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Dr. Rashid Shamsuddin
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP)

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0 Waste Water Treatment
0 polymer
0 geopolymer
0 Waste and by-product
0 Adsorption and adsorbents

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Adsorption and adsorbents

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Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Bioresource Technology Reports
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This paper describes the co-AD of chicken manure (CM) and the effect of additives such as serai wangi (SW), peppermint (PPM) and orange peel waste (OPW) on biogas production, kinetic study, and fly alleviation potential on the digestate. The results revealed that co-digestion of CM alone produced the highest biogas (62.43 mL/gvs) and methane yield (31.12 mL/gvs). OPW and PPM inhibit the AD process as they contain limonene, while high lignin content in SW slows down the overall AD process. Modified Gompertz and Cone model were applied to predict methane yield showed less than 10% error between measured and predicted methane yield. Modified Gompertz model is preferred as it shows a higher R2 value (0.962–0.999) and lower overall root mean square error (52.6%) compared to Cone model (0.953–0.999,63.27%). AD process alone could alleviate the fly issues as elimination of flies is shown towards the digestate due to low nitrogen content.

ACS Style

Mohd Hakimi; Rashid Shamsuddin; Rajashekar Pendyala; Ahmer Ali Siyal; Hamad AlMohamadi. Co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with the addition of Cymbopogan citratus, Mentha piperita and Citrus sinensis as fly deterrent agents: Biogas production and Kinetic study. Bioresource Technology Reports 2021, 15, 100748 .

AMA Style

Mohd Hakimi, Rashid Shamsuddin, Rajashekar Pendyala, Ahmer Ali Siyal, Hamad AlMohamadi. Co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with the addition of Cymbopogan citratus, Mentha piperita and Citrus sinensis as fly deterrent agents: Biogas production and Kinetic study. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2021; 15 ():100748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Hakimi; Rashid Shamsuddin; Rajashekar Pendyala; Ahmer Ali Siyal; Hamad AlMohamadi. 2021. "Co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with the addition of Cymbopogan citratus, Mentha piperita and Citrus sinensis as fly deterrent agents: Biogas production and Kinetic study." Bioresource Technology Reports 15, no. : 100748.

Chapter
Published: 21 April 2021 in Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products
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The palm oil industry has continued to grow in Malaysia and worldwide. It provides job opportunities to at least 3 million people along its beneficiation chain and contributed RM37.7 billion to Malaysia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018. At only 10% oil yield from a palm tree, this growth leads to an excess of palm oil by-products in Malaysia. From mill operations alone, palm oil mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) accounted for up to 80% (wet basis) of the total mill residues. Malaysia produces approximately 53 million cubic meters of POME annually and typical treatment processes using open ponds are inadequate to cope with this amount efficiently. Anaerobic digestion (AD) and aerobic composting (AC) are potential alternative treatment processes suitable for POME treatment while simultaneously producing value-added products such as biogas and compost fertilizer. To further promote sustainability, other by-products can be used as additives in AD and AC to improve the overall process by formulating the ideal feedstock material which helps to provide optimum conditions for the process. However, technical knowledge is required to sustain bacterial activity in both processes otherwise the fermentation processes are easily disrupted resulting in low methane yield and unhealthy compost. This chapter describes the palm oil industry overview from global and Malaysian perspectives. It outlines the processing approach in the mill, type of products and by-products generated in each processing stage and the treatment strategies used. Two commonly used treatment processes; AD and AC are described in detail with the potential of using co-digestion additives to improve the processes.

ACS Style

Rashid Shamsuddin; Gobind Singh; H. Y. Kok; M. Hakimi Rosli; N. A. Dawi Cahyono; Man Kee Lam; Jun Wei Lim; Aaron Low. Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition. Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products 2021, 121 -143.

