoxins, the avian species are considered as resistant to their toxic effects, partly because of low absorption and rapid elimination, thereby reducing the risk of persistence of residues in tissues destined for human consumption. This review focuses on the main fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 and B2. The key parameters used in the toxicokinetic studies are presented along with the factors responsible for their variations. Then, each toxin is analyzed separately. Results of studies conducted with radiolabelled toxins are compared with the more recent data obtained with HPLC/MS-MS detection. The metabolic pathways of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone are described, with attention paid to the differences among the avian species. Although no metabolite of fumonisins has been reported in avian species, some differences in toxicokinetics have been observed. All the data reviewed suggest that the toxicokinetics of fusariotoxins in avian species differs from those in mammals, and that variations among the avian species themselves should be assessed.
Philippe Guerre. Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues. Toxins 2015, 7, 2289 -2305.
AMA StylePhilippe Guerre. Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues. Toxins. 2015; 7 (6):2289-2305.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Guerre. 2015. "Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues." Toxins 7, no. 6: 2289-2305.
The development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grasses results in the production of different groups of alkaloids, whose mechanism and biological spectrum of toxicity can differ considerably. Ergot alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected tall fescue, are responsible for “fescue toxicosis” in livestock, whereas indole-diterpene alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected ryegrass, are responsible for “ryegrass staggers”. In contrast, peramine and loline alkaloids are deterrent and/or toxic to insects. Other toxic effects in livestock associated with the consumption of endophyte-infected grass that contain ergot alkaloids include the “sleepy grass” and “drunken horse grass” diseases. Although ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in endophyte-infected tall fescue and is recognized as responsible for fescue toxicosis, a number of questions still exist concerning the profile of alkaloid production in tall fescue and the worldwide distribution of tall fescue toxicosis. The purpose of this review is to present ergot alkaloids produced in endophyte-infected grass, the factors of variation of their level in plants, and the diseases observed in the mammalian species as relate to the profiles of alkaloid production. In the final section, interactions between ergot alkaloids and drug-metabolizing enzymes are presented as mechanisms that could contribute to toxicity.
Philippe Guerre. Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë. Toxins 2015, 7, 773 -790.
AMA StylePhilippe Guerre. Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë. Toxins. 2015; 7 (3):773-790.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Guerre. 2015. "Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë." Toxins 7, no. 3: 773-790.
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected by Epichloë festucae var. lolii contains alkaloids that are responsible for toxicosis in several countries, but few cases are reported in Europe. Lolitrem B is generally the most abundant alkaloid and is recognized to be responsible for livestock staggers, whereas ergovaline is less frequently documented in perennial ryegrass. Lolitrem B and ergovaline were monitored over a three-year period in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass 'Samson' sown in southern France. Alkaloid concentrations were strongly influenced by the stage of maturity of the plant; maximum concentrations were always measured at the fully ripe stage. Over the three years of analysis, variations in lolitrem B in the whole plant at the fully ripe stage were low (from 1296 to maximum 1871 μg/kg dry matter), whereas ergovaline varied considerably (from 526 to 2322 μg/kg dry matter), suggesting that abiotic factors play a key role in determining ergovaline levels in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass.
Céline Repussard; Nasrallah Zbib; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Concentrations in Perennial Ryegrass in Field Culture in Southern France: Distribution in the Plant and Impact of Climatic Factors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014, 62, 12707 -12712.
AMA StyleCéline Repussard, Nasrallah Zbib, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Concentrations in Perennial Ryegrass in Field Culture in Southern France: Distribution in the Plant and Impact of Climatic Factors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014; 62 (52):12707-12712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCéline Repussard; Nasrallah Zbib; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2014. "Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Concentrations in Perennial Ryegrass in Field Culture in Southern France: Distribution in the Plant and Impact of Climatic Factors." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 52: 12707-12712.
