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Daniele Malomo
Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 20 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The effect of corrosion-induced damage on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) circular bridge piers has been extensively investigated in the last decade, both experimentally and numerically. Contrarily, only limited research is presently available on hollow-section members, largely employed worldwide and intrinsically more vulnerable to corrosion attacks. In this paper, fiber-based finite element (FB-FEM) models, typically the preferred choice by practitioners given their reduced computational expense, are validated against previous shake-table and quasi-static cyclic tests on hollow-section RC columns, and then used to investigate the influence of corrosion-induced damage. To this end, modeling strategies of varying complexity are used, including artificial reduction of steel rebar diameter, yield strength and ductility, as well as that of concrete compressive strength to simulate cover loss, and ensuing dissimilarities quantified. Pushover and incremental dynamic analyses are conducted to explore impacts on collapse behavior, extending experimental results while accounting for multiple corrosion rates. Produced outcomes indicate a minimal influence of cover loss; substantial reductions of base shear (up to 37%) and ultimate displacement capacity (up to 50%) were observed, instead, when introducing relevant levels of deterioration due to corrosion (i.e., 30% rebar mass loss). Its predicted impact is generally lower when considering more simplified assumptions, which may thus yield non-conservative predictions.

ACS Style

Nicola Scattarreggia; TianYue Qiao; Daniele Malomo. Earthquake Response Modeling of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Hollow-Section Piers via Simplified Fiber-Based FE Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9342 .

AMA Style

Nicola Scattarreggia, TianYue Qiao, Daniele Malomo. Earthquake Response Modeling of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Hollow-Section Piers via Simplified Fiber-Based FE Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicola Scattarreggia; TianYue Qiao; Daniele Malomo. 2021. "Earthquake Response Modeling of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Hollow-Section Piers via Simplified Fiber-Based FE Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9342.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Engineering Structures
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Despite the vulnerability of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures to out-of-plane (OOP) loading, computational methods that can efficiently simulate OOP failure at the building scale are still limited. Current methods typically rely on simplified static analysis approaches or refined micro-modeling techniques that entail high computational expense, thus limiting their employment to reduced-scale and local problems. With a view to overcome these issues, a novel Finite-Distinct macroelement model which combines the efficiency of simplified modeling strategies with the multifaceted capabilities of discontinuum-based methods, is developed and implemented in the framework of the Distinct Element Method (DEM). Shear and flexural failure modes, either in-plane or out-of-plane, are accounted for by zero-thickness interface spring layers, whose layout is determined a priori as a function of the considered masonry bond pattern. Meanwhile, crushing failure is modeled through homogenized Finite Element macro-blocks. The proposed discretization scheme is conceived so that the model can also be used to simulate in-plane damage, for which the model has already been validated. Simplified expressions are proposed for determining equivalent mechanical properties of the interface spring layers, depending on their inclination. Similarly, analytically-based equations are used to significantly reduce the number of springs needed to adequately reproduce the OOP bending response at the joint level. Numerical simulations are compared to previous experimental quasi-static and dynamic tests on both brick and block URM components, characterized by markedly different vertical pressures, aspect ratios, boundary conditions and confinement; both one-way and two-way bending actions are considered. The results indicate that the model can satisfactorily reproduce the measured load–displacement curves in a reasonable timeframe, as well as the experimentally-observed failure mechanisms.

ACS Style

D. Malomo; M.J. DeJong. A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for out-of-plane analysis of unreinforced masonry structures. Engineering Structures 2021, 244, 112754 .

AMA Style

D. Malomo, M.J. DeJong. A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for out-of-plane analysis of unreinforced masonry structures. Engineering Structures. 2021; 244 ():112754.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Malomo; M.J. DeJong. 2021. "A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for out-of-plane analysis of unreinforced masonry structures." Engineering Structures 244, no. : 112754.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2021 in Structures
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This paper presents a benchmark exercise for the seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings as a follow-up of a blind prediction test organized in the context of the European Conference of Earthquake Engineering Series. The blind prediction exercise was aimed at better defining the open issues in current procedures for modeling and performing seismic analysis of URM buildings, by highlighting the uncertainty that can influence the results. This work presents an overview of the approaches used by different research teams and the scope of predictions. The benchmark structure was a three-story building with traditional European architecture from which two Cases were considered: A) stone masonry walls and flexible horizontal diaphragms and B) brick masonry walls and rigid horizontal diaphragms. A wide range of approaches was used by the participating teams concerning modeling strategies, methods of analysis and criteria for the attainment of limit states, which are here addressed as potential sources for the dispersion of predictions. The results were compared in terms of capacity curves, predicted failure mechanisms compatible with the fulfillment of limit states of near collapse and damage limitation, and related minimum values of peak ground acceleration (PGA). The results show an overall good agreement for damage patterns and collapse mechanisms in both benchmark structures, presenting some differences in the type of failure mode and its extent. However, the scatter of predicted capacity curves and critical PGAs is very high, especially for the Case with brick masonry and rigid diaphragms, indicating that clearer procedures in the building codes are required for professionals.

