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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by molds during their development. According to fungal physiological particularities, mycotoxins can contaminate crops before harvest or during storage. Among toxins that represent a real public health issue, those produced by Fusarium genus in cereals before harvest are of great importance since they are the most frequent in European productions. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) frequently contaminate maize. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated whether food processing techniques can be exploited to reduce the levels of these two mycotoxins, which would allow the identification and quantification of parameters affecting mycotoxin stability. The particularity of the popcorn process is that it associates heat treatment with a particular physical phenomenon (i.e., expansion). Three methods exist to implement the popcorn transformation process: hot air, hot oil, and microwaves, all of which are tested in this study. The results show that all popping modes significantly reduce FUM contents in both Mushroom and Butterfly types of popcorn. The mean initial contamination of 1351 µg/kg was reduced by 91% on average after popping. For DON, the reduction was less important despite a lower initial contamination than for FUM (560 µg/kg). Only the hot oil popping for the Mushroom type significantly reduced the contamination up to 78% compared to unpopped controls. Hot oil popping appears to provide the most important reduction for the two considered mycotoxins for both types of popcorn (−98% and −58% average reduction for FUM and DON, respectively).
Pierre Schambri; Sophie Brunet; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Kleiber; Cecile Levasseur-Garcia. Effect of Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) Popping Mode (Microwave, Hot Oil, and Hot Air) on Fumonisins and Deoxynivalenol Contamination Levels. Toxins 2021, 13, 486 .
AMA StylePierre Schambri, Sophie Brunet, Jean-Denis Bailly, Didier Kleiber, Cecile Levasseur-Garcia. Effect of Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) Popping Mode (Microwave, Hot Oil, and Hot Air) on Fumonisins and Deoxynivalenol Contamination Levels. Toxins. 2021; 13 (7):486.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Schambri; Sophie Brunet; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Kleiber; Cecile Levasseur-Garcia. 2021. "Effect of Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) Popping Mode (Microwave, Hot Oil, and Hot Air) on Fumonisins and Deoxynivalenol Contamination Levels." Toxins 13, no. 7: 486.
Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogenic mycotoxin that frequently contaminates crops worldwide. Current research indicates that the use of natural extracts to combat mycotoxin contamination may represent an eco-friendly, sustainable strategy to ensure food safety. Although Cannabis sativa L. has long been known for its psychoactive cannabinoids, it is also rich in many other bioactive molecules. This study examines extracts from various organs of Cannabis sativa L. to determine their ability to limit aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus flavus. The results indicate that flower extract is most effective for limiting the synthesis of aflatoxin B1, leading to an almost-complete inhibition of toxin production at a concentration of 0.225 mg dry matter per gram of culture medium. Since flower extract is rich in phenolic compounds, its total antioxidant ability and radical-scavenging capacity are determined. Compared with other anti-aflatoxigenic extracts, the anti-oxidative potential of Cannabis sativa L. flower extract appears moderate, suggesting that its anti-mycotoxin effect may be related to other bioactive compounds.
Anthony Al Khoury; Rhend Sleiman; Ali Atoui; Pamela Hindieh; Richard G. Maroun; Jean-Denis Bailly; André El Khoury. Antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of organs of Cannabis sativa L.: relation to phenolic content and antioxidant capacities. Archives of Microbiology 2021, 1 -8.
AMA StyleAnthony Al Khoury, Rhend Sleiman, Ali Atoui, Pamela Hindieh, Richard G. Maroun, Jean-Denis Bailly, André El Khoury. Antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of organs of Cannabis sativa L.: relation to phenolic content and antioxidant capacities. Archives of Microbiology. 2021; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony Al Khoury; Rhend Sleiman; Ali Atoui; Pamela Hindieh; Richard G. Maroun; Jean-Denis Bailly; André El Khoury. 2021. "Antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of organs of Cannabis sativa L.: relation to phenolic content and antioxidant capacities." Archives of Microbiology , no. : 1-8.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin that contaminates numerous crops pre- and post-harvest. To protect foods and feeds from such toxins without resorting to pesticides, the use of plant extracts has been increasingly studied. The most interesting candidate plants are those with strong antioxidative activity because oxidation reactions may interfere with AFB1 production. The present study investigates how an aqueous extract of Mimosa tenuiflora bark affects both the growth of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 production. The results reveal a dose-dependent inhibition of toxin synthesis with no impact on fungal growth. AFB1 inhibition is related to a down-modulation of the cluster genes of the biosynthetic pathway and especially to the two internal regulators aflR and aflS. Its strong anti-oxidative activity also allows the aqueous extract to modulate the expression of genes involved in fungal oxidative-stress response, such as msnA, mtfA, atfA, or sod1. Finally, a bio-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract demonstrates that condensed tannins play a major role in the anti-aflatoxin activity of Mimosa tenuiflora bark.
Christopher Hernandez; Laura Cadenillas; Anwar Maghubi; Isaura Caceres; Vanessa Durrieu; Céline Mathieu; Jean-Denis Bailly. Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins 2021, 13, 391 .