Ergovaline (EV) produced by symbiotic association of Epichloë coenophiala with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) causes toxicoses in livestock. In this study, 16 lactating ewes (BW 76.0 ± 0.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of feeding endophyte-infected (FE+) or endophyte free (FE−) tall fescue hay on animal health and performances and to investigate the putative mechanisms of action of EV. The mean EV concentrations in FE+ and FE− diets were 497 ± 52 and <5 µg/kg DM, respectively. Decreased hay consumption and BW were observed in the FE+ group. Prolactin (PRL) concentrations decreased (P < 0.02) in the FE+ group from d 3 to 28 of the study compared to the FE− group, but no consequences were observed on milk quantity or quality. Skin temperature and the thermocirculation index were lower (P < 0.05) in the FE+ than in the FE− group from d 3 to 7, but this effect disappeared from d 14 to 28. Hematocrit, mineral and biochemical, and enzymatic analyses of plasma revealed no differences between the 2 groups. Measurement of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities revealed a decrease in the activities of plasma catalase (P < 0.05), kidney glutathione reductase and peroxidase and in kidney total glutathione and malondialdehyde contents (P < 0.02) in ewes fed FE+. Hepatic flavin monooxygenase enzyme activities decreased (P < 0.01) in ewes fed FE+, except for a marked increase in the demethylation of erythromycin. This activity is linked to cytochrome P4503A content and is known to be involved in ergot alkaloid metabolism. Glutathione S-transferase activity in the kidneys decreased (P < 0.02) in the FE+ group, whereas no difference was observed in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase activity in the liver or kidneys. The reversibility of the effect of FE+ hay on skin temperature and the increase in erythromycin N-demethylase activity may contribute to the relative resistance of ewes to EV toxicity.
N. Zbib; C. Repussard; D. Tardieu; N. Priymenko; C. Domange; P. Guerre. Ergovaline in tall fescue and its effect on health, milk quality, biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and drug metabolizing enzymes of lactating ewes1. Journal of Animal Science 2014, 92, 5112 -5123.
AMA StyleN. Zbib, C. Repussard, D. Tardieu, N. Priymenko, C. Domange, P. Guerre. Ergovaline in tall fescue and its effect on health, milk quality, biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and drug metabolizing enzymes of lactating ewes1. Journal of Animal Science. 2014; 92 (11):5112-5123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Zbib; C. Repussard; D. Tardieu; N. Priymenko; C. Domange; P. Guerre. 2014. "Ergovaline in tall fescue and its effect on health, milk quality, biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and drug metabolizing enzymes of lactating ewes1." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 11: 5112-5123.
Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) infected by Epichloe coenophiala contains ergot alkaloids responsible for fescue toxicosis in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, with only a few cases occurring in Europe. The detection of Epichloe in 166 L. arundinaceum collected in southern France revealed that 60% were infected, 51% being high ergovaline producers. The ergovaline level in endophyte-infected tall fescue Kentucky 31 was monitored during 3 years in various parts of the plant. Maturation of plants, recorded according to the BBCH scale, appeared to be the main factor for estimating the risk of toxicity. Ergovaline levels of ≥300 μg/kg dry matter were obtained at the end of spring, the beginning of autumn, and mid-winter. Positive correlation between ergovaline level and cumulative degree-d was observed, whereas rainfall had no effect. These results suggest that the lack of fescue toxicosis observed in France cannot be explained by the lack of ergovaline in tall fescue.
Céline Repussard; Nasrallah Zbib; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Endophyte Infection of Tall Fescue and the Impact of Climatic Factors on Ergovaline Concentrations in Field Crops Cultivated in Southern France. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014, 62, 9609 -9614.
AMA StyleCéline Repussard, Nasrallah Zbib, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Endophyte Infection of Tall Fescue and the Impact of Climatic Factors on Ergovaline Concentrations in Field Crops Cultivated in Southern France. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014; 62 (39):9609-9614.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCéline Repussard; Nasrallah Zbib; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2014. "Endophyte Infection of Tall Fescue and the Impact of Climatic Factors on Ergovaline Concentrations in Field Crops Cultivated in Southern France." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 39: 9609-9614.