ACS Style

F. Parisse; S. Cattari; R. Marques; P.B. Lourenço; G. Magenes; K. Beyer; B. Calderoni; G. Camata; E.A. Cordasco; M.A. Erberik; C. Içel; M. Karakaya; D. Malomo; C.F. Manzini; C. Marano; F. Messali; G. Occhipinti; B. Pantò; Ö. Saygılı; M. Sousamli. Benchmarking the seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings from a blind prediction test. Structures 2021, 31, 982 -1005.

AMA Style

F. Parisse, S. Cattari, R. Marques, P.B. Lourenço, G. Magenes, K. Beyer, B. Calderoni, G. Camata, E.A. Cordasco, M.A. Erberik, C. Içel, M. Karakaya, D. Malomo, C.F. Manzini, C. Marano, F. Messali, G. Occhipinti, B. Pantò, Ö. Saygılı, M. Sousamli. Benchmarking the seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings from a blind prediction test. Structures. 2021; 31 ():982-1005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Parisse; S. Cattari; R. Marques; P.B. Lourenço; G. Magenes; K. Beyer; B. Calderoni; G. Camata; E.A. Cordasco; M.A. Erberik; C. Içel; M. Karakaya; D. Malomo; C.F. Manzini; C. Marano; F. Messali; G. Occhipinti; B. Pantò; Ö. Saygılı; M. Sousamli. 2021. "Benchmarking the seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings from a blind prediction test." Structures 31, no. : 982-1005.

Original research
Published: 02 November 2020 in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
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Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings with cavity walls, typically constituted by the assembly of a loadbearing inner leaf weakly coupled to an outer veneer with no structural functions, are widely present in a number of regions exposed to tectonic or induced seismicity, including the Groningen province (The Netherlands), which has lately experienced low-intensity ground shaking due to natural gas extraction. Recently, experimental evidence has shown that the lack of seismic details, and, above all, the presence of large ground floor openings, makes these structures particularly vulnerable towards horizontal actions. In this endeavour, advanced discrete element models, developed within the framework of the Applied Element Method (AEM), are employed to investigate numerically the impact of ground floor openings percentage on the dynamic behaviour of cavity wall systems representative of the typical Dutch terraced houses construction, namely low-rise residential URM buildings with rigid floor diaphragms and timber roof. Firstly, the model is validated through comparison with a shake-table test of a full-scale building specimen, tested up to near-collapse. Then, a comprehensive numerical study, which featured several combinations of ground-floor openings and the application of various acceleration time-histories up to complete collapse, is undertaken. The ensuing results allowed a comparison of the fragility associated with each of the considered openings layouts, showing how the presence of large ground floor openings may significantly increase the seismic vulnerability of typical URM Dutch terraced houses.

ACS Style

D. Malomo; C. Morandini; H. Crowley; R. Pinho; A. Penna. Impact of ground floor openings percentage on the dynamic response of typical Dutch URM cavity wall structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2020, 19, 403 -428.