AMA StyleChristopher Hernandez, Laura Cadenillas, Anwar Maghubi, Isaura Caceres, Vanessa Durrieu, Céline Mathieu, Jean-Denis Bailly. Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):391.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Hernandez; Laura Cadenillas; Anwar Maghubi; Isaura Caceres; Vanessa Durrieu; Céline Mathieu; Jean-Denis Bailly. 2021. "Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus." Toxins 13, no. 6: 391.
Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogenic mycotoxin that frequently contaminates crops worldwide. Current research indicates that the use of natural extracts to combat mycotoxin contamination may represent an eco-friendly, sustainable strategy to ensure food safety. Although Cannabis sativa L. has long been known for its psychoactive cannabinoids, it is also rich in many other bioactive molecules. This study examines extracts from various organs of Cannabis sativa L. to determine their ability to limit aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus flavus. The results indicate that flower extract is most effective for limiting the synthesis of aflatoxin B1, leading to an almost-complete inhibition of toxin production at a concentration of 0.225 milligrams dry matter per gram of culture medium. Since flower extract is rich in phenolic compounds, its total antioxidant ability and radical-scavenging capacity are determined. Compared with other anti-aflatoxigenic extracts, the anti-oxidative potential of Cannabis sativa L. flower extract appears moderate, suggesting that its anti-mycotoxin effect may be related to other bioactive compounds.
Anthony Al Khoury; Rhend Sleiman; Ali Atoui; Pamela Hindieh; Richard G Maroun; Jean-Denis Bailly; André Khoury. Anti-Fungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Properties of Organs of Cannabis sativa L.: Relation to Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacities. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAnthony Al Khoury, Rhend Sleiman, Ali Atoui, Pamela Hindieh, Richard G Maroun, Jean-Denis Bailly, André Khoury. Anti-Fungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Properties of Organs of Cannabis sativa L.: Relation to Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacities. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony Al Khoury; Rhend Sleiman; Ali Atoui; Pamela Hindieh; Richard G Maroun; Jean-Denis Bailly; André Khoury. 2021. "Anti-Fungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Properties of Organs of Cannabis sativa L.: Relation to Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacities." , no. : 1.
Toxic effects among fumonisins B (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) administered alone and combined were investigated in 84-day-old ducks during force-feeding. 75 male ducks, divided into five groups of 15 animals, received daily during the meal a capsule containing the desired among of toxin. Treated animals received dietary levels of toxins equivalent to 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg (FB), 5 mg DON/kg (DON), 0.5 mg ZEN/kg (ZEN) and 20, 5 and 0.5 mg/kg of FB, DON and ZEN (FBDONZEN), respectively. Control birds received capsules with no toxin. After 12 days, a decrease in body weight gain accompanied by an increase in the feed conversion ratio was observed in ducks exposed to FBDONZEN, whereas there was no effect on performances in ducks exposed to FB, DON and ZEN separately. No difference among groups was observed in relative organ weight, biochemistry, histopathology and several variables used to measure oxidative damage and testicular function. A sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of 0.32, 1.19 and 1.04, was measured in liver in controls and in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Concentrations of FB1 in liver were 13.34 and 15.4 ng/g in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Together ZEN and its metabolites were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. Mean concentrations of α-zearalenol in liver were 0.82 and 0.54 ng/g in ducks exposed to ZEN and FBDONZEN, respectively. β-zearalenol was 2.3-fold less abundant than α-zearalenol, whereas ZEN was only found in trace amounts. In conclusion, this study suggests that decreased performance may occur in ducks exposed to a combination of FB, DON and ZEN, but does not reveal any other interaction between mycotoxins in any of the other variables measured.
Céline Peillod; Marie Laborde; Angélique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level. Toxins 2021, 13, 152 .
AMA StyleCéline Peillod, Marie Laborde, Angélique Travel, Amandine Mika, Jean Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Pascal Froment, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCéline Peillod; Marie Laborde; Angélique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2021. "Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level." Toxins 13, no. 2: 152.
The study of fungal species evolved radically with the development of molecular techniques and produced new evidence to understand specific fungal mechanisms such as the production of toxic secondary metabolites. Taking advantage of these technologies to improve food safety, the molecular study of toxinogenic species can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying toxin production and enable the development of new effective strategies to control fungal toxicity. Numerous studies have been made on genes involved in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production, one of the most hazardous carcinogenic toxins for humans and animals. The current review presents the roles of these different genes and their possible impact on AFB1 production. We focus on the toxinogenic strains Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, primary contaminants and major producers of AFB1 in crops. However, genetic reports on A. nidulans are also included because of the capacity of this fungus to produce sterigmatocystin, the penultimate stable metabolite during AFB1 production. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the AFB1 enzymatic biosynthesis pathway and its link with the genes belonging to the AFB1 cluster. It also aims to illustrate the role of global environmental factors on aflatoxin production and the recent data that demonstrate an interconnection between genes regulated by these environmental signals and aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.
Isaura Caceres; Anthony Al Khoury; Rhoda El Khoury; Sophie Lorber; Isabelle P. Oswald; André El Khoury; Ali Atoui; Olivier Puel; Jean-Denis Bailly. Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation: A Review. Toxins 2020, 12, 150 .