Céline Repussard; Didier Tardieu; Mélanie Alberich; Philippe Guerre. A new method for the determination of lolitrem B in plant materials. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2014, 193, 141 -147.
AMA StyleCéline Repussard, Didier Tardieu, Mélanie Alberich, Philippe Guerre. A new method for the determination of lolitrem B in plant materials. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2014; 193 ():141-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCéline Repussard; Didier Tardieu; Mélanie Alberich; Philippe Guerre. 2014. "A new method for the determination of lolitrem B in plant materials." Animal Feed Science and Technology 193, no. : 141-147.
The objective of this study was to measure the effects of chronic exposure to fumonisins via the ingestion of feed containing naturally contaminated corn in growing pigs infected or not with Salmonella spp. This exposure to a moderate dietary concentration of fumonisins (11.8 ppm) was sufficient to induce a biological effect in pigs (Sa/So ratio), but no mortality or pathology was observed over 63 days of exposure. No mortality or related clinical signs, even in cases of inoculation with Salmonella (5 × 104 CFU), were observed either. Fumonisins, at these concentrations, did not affect the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in the presence of mitogens, but after seven days post-inoculation they led to inhibition of the ability of specific Salmonella lymphocytes to proliferate following exposure to a specific Salmonella antigen. However, the ingestion of fumonisins had no impact on Salmonella translocation or seroconversion in inoculated pigs. The inoculation of Salmonella did not affect faecal microbiota profiles, but exposure to moderate concentrations of fumonisins transiently affected the digestive microbiota balance. In cases of co-infection with fumonisins and Salmonella, the microbiota profiles were rapidly and clearly modified as early as 48 h post-Salmonella inoculation. Therefore under these experimental conditions, exposure to an average concentration of fumonisins in naturally contaminated feed had no effect on pig health but did affect the digestive microbiota balance, with Salmonella exposure amplifying this phenomenon.
Christine Burel; Mael Tanguy; Philippe Guerre; Eric Boilletot; Roland Cariolet; Marilyne Queguiner; Gilbert Postollec; Philippe Pinton; Gilles Salvat; Isabelle Oswald; Philippe Fravalo. Effect of Low Dose of Fumonisins on Pig Health: Immune Status, Intestinal Microbiota and Sensitivity to Salmonella. Toxins 2013, 5, 841 -864.
AMA StyleChristine Burel, Mael Tanguy, Philippe Guerre, Eric Boilletot, Roland Cariolet, Marilyne Queguiner, Gilbert Postollec, Philippe Pinton, Gilles Salvat, Isabelle Oswald, Philippe Fravalo. Effect of Low Dose of Fumonisins on Pig Health: Immune Status, Intestinal Microbiota and Sensitivity to Salmonella. Toxins. 2013; 5 (4):841-864.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristine Burel; Mael Tanguy; Philippe Guerre; Eric Boilletot; Roland Cariolet; Marilyne Queguiner; Gilbert Postollec; Philippe Pinton; Gilles Salvat; Isabelle Oswald; Philippe Fravalo. 2013. "Effect of Low Dose of Fumonisins on Pig Health: Immune Status, Intestinal Microbiota and Sensitivity to Salmonella." Toxins 5, no. 4: 841-864.
Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins that are found worldwide in maize and maize products. Their main toxic effects have been well characterized in poultry, but differences between species have been demonstrated. Ducks appeared very sensitive to toxicity, whereas turkeys are more resistant. At the same time, alterations of sphingolipid metabolism, with an increase of the concentration of the free sphinganine (Sa) in serum and liver, have been demonstrated in the two species, but the link between the toxicity of FBs and Sa accumulation remains difficult to interpret. The aim of the present work was to compare the effects of FBs (10 mg FB1 + FB2/kg body weight) on sphingolipid metabolism in ducks and turkeys. Growth, feed consumption, and serum biochemistry were also investigated to evaluate toxicity. The main results showed that FBs increased Sa concentrations in liver and serum in ducks and turkeys, but these accumulations were not directly correlated with toxicity. Sa accumulation was higher in the livers of turkeys than in ducks, whereas Sa levels were higher in the sera of ducks than in turkeys. Hepatic toxicity was more pronounced in ducks than in turkeys and accompanied a decrease of body weight and an increase of serum biochemistry in ducks but not in turkeys. So, although FBs increase Sa concentration in the livers of both species, this effect is not directly proportional to toxicity. The mechanisms of FB toxicity and/or the mechanisms of protection of ducks and turkeys to the Sa accumulation within the liver remain to be established.