AMA Style

Rashid Shamsuddin, Gobind Singh, H. Y. Kok, M. Hakimi Rosli, N. A. Dawi Cahyono, Man Kee Lam, Jun Wei Lim, Aaron Low. Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition. Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products. 2021; ():121-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rashid Shamsuddin; Gobind Singh; H. Y. Kok; M. Hakimi Rosli; N. A. Dawi Cahyono; Man Kee Lam; Jun Wei Lim; Aaron Low. 2021. "Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition." Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products , no. : 121-143.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Polymer
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Optimization of inverse vulcanization reaction conditions was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) and a quadratic model was proposed to predict the sulfur conversion, to limit the amount of the unreacted sulfur left in the final copolymer of sulfur and rubber seed oil (non-edible vegetable oil) for the very first time. ANOVA analysis revealed the significance of the selected conditions and of all, the initial sulfur content was the most influential parameter. Although process optimization substantially increased the sulfur conversion, but there was still 5.8% unreacted sulfur present as revealed by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. Filtration using tetrahydrofuran as solvent was carried out to further remove the sulfur particles from the copolymer, this strategy yields a copolymer with only 0.25% unreacted sulfur. The sulfur conversion was further improved using another strategy involving the addition of 5–10 wt% of 1,3-diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) or 2,4,6-Triallyloxy-1,3,5- triazine (TAC) crosslinker to the reaction mixture. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the presence of smooth surfaces in the copolymers whereas their amorphous nature was evident from powdered X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) results. The terpolymers were observed to be more thermally stable than the copolymer.

ACS Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Rashid Shamsuddin; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya; Amin Abbasi. Optimization of synthesis of inverse vulcanized copolymers from rubber seed oil using response surface methodology. Polymer 2021, 219, 123553 .

AMA Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman, Rashid Shamsuddin, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Amin Abbasi. Optimization of synthesis of inverse vulcanized copolymers from rubber seed oil using response surface methodology. Polymer. 2021; 219 ():123553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Rashid Shamsuddin; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya; Amin Abbasi. 2021. "Optimization of synthesis of inverse vulcanized copolymers from rubber seed oil using response surface methodology." Polymer 219, no. : 123553.

Full paper
Published: 05 February 2021 in ChemistrySelect
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Inverse vulcanization is a facile solvent‐free process, which offers interesting sustainable copolymers from the reaction of sulfur with petro‐based monomers or edible vegetable oils. However, sulfur reaction with the former contradicts green chemistry, whereas the latter reduces the viability of the product and can contribute to the food crisis. Herein, we report the preparation of sulfur‐based polymer (SBP) by the reaction of rubber seed oil, RSO (a non‐edible oil), to produce a sustainable sulfur‐based copolymer for the first time. The properties of the new polymer were evaluated using different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐rays (SEM‐EDX‐mapping), powdered X‐ray diffractometer (p‐XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymer was found to be soluble in tetrahydrofuran, thermally stable to 200 °C, and a low glass transition temperature (−6.41 to −7.85 °C for a polymer with 50 to 70 wt % S). The polymer morphological and DSC analysis demonstrated a uniform surface possessing a small amount of unreacted microscale sulfur particles that is lesser than similar polymers from other oils, which was confirmed by DSC. The P‐XRD analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the copolymer caused by a heavily crosslinked structure. The effect of the post‐polymerization treatment on the properties of the copolymers was also investigated which revealed that increasing the curing temperature or quenching medium temperature increases the glass transition temperature of the copolymer. The polymer properties were dramatically improved by reducing the amount of the unreacted sulfur by the addition of a small amount of 1,3‐diisopropeynyl benzene (crosslinker), leading to 99.75 % sulfur conversion, the highest ever value achieved in such SBPs. It can be concluded that the use of RSO with sulfur enhances the sustainability of SBP and promotes their adding products

ACS Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya; Muhammad Ayoub; Bryan Cheah; Amin Abbasi. Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymers from Non‐Edible Oil. ChemistrySelect 2021, 6, 1180 -1190.

AMA Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Muhammad Ayoub, Bryan Cheah, Amin Abbasi. Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymers from Non‐Edible Oil. ChemistrySelect. 2021; 6 (6):1180-1190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya; Muhammad Ayoub; Bryan Cheah; Amin Abbasi. 2021. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymers from Non‐Edible Oil." ChemistrySelect 6, no. 6: 1180-1190.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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The production of biodiesel by using homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts is not favourable due to difficult catalyst recovery, purification of the product in case of homogeneous catalysts and longer reaction time, severe reaction conditions and high production cost are the drawbacks of heterogeneous catalysts. Different sulfonated catalysts were synthesized to overcome these problems and their feasibility on industrial scale. Therefore, the focus of this study was to synthesize a sulfonated catalyst using activated carbon produced from the lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse and used in the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol using microwave as heating source. The catalyst was prepared by varying the sulfonation temperature (140–220 °C) for 120 min and characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), surface area (BET) and elemental analysis by CHNS analyzer. The catalyst prepared at 180 °C for 2 h showed excellent characteristics in terms of surface area i.e., 30.31 m2. g−1, acidic density 4.74 mmol. g−1, pore volume 0.03 cm3 g−1, pore size of 9.44 nm, functional groups attachments, surface morphology and crystallographic structure. The process of transesterification was optimized by varying reaction time (5–25 min), methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–24:1), catalyst loading (5–20 wt% to oil) and temperature (40–70 °C). The maximum yield (89.19%) of biodiesel was achieved after 15 min with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 18:1 at 60 °C and 15 wt% of catalyst. The reusability and stability of the prepared catalyst up to six cycles with minor loss in its activity i.e., 8% for low-grade feedstocks having higher value of free fatty acid content (FFA) was studied.