AMA StyleIsaura Caceres, Anthony Al Khoury, Rhoda El Khoury, Sophie Lorber, Isabelle P. Oswald, André El Khoury, Ali Atoui, Olivier Puel, Jean-Denis Bailly. Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation: A Review. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaura Caceres; Anthony Al Khoury; Rhoda El Khoury; Sophie Lorber; Isabelle P. Oswald; André El Khoury; Ali Atoui; Olivier Puel; Jean-Denis Bailly. 2020. "Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation: A Review." Toxins 12, no. 3: 150.
Surveys of mycotoxins worldwide have shown that deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB), and zearalenone (ZON) are the most abundant Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) in European poultry feed, in both the level and the frequency of contamination. Previous studies reported that a combination of FUS at concentrations that individually are not toxic may negatively affect animals. However, although toxic thresholds and regulatory guidelines exist for FUS, none account for the risk of multiple contamination, which is the most frequent. The aim of this study was to compare DON, FB, and ZON toxicity, alone and in combination, in male turkey poults. Ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains were incorporated in corn-soybean-based feed in five experimental diets: control diet, containing no mycotoxins, DON diet (5 mg DON/kg), FB diet (20 mg FB1 + FB2/ kg), ZON diet (0.5 mg ZON/kg), and DONFBZON diet (5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively). Seventy male Grade Maker turkeys were reared in individual cages on mycotoxin-free diets from 0 to 55 days of age. On the 55th day, the turkeys were weighed and divided into five groups each comprising 14 birds. Each group was fed one of the five experimental diets for a period of 14 days. On the 70th day of age, feed was withheld for 8 hr, at which time a blood sample was collected, and then all the turkeys were killed, autopsied, and different tissues sampled. The weight of the different organs, analyses of performance, biochemistry, histopathology, oxidative damage, and testis toxicity revealed no significant effects attributable to FUS. Measurement of sphingolipids in the liver revealed an increase in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in turkeys fed diets containing FB, but had no apparent consequences in terms of toxicity. Finally, only slight differences were found in some variables and the results of this study showed no interactions between DON, FB, and ZON. Taken together, results thus suggest that the maximum tolerated levels established for individual contamination by DON, FB, and ZON can also be considered safe in turkeys fed with combinations of these FUS for a period of 14 days.
Angélique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level. Avian Diseases 2019, 63, 703 -712.
AMA StyleAngélique Travel, Jean-Paul Metayer, Amandine Mika, Jean-Denis Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Gurvan Lepivert, Eric Marengue, Pascal Froment, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level. Avian Diseases. 2019; 63 (4):703-712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngélique Travel; Jean-Paul Metayer; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Pascal Froment; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2019. "Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union–Tolerated Level." Avian Diseases 63, no. 4: 703-712.
Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) occur frequently in poultry diets, and regulatory limits are laid down in several countries. However, the limits were established for exposure to a single mycotoxin, whereas multiple contamination is more realistic, and different studies have demonstrated that it is not possible to predict interactions between mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was thus to compare the toxic effect of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) and zearalenone (ZON), alone and in combination on broiler chickens, at the maximum tolerated level established by the EU for poultry feed. Experimental corn-soybean diets incorporated ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains. One feed was formulated for chickens 0 to 10 days old and another for chickens 11 to 35 days old. The control diets were mycotoxin free, the DON diets contained 5 mg DON/kg, the FB diet contained 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg, and the ZON diet contained 0.5mg ZON/kg. The DONFBZON diet contained 5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively. Diets were distributed ad libitum to 70 broilers (male Ross PM3) separated into five groups of 14 chickens each reared in individual cages from one to 35 days of age. On day 35, after a starvation period of 8 h, a blood sample was collected, and all the animals were killed and autopsied. No difference between groups that could be attributed to FUS was observed in performances, the relative weight of organs, biochemistry, histopathology, intestinal morphometry, variables of oxidative damage, and markers of testicle toxicity. A significant increase in sphinganine and in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio was observed in broilers fed FB. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory guidelines established for single contamination of broiler chickens fed with DON, FB, and ZON can also be used in the case of multiple contamination with these toxins.
Jean-Paul Metayer; Angelique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Pascal Froment; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union. Toxins 2019, 11, 455 .
AMA StyleJean-Paul Metayer, Angelique Travel, Amandine Mika, Jean-Denis Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Pascal Froment, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Gurvan Lepivert, Eric Marengue, Didier Tardieu, Philippe Guerre. Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Paul Metayer; Angelique Travel; Amandine Mika; Jean-Denis Bailly; Didier Cleva; Cyril Boissieu; Jean Le Guennec; Pascal Froment; Olivier Albaric; Sophie Labrut; Gurvan Lepivert; Eric Marengue; Didier Tardieu; Philippe Guerre. 2019. "Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union." Toxins 11, no. 8: 455.