AMA Style

D. Malomo, C. Morandini, H. Crowley, R. Pinho, A. Penna. Impact of ground floor openings percentage on the dynamic response of typical Dutch URM cavity wall structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2020; 19 (1):403-428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Malomo; C. Morandini; H. Crowley; R. Pinho; A. Penna. 2020. "Impact of ground floor openings percentage on the dynamic response of typical Dutch URM cavity wall structures." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 1: 403-428.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Engineering Structures
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In this work, a new Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for the analysis of the in-plane behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures, aimed at combining the efficiency of simplified approaches with the accuracy of discontinuum-based micro-modeling methods, is presented and validated through comparison against a number of both experimental and numerical tests on URM components. In the M-DEM framework, Finite Element (FE) homogenized macro-blocks are connected by discrete spring interfaces, whose layout is determined a priori as a function of the masonry texture. In-plane diagonal and sliding shear failure mechanisms, as well as flexural damage, are accounted for by the discrete spring interfaces. Meanwhile, a new methodology to simulate crushing, which makes use of a strain-softening model originally conceived for modeling concrete failure, is proposed and calibrated against small-scale tests on masonry samples. The strategy is to simulate shear/tension failure in the block interfaces and compression failure within the FE macro-blocks, while discretizing to allow the possibility of simulating out-of-plane failure modes. Using the M-DEM, the observed experimental damage and the hysteretic behavior of various reduced-scale URM specimens, subjected to shear-compression cyclic loading, were satisfactorily reproduced numerically. The capabilities of the M-DEM to predict the influence of the bond pattern on the monotonic behavior laterally-loaded URM piers were also scrutinized through comparison with standard micro-modeling outcomes, focusing on potential differences concerning both accuracy and computational expense. Finally, given the encouraging results obtained, the proposed approach was extended to the simulation of the in-plane cyclic response of a full-scale URM façade. Although the model marginally underestimated the energy dissipation in the first test phases, a good agreement was obtained in terms of peak and residual base shear capacity, initial in-plane stiffness and its progressive deterioration, governing failure mechanisms and final crack pattern, whilst simultaneously keeping computational costs within acceptable limits.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Matthew J. DeJong. A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for simulating the in-plane cyclic behavior of URM structures. Engineering Structures 2020, 227, 111428 .

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Matthew J. DeJong. A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for simulating the in-plane cyclic behavior of URM structures. Engineering Structures. 2020; 227 ():111428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Matthew J. DeJong. 2020. "A Macro-Distinct Element Model (M-DEM) for simulating the in-plane cyclic behavior of URM structures." Engineering Structures 227, no. : 111428.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
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An innovative discontinuum-based micromodeling approach, the Applied Element Method, is used in this work to investigate explicitly potential failure mechanisms that might have contributed to the collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa, Italy, which occurred on August 14, 2018. While, consistently with the findings presented in a previous contribution by the same authors, the initial trigger of the collapse mechanism was assumed as the release of one of the stays, this study investigates, through a sensitivity study, the impact that several parameters and epistemic uncertainties, including reduction of cables’ cross section (potentially induced by corrosion) and various possible configurations of both passive and active reinforcements in the main deck, have on the predicted failure mode. Then, to indicate the structural elements and details in which a potential presence of corrosion should be more carefully explored, the observed debris distribution is compared with its numerical counterparts.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Nicola Scattarreggia; Andrea Orgnoni; Rui Pinho; Matteo Moratti; Gian Michele Calvi. Numerical Study on the Collapse of the Morandi Bridge. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 2020, 34, 04020044 .

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Nicola Scattarreggia, Andrea Orgnoni, Rui Pinho, Matteo Moratti, Gian Michele Calvi. Numerical Study on the Collapse of the Morandi Bridge. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 2020; 34 (4):04020044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Nicola Scattarreggia; Andrea Orgnoni; Rui Pinho; Matteo Moratti; Gian Michele Calvi. 2020. "Numerical Study on the Collapse of the Morandi Bridge." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 34, no. 4: 04020044.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Engineering Structures
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Structural failure of existing unreinforced masonry buildings, when subjected to earthquake loading, is often caused by the out-of-plane response of masonry walls. Their out-of-plane resistance could vary considerably depending on several factors, such as boundary conditions, vertical overburden and construction technique. Amongst the latter, the cavity wall system, originally introduced in Northwest Europe in the 19th century and then spread to several countries including USA, Canada, China, Australia and New Zealand, has been shown to be particularly vulnerable towards out-of-plane actions. In this work, the use of the Applied Element Method was investigated and subsequently considered for reproducing the experimentally observed out-of-plane shake-table response of unreinforced masonry full-scale cavity wall specimens subjected to both one-way and two-way bending. Finally, given the adequate results obtained and aimed at investigating further both potential limits and actual capabilities of the adopted modelling strategy, the latter was also extended to the simulation of the dynamic out-of-plane-governed failure mode of a full-scale building specimen tested up to complete collapse.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Pinho; Andrea Penna. Numerical modelling of the out-of-plane response of full-scale brick masonry prototypes subjected to incremental dynamic shake-table tests. Engineering Structures 2020, 209, 110298 .

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Rui Pinho, Andrea Penna. Numerical modelling of the out-of-plane response of full-scale brick masonry prototypes subjected to incremental dynamic shake-table tests. Engineering Structures. 2020; 209 ():110298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Pinho; Andrea Penna. 2020. "Numerical modelling of the out-of-plane response of full-scale brick masonry prototypes subjected to incremental dynamic shake-table tests." Engineering Structures 209, no. : 110298.