ACS Style

Muhammad Hamza Nazir; Muhammad Ayoub; Imtisal Zahid; Rashid Bin Shamsuddin; Suzana Yusup; Mariam Ameen; Zulqarnain; Muhammad Umer Qadeer. Development of lignin based heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from sugarcane bagasse for microwave assisted-transesterification of waste cooking oil. Biomass and Bioenergy 2021, 146, 105978 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Hamza Nazir, Muhammad Ayoub, Imtisal Zahid, Rashid Bin Shamsuddin, Suzana Yusup, Mariam Ameen, Zulqarnain, Muhammad Umer Qadeer. Development of lignin based heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from sugarcane bagasse for microwave assisted-transesterification of waste cooking oil. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021; 146 ():105978.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Hamza Nazir; Muhammad Ayoub; Imtisal Zahid; Rashid Bin Shamsuddin; Suzana Yusup; Mariam Ameen; Zulqarnain; Muhammad Umer Qadeer. 2021. "Development of lignin based heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from sugarcane bagasse for microwave assisted-transesterification of waste cooking oil." Biomass and Bioenergy 146, no. : 105978.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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This paper describes the optimization of synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer (FAGP) for removing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) using response surface methodology (RSM) by varying the synthesis parameters of silica to alumina (Si/Al), sodium to alumina (Na/Al) and water to solid (W/S) ratios with the adsorption capacity as the response. The geopolymer samples were designed, synthesized, characterized, used for removing SDBS surfactant, and regenerated. Surface area and pore size analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, phase analysis, and microstructural analysis confirmed the synthesis of mesoporous and amorphous geopolymers with the presence of pores, cavities and rods in the geopolymer structure. Geopolymer sample synthesized with the composition of Si/Al-2.87, Na/Al-1.0 and W/S-0.35 (FAGP-2) achieved maximum surface area of 59.512 m2/g and displayed the highest adsorption capacity of 743.706 mg/g and removal efficiency of 84.5%. The ANOVA analysis showed a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.952, F-value of 22.27, and p value of 0.05 which indicated the significance of the model and lack of fit was non-significant which showed good fitting of the experimental data to the quadratic model with 95% confidence level. The proposed geopolymer composition of Si/Al-2.353, Na/Al-1.056, and W/S-0.339 achieved adsorption capacity of 730.212 mg/g which is 99% similar to the predicted adsorption capacity. Thermal method successfully regenerated SDBS adsorbed geopolymer with only 13.8% loss of adsorption capacity after five cycles of regeneration. The adsorption capacity of optimized geopolymer is higher than other adsorbents such as cross-linked chitosan films, commercial activated carbon, surface functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and others used for removing SDBS surfactant and only amino crosslinked chitosan microspheres (ACCMs) has higher adsorption capacity than geopolymer. This shows that geopolymer can also be effectively used to adsorb SDBS surfactant from wastewater.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Shabir Hussain Khahro; Aaron Low; Muhammad Ayoub. Optimization of synthesis of geopolymer adsorbent for the effective removal of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2020, 9, 104949 .

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Shabir Hussain Khahro, Aaron Low, Muhammad Ayoub. Optimization of synthesis of geopolymer adsorbent for the effective removal of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020; 9 (1):104949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Shabir Hussain Khahro; Aaron Low; Muhammad Ayoub. 2020. "Optimization of synthesis of geopolymer adsorbent for the effective removal of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 1: 104949.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Processes
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The potentiality of a microalgal-bacterial culture system was explored in bioremediating wastewater while generating biomass for biodiesel production. A pre-determined optimal activated sludge and microalgal ratio was adopted and cultivation performance was evaluated in both synthetic and municipal wastewater media for nitrogen removal along with biomass and lipid generation for biodiesel production. The microalgal-bacterial consortium grown in the municipal wastewater medium produced higher biomass and lipid yields than those in the synthetic wastewater medium. The presence of trace elements in the municipal wastewater medium, e.g., iron and copper, contributed to the upsurge of biomass, thereby leading to higher lipid productivity. Both the microbial cultures in the synthetic and municipal wastewater media demonstrated similar total nitrogen removal efficiencies above 97%. However, the nitrification and assimilation rates were relatively higher for the microbial culture in the municipal wastewater medium, corresponding to the higher microbial biomass growth. Accordingly, the feasibility of the microalgal-bacterial consortium for bioremediating real municipal wastewaters was attested in this study by virtue of higher biomass and lipid production. The assessment of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition showed the mixed microbial biomasses comprised 80–93% C16 to C18 FAME species, signifying efficient fuel combustion properties for quality biodiesel requirements.