Spices are used extensively in Lebanon not only to flavour foods but also for their medicinal properties. To date, no data are available regarding the nature of the toxigenic fungal species that may contaminate these products at the marketing stage in this country. Eighty samples corresponding to 14 different types of spices were collected throughout Lebanon to characterize the Aspergillus section Flavi contaminating spices marketed in Lebanon and the toxigenic potential of these fungal species. Most fungal genera and species were identified as belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi. Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent species, representing almost 80% of the isolates. Although identified as A. flavus by molecular analysis, some strains displayed atypical morphological features. Seven strains of A. tamarii and one A. minisclerotigenes were also isolated. Analyses of toxigenic potential demonstrated that almost 80% of strains were able to produce mycotoxins, 47% produced aflatoxins, and 72% produced cyclopiazonic acid, alone or in combination with aflatoxins.
Joya Makhlouf; Amaranta Carvajal-Campos; Arlette Querin; Soraya Tadrist; Olivier Puel; Sophie Lorber; Isabelle P. Oswald; Monzer Hamze; Jean-Denis Bailly; Sylviane Bailly. Morphologic, molecular and metabolic characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi in spices marketed in Lebanon. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 5263 .
AMA StyleJoya Makhlouf, Amaranta Carvajal-Campos, Arlette Querin, Soraya Tadrist, Olivier Puel, Sophie Lorber, Isabelle P. Oswald, Monzer Hamze, Jean-Denis Bailly, Sylviane Bailly. Morphologic, molecular and metabolic characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi in spices marketed in Lebanon. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):5263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoya Makhlouf; Amaranta Carvajal-Campos; Arlette Querin; Soraya Tadrist; Olivier Puel; Sophie Lorber; Isabelle P. Oswald; Monzer Hamze; Jean-Denis Bailly; Sylviane Bailly. 2019. "Morphologic, molecular and metabolic characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi in spices marketed in Lebanon." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 5263.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi during their development, particularly in maize. It is widely accepted that AFB1 is a major contaminant in regions where hot climate conditions favor the development of aflatoxigenic species. Global warming could lead to the appearance of AFs in maize produced in Europe. This was the case in 2015, in France, when the exceptionally hot and dry climatic conditions were favorable for AF production. Our survey revealed AF contamination of 6% (n = 114) of maize field samples and of 15% (n = 81) of maize silo samples analyzed. To understand the origin of the contamination, we characterized the mycoflora in contaminated samples and in samples produced in the same geographic and climatic conditions but with no AFs. A special focus was placed on Aspergillus section Flavi. A total of 67 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated from the samples. As expected, the strains were observed in all AF+ samples and, remarkably, also in almost 40% of AF− samples, demonstrating the presence of these potent toxin producers in fields in France. A. flavus was the most frequent species of the section Flavi (69% of the strains). But surprisingly, A. parasiticus was also a frequent contaminant (28% of the strains), mostly isolated from AF+ samples. This finding is in agreement with the presence of AFG in most of those samples.
Sylviane Bailly; Anwar El Mahgubi; Amaranta Carvajal-Campos; Sophie Lorber; Olivier Puel; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Béatrice Orlando. Occurrence and Identification of Aspergillus Section Flavi in the Context of the Emergence of Aflatoxins in French Maize. Toxins 2018, 10, 525 .
AMA StyleSylviane Bailly, Anwar El Mahgubi, Amaranta Carvajal-Campos, Sophie Lorber, Olivier Puel, Isabelle P. Oswald, Jean-Denis Bailly, Béatrice Orlando. Occurrence and Identification of Aspergillus Section Flavi in the Context of the Emergence of Aflatoxins in French Maize. Toxins. 2018; 10 (12):525.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSylviane Bailly; Anwar El Mahgubi; Amaranta Carvajal-Campos; Sophie Lorber; Olivier Puel; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Béatrice Orlando. 2018. "Occurrence and Identification of Aspergillus Section Flavi in the Context of the Emergence of Aflatoxins in French Maize." Toxins 10, no. 12: 525.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. In mammals, this toxin causes widespread organ-specific damage; it promotes hepatotoxicity, is immunotoxic, alters intestinal functions etc. Despite its inhibitory effect on de novo ceramide synthesis, its molecular mechanism of action and toxicity is not totally elucidated. To explore the mechanism of FB1 toxicity, we analyzed the transcriptome and the kinome of two organs targeted by FB1: the liver and the jejunum. Pigs were fed for 4 weeks a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg/kg). As expected, FB1-exposed pigs gained less weight and displayed a higher sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. Comparison of the transcriptomes and the kinomes of treated versus control pigs showed striking differences. Among the disrupted pathways in liver and jejunum, we highlight Protein Kinase B (AKT) / Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) at the intersection of the FB1-modulated pathways. Most of the effects of FB1 are mediated by the regulation of ceramide level, which influences protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. This pathway might be a new target to counteract toxic effect of Fumonisin B1, which is one of the most spread food contaminant in the world.