Articles
Published: 12 December 2019 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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The overall seismic resistance of unreinforced masonry (URM) systems that exhibit box-behavior mainly relies on the lateral force capacity of structural components. Despite the fact that it is widely accepted that masonry bond pattern might considerably affect the in-plane performance of URM members, this aspect has not fully addressed experimentally or numerically. In this paper, calibrated numerical models, developed within the framework of the Distinct Element Method, are used to simulate the quasi-static lateral response of URM piers under several combinations of boundary conditions, vertical pressures and aspect ratios, as well as a large number of typically-employed periodic and quasi-periodic bond patterns. The employment of time, size and mass scaling, and dynamic relaxation procedures, combined with the introduction of equivalent interface properties to represent the effect of cyclic damage through monotonic loading schemes, provided a significant reduction of computational cost, thus enabling a comprehensive parametric study to be carried out within an acceptable timeframe. The results show that the bond pattern has an appreciable influence on the response of laterally-loaded URM panels, motivating the possibility of including this aspect in the assessment of existing URM structures. Analytical formulations were also inferred by fitting numerical data, thus enabling the findings of this work to be readily implemented in assessment using simplified models.

ACS Style

D. Malomo; M.J. DeJong; A. Penna. Influence of Bond Pattern on the in-plane Behavior of URM Piers. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2019, 1 -20.

AMA Style

D. Malomo, M.J. DeJong, A. Penna. Influence of Bond Pattern on the in-plane Behavior of URM Piers. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2019; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Malomo; M.J. DeJong; A. Penna. 2019. "Influence of Bond Pattern on the in-plane Behavior of URM Piers." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-20.

Website
Published: 20 August 2019 in Risk-based Bridge Engineering
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Explicit collapse analysis of bridges still represents an open challenge in numerical modeling. In this work, an innovative micro-modeling approach, the Applied Element Method, is used to investigate potential triggering factors that might have contributed to the collapse of the Morandi Bridge, in Genoa, Italy, which took place on August 14, 2018. This paper explores the influence of several parameters, including deterioration of cables, and loading effects on the collapse mechanism. The observed and predicted debris were also compared to assess the possible collapse mechanism of the bridge.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho; N. Scattarreggia; M. Moratti; G.M. Calvi. Explicit collapse analysis of the Morandi Bridge using the Applied Element Method. Risk-based Bridge Engineering 2019, 87 -120.

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho, N. Scattarreggia, M. Moratti, G.M. Calvi. Explicit collapse analysis of the Morandi Bridge using the Applied Element Method. Risk-based Bridge Engineering. 2019; ():87-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho; N. Scattarreggia; M. Moratti; G.M. Calvi. 2019. "Explicit collapse analysis of the Morandi Bridge using the Applied Element Method." Risk-based Bridge Engineering , no. : 87-120.

Research article
Published: 26 June 2019 in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
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The in‐plane capacity of unreinforced masonry (URM) elements may vary considerably depending on several factors, including boundary conditions, aspect ratio, vertical overburden, and masonry texture. Since the overall system resistance mainly relies on the in‐plane lateral capacity of URM components when out‐of‐plane modes are adequately prevented, the structural assessment of URM structures could benefit from advanced numerical approaches able to account for these factors simultaneously. This paper aims at enhancing and optimising the employment of the distinct element method, currently confined to the analysis of local mechanisms of reduced‐scale dry‐joint blocky assemblies, with a view to simulate the experimentally observed responses of a series of URM full‐scale specimens with mortared joints subjected to quasi‐static in‐plane cyclic loading. To this end, a mesoscale modelling approach is proposed that employs a simplified microscale modelling approach to effectively capture macroscale behaviour. Dynamic relaxation schemes are employed, in combination with time, size, and mass‐scaling procedures, to decrease computational demand. A new methodology for numerically describing both unit, mortar and hybrid failure modes, also including masonry crushing due to high‐compression stresses, is proposed. Empirical and homogenisation formulae for inferring the elastic properties of interface between elements are also verified, enabling the proposed approach to be applied more broadly. Using this modelling strategy, the interaction between stiffness degradation and energy dissipation rate was accounted for numerically. Although the models marginally underestimate the energy dissipation in the case of slender piers, a good agreement was obtained in terms of lateral strength, hysteretic response, and crack pattern.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Matthew J. DeJong; Andrea Penna. Distinct element modelling of the in‐plane cyclic response of URM walls subjected to shear‐compression. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2019, 48, 1322 -1344.