ACS Style

Wai Leong; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Yoke Cheng; Man Lam; Rashid Shamsuddin; Mardawani Mohamad; Jun Lim. Comparative Performances of Microalgal-Bacterial Co-Cultivation to Bioremediate Synthetic and Municipal Wastewaters Whilst Producing Biodiesel Sustainably. Processes 2020, 8, 1427 .

AMA Style

Wai Leong, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Yoke Cheng, Man Lam, Rashid Shamsuddin, Mardawani Mohamad, Jun Lim. Comparative Performances of Microalgal-Bacterial Co-Cultivation to Bioremediate Synthetic and Municipal Wastewaters Whilst Producing Biodiesel Sustainably. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wai Leong; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Yoke Cheng; Man Lam; Rashid Shamsuddin; Mardawani Mohamad; Jun Lim. 2020. "Comparative Performances of Microalgal-Bacterial Co-Cultivation to Bioremediate Synthetic and Municipal Wastewaters Whilst Producing Biodiesel Sustainably." Processes 8, no. 11: 1427.

Short communication
Published: 30 September 2020 in Materials Letters
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The discharge of wastewaters containing surfactants and other pollutants from industries is contaminating the world’s water resources which needs remediation. This paper describes the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X–100 (TX–100) using fly ash based geoepolymer adsorbent. pH was varied between 2–10. Geopolymer could not adsorb CTAB and TX-100 surfactants. This was due to the low hydrophobicity of the geopolymer and the weak nature of the forces involved in the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants. The modification of the geopolymer with suitable metals or compounds could potentially enable it to adsorb CTAB and TX-100 surfactants.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants from aqueous solution – A feasibility study. Materials Letters 2020, 283, 128758 .

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Aaron Low. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants from aqueous solution – A feasibility study. Materials Letters. 2020; 283 ():128758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low. 2020. "Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants from aqueous solution – A feasibility study." Materials Letters 283, no. : 128758.

Article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
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Surfactants are organic compounds which can be used in several applications. However, they can contaminate world water resources causing detrimental effects to human beings, aquatic life, and animals. This paper investigates the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic properties for the removal of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), using fly ash. Characteristics of fly ash such as surface area and pore size analysis and the point of zero charge (PZC) were determined. The effects of parameters such as pH, surfactant concentration, and temperature and the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic properties and adsorption mechanism were determined. Fly ash is a mesoporous material having surface area and pore size of 1.079 m2/g and 9.813 nm and PZC at pH 6.58. pH 2 and the temperature 25 °C were optimum for adsorbing SDBS onto fly ash. The adsorption capacity and removal efficiency increased by increasing the concentration of SDBS from 100 to 2000 mg/L, indicating that the increase of surfactant concentration could not saturate the surface of fly ash. The pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm models showed best fit to the adsorption data and the thermodynamic properties described adsorption as an exothermic, barrierless, non-spontaneous, and entropy-reducing reaction which is more feasible at a lower temperature of 25 °C. This indicated that the adsorption occurs by both physisorption and chemisorption with monolayer coverage of SDBS on the surface of fly ash. SDBS surfactant adsorbed onto fly ash mainly through electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged SDBS and fly ash.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low; Arif Hidayat. Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics of Removal of Anionic Surfactant from Aqueous Solution Using Fly Ash. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2020, 231, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, Rashid Shamsuddin, Aaron Low, Arif Hidayat. Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics of Removal of Anionic Surfactant from Aqueous Solution Using Fly Ash. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2020; 231 (10):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low; Arif Hidayat. 2020. "Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics of Removal of Anionic Surfactant from Aqueous Solution Using Fly Ash." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 231, no. 10: 1-13.