Marion Régnier; Pascal Gourbeyre; Philippe Pinton; Scott Napper; Joëlle Laffite; Anne‐Marie Cossalter; Jean‐Denis Bailly; Yannick Lippi; Justine Bertrand‐Michel; Ana Paula F.R.L. Bracarense; Hervé Guillou; Nicolas Loiseau; Isabelle P. Oswald. Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2017, 61, 1 .
AMA StyleMarion Régnier, Pascal Gourbeyre, Philippe Pinton, Scott Napper, Joëlle Laffite, Anne‐Marie Cossalter, Jean‐Denis Bailly, Yannick Lippi, Justine Bertrand‐Michel, Ana Paula F.R.L. Bracarense, Hervé Guillou, Nicolas Loiseau, Isabelle P. Oswald. Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2017; 61 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarion Régnier; Pascal Gourbeyre; Philippe Pinton; Scott Napper; Joëlle Laffite; Anne‐Marie Cossalter; Jean‐Denis Bailly; Yannick Lippi; Justine Bertrand‐Michel; Ana Paula F.R.L. Bracarense; Hervé Guillou; Nicolas Loiseau; Isabelle P. Oswald. 2017. "Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61, no. 12: 1.
Aspergillus flavus, a soil-borne pathogen, represents a danger for humans and animals since it produces the carcinogenic mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Approaches aiming the reduction of this fungal contaminant mainly involve chemicals that may also be toxic. Therefore, identification and characterization of natural anti-aflatoxigenic products represents a sustainable alternative strategy. Piperine, a major component of black and long peppers, has been previously demonstrated asan AFB1-inhibitor; nevertheless its mechanism of action was yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate piperine's molecular mechanism of action in A. flavus with a special focus on oxidative stress response. For that, the entire AFB1 gene cluster as well asa targeted gene-network coding for fungal stress response factors and cellular receptors were analyzed. In addition to this, fungal enzymatic activities were also characterized. We demonstrated that piperine inhibits aflatoxin production and fungal growth in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the gene cluster demonstrated that almost all genes participating in aflatoxin's biosynthetic pathway were down regulated. Exposure to piperine also resulted in decreased transcript levels of the global regulator veA together with an over-expression of genes coding for several basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors such as atfA, atfB and ap-1 and genes belonging to superoxide dismutase and catalase's families. Furthermore, this gene response was accompanied by a significant enhancement of catalase enzymatic activity. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that piperine inhibits AFB1 production while positively modulating fungal antioxidant status in A. flavus.
Isaura Caceres; Rhoda El Khoury; Sylviane Bailly; Isabelle P. Oswald; Olivier Puel; Jean-Denis Bailly. Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus flavus by modulating fungal oxidative stress response. Fungal Genetics and Biology 2017, 107, 77 -85.
AMA StyleIsaura Caceres, Rhoda El Khoury, Sylviane Bailly, Isabelle P. Oswald, Olivier Puel, Jean-Denis Bailly. Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus flavus by modulating fungal oxidative stress response. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2017; 107 ():77-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaura Caceres; Rhoda El Khoury; Sylviane Bailly; Isabelle P. Oswald; Olivier Puel; Jean-Denis Bailly. 2017. "Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus flavus by modulating fungal oxidative stress response." Fungal Genetics and Biology 107, no. : 77-85.
Many fungi can develop on building material in indoor environments if the moisture level is high enough. Among species that are frequently observed, some are known to be potent mycotoxin producers. This presence of toxinogenic fungi in indoor environments raises the question of the possible exposure of occupants to these toxic compounds by inhalation after aerosolization. This study investigated mycotoxin production by Penicillium brevicompactum , Aspergillus versicolor , and Stachybotrys chartarum during their growth on wallpaper and the possible subsequent aerosolization of produced mycotoxins from contaminated substrates. We demonstrated that mycophenolic acid, sterigmatocystin, and macrocyclic trichothecenes (sum of 4 major compounds) could be produced at levels of 1.8, 112.1, and 27.8 mg/m 2 , respectively, on wallpaper. Moreover, part of the produced toxins could be aerosolized from the substrate. The propensity for aerosolization differed according to the fungal species. Thus, particles were aerosolized from wallpaper contaminated with P. brevicompactum when an air velocity of just 0.3 m/s was applied, whereas S. chartarum required an air velocity of 5.9 m/s. A. versicolor was intermediate, since aerosolization occurred under an air velocity of 2 m/s. Quantification of the toxic content revealed that toxic load was mostly associated with particles of size ≥3 μm, which may correspond to spores. However, some macrocyclic trichothecenes (especially satratoxin H and verrucarin J) can also be found on smaller particles that can deeply penetrate the respiratory tract upon inhalation. These elements are important for risk assessment related to moldy environments. IMPORTANCE The possible colonization of building material by toxinogenic fungi in cases of moistening raises the question of the subsequent exposure of occupants to aerosolized mycotoxins. In this study, we demonstrated that three different toxinogenic species produce mycotoxins during their development on wallpaper. These toxins can subsequently be aerosolized, at least partly, from moldy material. This transfer to air requires air velocities that can be encountered under real-life conditions in buildings. Most of the aerosolized toxic load is found in particles whose size corresponds to spores or mycelium fragments. However, some toxins were also found on particles smaller than spores that are easily respirable and can deeply penetrate the human respiratory tract. All of these data are important for risk assessment related to fungal contamination of indoor environments.