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Matthew J. DeJong, Andrea Penna. Distinct element modelling of the in‐plane cyclic response of URM walls subjected to shear‐compression. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2019; 48 (12):1322-1344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Matthew J. DeJong; Andrea Penna. 2019. "Distinct element modelling of the in‐plane cyclic response of URM walls subjected to shear‐compression." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 48, no. 12: 1322-1344.

Articles
Published: 23 May 2019 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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Structural design of unreinforced masonry buildings in The Netherlands, recently exposed to low-intensity ground motions induced by gas extraction, was not originally conceived for earthquake-resistance. Indeed, the presence of both large openings and flexible diaphragms, and the lack of any specific seismic consideration or detailing significantly increase their vulnerability towards horizontal loading. In this paper, the Applied Element Method (AEM), which explicitly represents the discrete nature of masonry, is used to simulate the shake-table response of a full-scale building specimen representative of a typical Dutch detached house made of unreinforced solid clay-brick masonry. Using this modelling strategy, the damage evolution, as well as both global failure mode and hysteretic behaviour, are described. The results show a good agreement with the experimentally observed response, confirming the capabilities of the AEM in reproducing effectively the behaviour of masonry structures, whilst simultaneously keeping computational costs within acceptable limits for this type of detailed modelling.

ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Pinho; Andrea Penna. Applied Element Modelling of the Dynamic Response of a Full-Scale Clay Brick Masonry Building Specimen with Flexible Diaphragms. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2019, 14, 1484 -1501.

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Rui Pinho, Andrea Penna. Applied Element Modelling of the Dynamic Response of a Full-Scale Clay Brick Masonry Building Specimen with Flexible Diaphragms. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2019; 14 (10):1484-1501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Pinho; Andrea Penna. 2019. "Applied Element Modelling of the Dynamic Response of a Full-Scale Clay Brick Masonry Building Specimen with Flexible Diaphragms." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 10: 1484-1501.

Scientific paper
Published: 20 December 2018 in Structural Engineering International
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On 14 August 2018 at 11:35 AM, a relevant portion (about 243 m) of the viaduct over the Polcevera river in Genoa collapsed, killing 43 people. The bridge was designed in the early 1960s by Riccardo Morandi, a well-known Italian engineer, and opened to the public in 1967. The collapsed part of the bridge essentially comprised an individual self-standing structure spanning 171 m and two simply-supported connecting Gerber beam systems, each spanning 36 m from the self-standing structure to the adjacent portions of the bridge. This paper aims to reminisce the complete story of the bridge, from the Italian construction boom in the 1960s to some of the issues that soon arose thereafter: the strengthening intervention in the 1990s, the subsequent structural monitoring and, finally, the strengthening project never brought to fruition. Potential reasons for the collapse are discussed, together with some of the possible inadequacies of the bridge, its maintenance and loading history based on critical reflection, comparison with specific features of bridge construction practice today and results obtained using numerical models with different levels of refinement. Since the entire matter (specifically the debris) was considered classified by the investigating magistrate in the immediate aftermath of the bridge collapse, this work is based entirely on publicly available material.

ACS Style

Gian Michele Calvi; Matteo Moratti; Gerard J. O'reilly; Nicola Scattarreggia; Ricardo Monteiro; Daniele Malomo; Paolo Martino Calvi; Rui Pinho. Once upon a Time in Italy: The Tale of the Morandi Bridge. Structural Engineering International 2018, 29, 198 -217.

AMA Style

Gian Michele Calvi, Matteo Moratti, Gerard J. O'reilly, Nicola Scattarreggia, Ricardo Monteiro, Daniele Malomo, Paolo Martino Calvi, Rui Pinho. Once upon a Time in Italy: The Tale of the Morandi Bridge. Structural Engineering International. 2018; 29 (2):198-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gian Michele Calvi; Matteo Moratti; Gerard J. O'reilly; Nicola Scattarreggia; Ricardo Monteiro; Daniele Malomo; Paolo Martino Calvi; Rui Pinho. 2018. "Once upon a Time in Italy: The Tale of the Morandi Bridge." Structural Engineering International 29, no. 2: 198-217.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2018 in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
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ACS Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho; Andrea Penna. Using the applied element method for modelling calcium silicate brick masonry subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2018, 47, 1610 -1630.

AMA Style

Daniele Malomo, Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho, Andrea Penna. Using the applied element method for modelling calcium silicate brick masonry subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2018; 47 (7):1610-1630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Malomo; Rui Jorge Silva Moura Pinho; Andrea Penna. 2018. "Using the applied element method for modelling calcium silicate brick masonry subjected to in-plane cyclic loading." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 47, no. 7: 1610-1630.