Review article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Polymers and Polymer Composites
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Sulfur-based polymers are unique renewable materials that are receiving a growing attention. The utilization of elemental sulfur with a variety of monomers in their preparation in the absence of solvents using the inverse vulcanization are granting them green nature and unique properties. Several characterization techniques have been used to evaluate the properties of sulfur-based polymers. However, the complex structure and lack of solubility undermine the applicability of some standard characterization techniques in the usual manners. This article reviews the characterization methods used for the evaluation of various properties of sulfur-based polymers such as chemical, morphological, structural, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, all of which vary depending on the type of comonomer involved in the reaction and heat treatment conditions. The successful applications of different characterization techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersion (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical tester, rheometer, thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are discussed. The challenges to the evaluation of the properties of sulfur-based polymers and the innovative applications of the conventional techniques to overcome them are also deliberated.

ACS Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; M Rashid Shamsuddin; Amin Abbasi. Evaluation of properties of sulfur-based polymers obtained by inverse vulcanization: Techniques and challenges. Polymers and Polymer Composites 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, M Rashid Shamsuddin, Amin Abbasi. Evaluation of properties of sulfur-based polymers obtained by inverse vulcanization: Techniques and challenges. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; M Rashid Shamsuddin; Amin Abbasi. 2020. "Evaluation of properties of sulfur-based polymers obtained by inverse vulcanization: Techniques and challenges." Polymers and Polymer Composites , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Processes
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In the current study, microwave-assisted glycerol polymerization for short-chain polyglycerol production was conducted unprecedentedly over low-cost catalyst, lithium-modified aluminium pillared clay (Li/AlPC) catalysts without the solvent. The influences of disparate reaction parameters such as the effects of Li loadings (10, 20, 30 wt.%), catalyst loadings (2, 3, 4 wt.%), operating temperatures (200, 220, 240 °C) and operating times (1–4 h) on the glycerol conversions, and polyglycerol yield (particularly for diglycerol and triglycerol), were elucidated. The fresh catalysts were subjected to physicochemical properties evaluation via characterization techniques, viz. N2 physisorption, XRD, SEM, NH3-TPD and CO2-TPD. In comparison, 20 wt.% Li/AlPC demonstrated the best performance under non-conventional heating, credited to its outstanding textural properties (an increase of basal spacing to 21 Ȧ, high surface area of 95.48 m2/g, total basicity of 34.48 mmol/g and average pore diameter of 19.21 nm). Within the studied ranges, the highest glycerol conversion (98.85%) and polyglycerol yield (90.46%) were achieved when catalyst loading of 3 wt.%, reaction temperature of 220 °C and reaction time of 3 h were adopted. The results obtained also anticipated the higher energy efficiency of microwave-assisted polymerization than conventional technique (>8 h), as the reaction time for the former technology was shorter to attain the highest product yield. The study performed could potentially conduce the wise utilization of surplus glycerol generated from the biodiesel industry.

ACS Style

Muhammad Sajid; Muhammad Ayoub; Suzana Yusup; Bawadi Abdullah; Rashid Shamsuddin; Roil Bilad; Chi Cheng Chong; Aqsha Aqsha. Short-Chain Polyglycerol Production via Microwave-Assisted Solventless Glycerol Polymerization Process Over Lioh-Modified Aluminium Pillared Clay Catalyst: Parametric Study. Processes 2020, 8, 1093 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Sajid, Muhammad Ayoub, Suzana Yusup, Bawadi Abdullah, Rashid Shamsuddin, Roil Bilad, Chi Cheng Chong, Aqsha Aqsha. Short-Chain Polyglycerol Production via Microwave-Assisted Solventless Glycerol Polymerization Process Over Lioh-Modified Aluminium Pillared Clay Catalyst: Parametric Study. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Sajid; Muhammad Ayoub; Suzana Yusup; Bawadi Abdullah; Rashid Shamsuddin; Roil Bilad; Chi Cheng Chong; Aqsha Aqsha. 2020. "Short-Chain Polyglycerol Production via Microwave-Assisted Solventless Glycerol Polymerization Process Over Lioh-Modified Aluminium Pillared Clay Catalyst: Parametric Study." Processes 8, no. 9: 1093.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2020 in Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations
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The high total nitrogen content of chicken manure (CM) makes it suitable to undergo anaerobic digestion (AD) for the production of biogas. In this study, AD of CM was done using sawdust (SD) as co-substrate to investigate the quality of biogas produced. CM and SD were mixed to reach different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 20, 25, 30, and 35. By using laboratory scale of 10L digesters, biogas production was investigated in anaerobic fermentation. Cow manure, as inoculum, was added in each digester to facilitate the anaerobic fermentation process. The process was performed in batch reactors at temperature of 35 °C, and a retention time of 60 days. Under mesophilic conditions, all co-digestions of CM and SD improved biogas and methane (CH4) yields significantly compared to control. Percentage of methane had increased up to 65.9% for CM and SD at C/N ratio of 30. The highest methane yields (percentages of methane) obtained from different C/N ratios were as follows: C/N 30 (65.9%), C/N 35 (47.0%), C/N 20 (46.5%) and C/N 25 (44.2%). Mono-digestion of CM generated only 20.5% methane on day 60, possibly due to the high amount of nitrogen that caused ammonia inhibition.