Brankica Aleksic; Marjorie Draghi; Sebastien Ritoux; Sylviane Bailly; Marlène Lacroix; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Enric Robine. Aerosolization of Mycotoxins after Growth of Toxinogenic Fungi on Wallpaper. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2017, 83, 1 .
AMA StyleBrankica Aleksic, Marjorie Draghi, Sebastien Ritoux, Sylviane Bailly, Marlène Lacroix, Isabelle P. Oswald, Jean-Denis Bailly, Enric Robine. Aerosolization of Mycotoxins after Growth of Toxinogenic Fungi on Wallpaper. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2017; 83 (16):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrankica Aleksic; Marjorie Draghi; Sebastien Ritoux; Sylviane Bailly; Marlène Lacroix; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Enric Robine. 2017. "Aerosolization of Mycotoxins after Growth of Toxinogenic Fungi on Wallpaper." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83, no. 16: 1.
Of all the food-contaminating mycotoxins, aflatoxins, and most notably aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are found to be the most toxic and economically costly. Green farming is striving to replace fungicides and develop natural preventive strategies to minimize crop contamination by these toxic fungal metabolites. In this study, we demonstrated that an aqueous extract of the medicinal plant Micromeria graeca—known as hyssop—completely inhibits aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus without reducing fungal growth. The molecular inhibitory mechanism was explored by analyzing the expression of 61 genes, including 27 aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster genes and 34 secondary metabolism regulatory genes. This analysis revealed a three-fold down-regulation of aflR and aflS encoding the two internal cluster co-activators, resulting in a drastic repression of all aflatoxin biosynthesis genes. Hyssop also targeted fifteen regulatory genes, including veA and mtfA, two major global-regulating transcription factors. The effect of this extract is also linked to a transcriptomic variation of several genes required for the response to oxidative stress such as msnA, srrA, catA, cat2, sod1, mnsod, and stuA. In conclusion, hyssop inhibits AFB1 synthesis at the transcriptomic level. This aqueous extract is a promising natural-based solution to control AFB1 contamination.
Rhoda El Khoury; Isaura Caceres; Olivier Puel; Sylviane Bailly; Ali Atoui; Isabelle P. Oswald; André El Khoury; Jean-Denis Bailly. Identification of the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Activity of Micromeria graeca and Elucidation of Its Molecular Mechanism in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins 2017, 9, 87 .
AMA StyleRhoda El Khoury, Isaura Caceres, Olivier Puel, Sylviane Bailly, Ali Atoui, Isabelle P. Oswald, André El Khoury, Jean-Denis Bailly. Identification of the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Activity of Micromeria graeca and Elucidation of Its Molecular Mechanism in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins. 2017; 9 (3):87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhoda El Khoury; Isaura Caceres; Olivier Puel; Sylviane Bailly; Ali Atoui; Isabelle P. Oswald; André El Khoury; Jean-Denis Bailly. 2017. "Identification of the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Activity of Micromeria graeca and Elucidation of Its Molecular Mechanism in Aspergillus flavus." Toxins 9, no. 3: 87.
Worldwide, climate change is already affecting the biology and ecology of some organisms because of changing patterns in crop production and livestock intensification, as well as altering the transport pathways of chemical contaminants. Consequently, climate change is expected to aggravate feed and food safety problems during all phases of food production and supply. Temperature increases and changes in rainfall patterns will have an impact on the persistence and patterns of occurrence of bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and harmful algae and the patterns of their corresponding foodborne diseases and the risk of toxic contamination. Chemical residues of pesticides and veterinary medicines in plant and animal products will be affected by changes in pest pressure. The food risks of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (i.e., dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls) could rise following changes in soils and long-range atmospheric transport, though quantitative estimates are scarce. This chapter summarizes data on the effect of climate change on biological and chemical food safety hazards, as well as it discusses the need for scientific research and development of improved tools, techniques, and practices to adapt the current risk management systems.
M. Herrera; R. Anadón; Shahzad Zafar Iqbal; Jean-Denis Bailly; Agustin Ariño. Climate Change and Food Safety. Food Safety 2016, 149 -160.
AMA StyleM. Herrera, R. Anadón, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Jean-Denis Bailly, Agustin Ariño. Climate Change and Food Safety. Food Safety. 2016; ():149-160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Herrera; R. Anadón; Shahzad Zafar Iqbal; Jean-Denis Bailly; Agustin Ariño. 2016. "Climate Change and Food Safety." Food Safety , no. : 149-160.