Emad Benlasher; Xiuyu Geng; Ngoc Thanh Xuan Nguyen; Didier Tardieu; Jean-Denis Bailly; Alain Auvergne; Philippe Guerre. Comparative Effects of Fumonisins on Sphingolipid Metabolism and Toxicity in Ducks and Turkeys. Avian Diseases 2012, 56, 120 -127.
AMA StyleEmad Benlasher, Xiuyu Geng, Ngoc Thanh Xuan Nguyen, Didier Tardieu, Jean-Denis Bailly, Alain Auvergne, Philippe Guerre. Comparative Effects of Fumonisins on Sphingolipid Metabolism and Toxicity in Ducks and Turkeys. Avian Diseases. 2012; 56 (1):120-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmad Benlasher; Xiuyu Geng; Ngoc Thanh Xuan Nguyen; Didier Tardieu; Jean-Denis Bailly; Alain Auvergne; Philippe Guerre. 2012. "Comparative Effects of Fumonisins on Sphingolipid Metabolism and Toxicity in Ducks and Turkeys." Avian Diseases 56, no. 1: 120-127.
Toxicity and persistence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in liver, kidney and muscle were investigated in ducks fed 5, 10 and 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg feed during force-feeding. Mortality and signs of toxicity were only obtained with 20 mg/kg, whereas an increased Sa/So ratio was observed from 5 mg/kg on. Persistence of FB1 was only found in liver (16 and 20 μg FB1/kg liver in ducks fed 10 and 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg feed, respectively). Toxicokinetic studies were conducted by the intravenous route (IV, single dose: 10 mg FB1/kg body weight) and the oral route (single dose: 100 mg FB1/kg body weight), in growing ducks and in ducks during force-feeding. After IV administration, serum concentration–time curves were described by a two-compartment open model. Elimination half-life and mean residence time of FB1 were 26 and 24 min, respectively, clearance was 19.3 ml/min/kg. After oral administration, bioavailability, elimination half-life, mean residence time and clearance varied during force-feeding and growth from 2–2.3%, 71–80 min, 200–188 min, 16.7–17 ml/min/kg, respectively. Taken together these results demonstrate that the risk of persistence of FB1 in ducks after force-feeding is very low, Sa/So being a good biomarker which increases before signs of toxicity and risk of persistence of FB1 in tissue (limit of detection 13 μg/kg).
Didier Tardieu; Jean-Denis Bailly; Imad Benlashehr; Alienor Auby; Jean-Yves Jouglar; Philippe Guerre. Tissue persistence of fumonisin B1 in ducks and after exposure to a diet containing the maximum European tolerance for fumonisins in avian feeds. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2009, 182, 239 -244.
AMA StyleDidier Tardieu, Jean-Denis Bailly, Imad Benlashehr, Alienor Auby, Jean-Yves Jouglar, Philippe Guerre. Tissue persistence of fumonisin B1 in ducks and after exposure to a diet containing the maximum European tolerance for fumonisins in avian feeds. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2009; 182 (2-3):239-244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier Tardieu; Jean-Denis Bailly; Imad Benlashehr; Alienor Auby; Jean-Yves Jouglar; Philippe Guerre. 2009. "Tissue persistence of fumonisin B1 in ducks and after exposure to a diet containing the maximum European tolerance for fumonisins in avian feeds." Chemico-Biological Interactions 182, no. 2-3: 239-244.