Stachybotrys chartarum is a fungal contaminant of damp indoor environments that can produce several toxins belonging to the family of macrocyclic trichothecenes. These toxins are suspected to be involved in different pathologies among residents of moldy indoor environments. However there are only few data on the capacity of S. chartarum to produce its toxins (type and proportion) while growing on different building materials. This study aimed to quantify by UPLC-MS/MS the production of four major macrocyclic trichothecenes (Satratoxins G and H, Roridin L2 and Verrucarin J) during colonization of different building materials (fiberglass, painted fiberglass wallpaper, wallpaper, vinyl wallpaper, fir) by S. chartarum. It showed that the four molecules were produced upon development of a toxin-producing strain of S. chartarum on the material. The nature of building material strongly influenced the levels of macrocyclic trichothecenes produced. Wallpaper appeared to be the most favorable to both fungal development and production of the four toxins. By contrast, no toxin production was observed on vinyl wallpaper, in agreement with lack of fungal growth. Satratoxin H was always the main toxin produced, on all tested substrates, and its concentration reached 14.2, 3, 1.8 and 1.1 mg/m2 on wallpaper, fir, fiberglass and fiberglass wallpaper, respectively. This knowledge is important to define monitoring strategies and assess risk related to those contaminants.
B. Aleksic; S. Bailly; M. Draghi; J.J. Pestka; Isabelle Oswald; E. Robine; Jean-Denis Bailly; Marlene Lacroix. Production of four macrocyclic trichothecenes by Stachybotrys chartarum during its development on different building materials as measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Building and Environment 2016, 106, 265 -273.
AMA StyleB. Aleksic, S. Bailly, M. Draghi, J.J. Pestka, Isabelle Oswald, E. Robine, Jean-Denis Bailly, Marlene Lacroix. Production of four macrocyclic trichothecenes by Stachybotrys chartarum during its development on different building materials as measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Building and Environment. 2016; 106 ():265-273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Aleksic; S. Bailly; M. Draghi; J.J. Pestka; Isabelle Oswald; E. Robine; Jean-Denis Bailly; Marlene Lacroix. 2016. "Production of four macrocyclic trichothecenes by Stachybotrys chartarum during its development on different building materials as measured by UPLC-MS/MS." Building and Environment 106, no. : 265-273.
Produced by several species of Aspergillus, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin contaminating many crops worldwide. The utilization of fungicides is currently one of the most common methods; nevertheless, their use is not environmentally or economically sound. Thus, the use of natural compounds able to block aflatoxinogenesis could represent an alternative strategy to limit food and feed contamination. For instance, eugenol, a 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol present in many essential oils, has been identified as an anti-aflatoxin molecule. However, its precise mechanism of action has yet to be clarified. The production of AFB1 is associated with the expression of a 70 kB cluster, and not less than 21 enzymatic reactions are necessary for its production. Based on former empirical data, a molecular tool composed of 60 genes targeting 27 genes of aflatoxin B1 cluster and 33 genes encoding the main regulatory factors potentially involved in its production, was developed. We showed that AFB1 inhibition in Aspergillus flavus following eugenol addition at 0.5 mM in a Malt Extract Agar (MEA) medium resulted in a complete inhibition of the expression of all but one gene of the AFB1 biosynthesis cluster. This transcriptomic effect followed a down-regulation of the complex composed by the two internal regulatory factors, AflR and AflS. This phenomenon was also influenced by an over-expression of veA and mtfA, two genes that are directly linked to AFB1 cluster regulation.
Isaura Caceres; Rhoda El Khoury; Ángel Medina; Yannick Lippi; Claire Naylies; Ali Atoui; André El Khoury; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Olivier Puel. Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach. Toxins 2016, 8, 123 .
AMA StyleIsaura Caceres, Rhoda El Khoury, Ángel Medina, Yannick Lippi, Claire Naylies, Ali Atoui, André El Khoury, Isabelle P. Oswald, Jean-Denis Bailly, Olivier Puel. Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach. Toxins. 2016; 8 (5):123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaura Caceres; Rhoda El Khoury; Ángel Medina; Yannick Lippi; Claire Naylies; Ali Atoui; André El Khoury; Isabelle P. Oswald; Jean-Denis Bailly; Olivier Puel. 2016. "Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach." Toxins 8, no. 5: 123.
Fumonisins are major mycotoxins found worldwide in maize and maize products. Because of their toxicity for both human and animals, European Union regulations were created to fix the maximal fumonisin B1 and B2 content allowed in foods and feeds. Unfortunately, directly measuring these mycotoxins by current analytical techniques is tedious and expensive and most measurement methods do not lend themselves to online control. Alternative approaches to chemical analysis have been developed and involve models that allow the mycotoxin contamination to be predicted based on environmental conditions and analysis by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In the present work, we use NIR spectroscopy to determine the fumonisin and fungal contents of 117 samples of maize. The determination coefficient between fumonisin and fungal-biomass content was 0.44. We establish herein a threshold for the number of CFUs for fungal biomass beyond which the fumonisin content is likely to exceed the European regulatory level of 4000 μg/kg. In addition, we determine the fungal content by using a NIR-spectroscopy model that allows us to sort samples of maize. Upon calibration, the percentage of well-classified samples was 96%, which compares favorably to the 82% obtained by independent verification.
Cecile Levasseur-Garcia; Sylviane Bailly; Didier Kleiber; Jean-Denis Bailly. Assessing Risk of Fumonisin Contamination in Maize Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Chemistry 2015, 2015, 1 -10.
AMA StyleCecile Levasseur-Garcia, Sylviane Bailly, Didier Kleiber, Jean-Denis Bailly. Assessing Risk of Fumonisin Contamination in Maize Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Chemistry. 2015; 2015 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCecile Levasseur-Garcia; Sylviane Bailly; Didier Kleiber; Jean-Denis Bailly. 2015. "Assessing Risk of Fumonisin Contamination in Maize Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Chemistry 2015, no. : 1-10.
Contamination of foods with mycotoxins represents an important limit to the income of farmers and a major public health concern especially in tropical countries. Cassava represents an important part of the diet of many people in this part of the word and the most important smallholder crop in Africa. Fungal contamination of cassava products can occur at pre-harvest level or after, during processing, according to the conditions (moisture, temperature, competition with other microorganisms). Such fungal contamination can also lead to mycotoxin accumulation. The most common fungi found in cassava products belong to genera Rhyzopus, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Phoma and Penicillium. Their corresponding mycotoxins could also be found in cassava. However, until now, the correlation between the presence of Aspergillus flavus and its toxins aflatoxins remains unclear. In this review, we broadly report data about mycotoxins contamination of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its derivatives, with a special emphasis on aflatoxins.
Yann C.S. Adjovi; Benoit J.G. Gnonlonfin; Sylviane Bailly; Jean Denis Bailly; Soraya Tadrist; Olivier Puel; Isabelle P. Oswald; Ambaliou Sanni. Occurrence of mycotoxins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its products. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health 2015, 5, 217 .
AMA StyleYann C.S. Adjovi, Benoit J.G. Gnonlonfin, Sylviane Bailly, Jean Denis Bailly, Soraya Tadrist, Olivier Puel, Isabelle P. Oswald, Ambaliou Sanni. Occurrence of mycotoxins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its products. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health. 2015; 5 (3/4):217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYann C.S. Adjovi; Benoit J.G. Gnonlonfin; Sylviane Bailly; Jean Denis Bailly; Soraya Tadrist; Olivier Puel; Isabelle P. Oswald; Ambaliou Sanni. 2015. "Occurrence of mycotoxins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its products." International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health 5, no. 3/4: 217.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, due to its ability to inhibit ceramide synthases (CerS) activity. In mammals, this toxin triggers broad clinical symptoms with multi-organ dysfunction such as hepatotoxicity or pulmonary edema. The molecular mechanism of CerS inhibition by FB1 remains unknown. Due to the existence of six mammalian CerS isoforms with a tissue-specific expression pattern, we postulated that the organ-specific adverse effects of FB1 might be due to different CerS isoforms. The sphingolipid contents of lung and liver were compared in normal and FB1-exposed piglets (gavage with 1.5 mg FB1/kg body weight daily for 9 days). The effect of the toxin on each CerS was deduced from the analysis of its effects on individual ceramide (Cer) and sphingomyelin (SM) species. As expected, the total Cer content decreased by half in the lungs of FB1-exposed piglets, while in contrast, total Cer increased 3.5-fold in the livers of FB1-exposed animals. Our data also indicated that FB1 is more prone to bind to CerS4 and CerS2 to deplete lung and to enrich liver in d18:1/C20:0 and d18:1/C22:0 ceramides. It also interact with CerS1 to enrich liver in d18:1/C18:0 ceramides. Cer levels were counterbalanced by those of SM. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the specificity of the effects of FB1 on tissues and organs is due to the effects of the toxin on CerS4, CerS2, and CerS1.
Nicolas Loiseau; Arnaud Polizzi; Aude Dupuy; Nicole Therville; Mirindra Rakotonirainy; Jennifer Loy; Jean-Luc Viadere; Anne-Marie Cossalter; Jean-Denis Bailly; Olivier Puel; Martine Kolf-Clauw; Justine Bertrand-Michel; Thierry Levade; Hervé Guillou; Isabelle Oswald. New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: comparison between lung and liver. Archives of Toxicology 2014, 89, 1619 -1629.
AMA StyleNicolas Loiseau, Arnaud Polizzi, Aude Dupuy, Nicole Therville, Mirindra Rakotonirainy, Jennifer Loy, Jean-Luc Viadere, Anne-Marie Cossalter, Jean-Denis Bailly, Olivier Puel, Martine Kolf-Clauw, Justine Bertrand-Michel, Thierry Levade, Hervé Guillou, Isabelle Oswald. New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: comparison between lung and liver. Archives of Toxicology. 2014; 89 (9):1619-1629.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Loiseau; Arnaud Polizzi; Aude Dupuy; Nicole Therville; Mirindra Rakotonirainy; Jennifer Loy; Jean-Luc Viadere; Anne-Marie Cossalter; Jean-Denis Bailly; Olivier Puel; Martine Kolf-Clauw; Justine Bertrand-Michel; Thierry Levade; Hervé Guillou; Isabelle Oswald. 2014. "New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: comparison between lung and liver." Archives of Toxicology 89, no. 9: 1619-1629.