ACS Style

H. Y. Kok; M. R. Shamsuddin; A. Aqsha. Anaerobic Treatment of Chicken Manure Co-digested with Sawdust. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations 2020, 741 -748.

AMA Style

H. Y. Kok, M. R. Shamsuddin, A. Aqsha. Anaerobic Treatment of Chicken Manure Co-digested with Sawdust. Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations. 2020; ():741-748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Y. Kok; M. R. Shamsuddin; A. Aqsha. 2020. "Anaerobic Treatment of Chicken Manure Co-digested with Sawdust." Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations , no. : 741-748.

Research article
Published: 22 June 2020 in SN Applied Sciences
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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the renewable technologies and a good alternative for the management of livestock manure. The present study focuses on co-digestion of fresh chicken manure (FCM) with corn stover (CS) experiments for biogas production. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of corn stover in the production of biogas and methane content by co-digestion. The mixing ratios of co-digestion of FCM with CS were 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The total solids for co-digestion were 8% for all ratios. The results showed that the ratio of 2:1 produced the highest biogas yield (46.7 m3/ton of slurry) and 53.2% of methane purity. The pH fluctuated around a range of 5.2 to 7.9 due to different stages of anaerobic digestion as a result of microbe’s activity.

ACS Style

Siti Aminah Mohd Johari; Aqsha Aqsha; Noridah B. Osman; M. Rashid Shamsudin; Mariam Ameen; Sharul Sham Dol. Enhancing biogas production in anaerobic co-digestion of fresh chicken manure with corn stover at laboratory scale. SN Applied Sciences 2020, 2, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Siti Aminah Mohd Johari, Aqsha Aqsha, Noridah B. Osman, M. Rashid Shamsudin, Mariam Ameen, Sharul Sham Dol. Enhancing biogas production in anaerobic co-digestion of fresh chicken manure with corn stover at laboratory scale. SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2 (7):1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Aminah Mohd Johari; Aqsha Aqsha; Noridah B. Osman; M. Rashid Shamsudin; Mariam Ameen; Sharul Sham Dol. 2020. "Enhancing biogas production in anaerobic co-digestion of fresh chicken manure with corn stover at laboratory scale." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 7: 1-6.

Paper
Published: 01 April 2020 in RSC Advances
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Enhanced corrosion resistance was obtained for steel coated with epoxy resin doped with pH-responsive halloysite nanotubes loaded with ionic liquid.

ACS Style

Yap Jen Yang; Sarini Mat Yaakob; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Zakaria Man. Release kinetics study and anti-corrosion behaviour of a pH-responsive ionic liquid-loaded halloysite nanotube-doped epoxy coating. RSC Advances 2020, 10, 13174 -13184.

AMA Style

Yap Jen Yang, Sarini Mat Yaakob, Nurul Ekmi Rabat, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Zakaria Man. Release kinetics study and anti-corrosion behaviour of a pH-responsive ionic liquid-loaded halloysite nanotube-doped epoxy coating. RSC Advances. 2020; 10 (22):13174-13184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yap Jen Yang; Sarini Mat Yaakob; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Zakaria Man. 2020. "Release kinetics study and anti-corrosion behaviour of a pH-responsive ionic liquid-loaded halloysite nanotube-doped epoxy coating." RSC Advances 10, no. 22: 13174-13184.

Original paper
Published: 07 March 2020 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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Large amounts of palm oil consumption in Malaysia leads to large amounts of by-products such as Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) requiring disposal. Limited treatment methods for these waste products has resulted in interest to use EFB + POME in composting when mixed with different biomass sources for nutrient enhancement. This work is aimed at enhancing the final macronutrient content and physical properties of EFB:POME based fertilizers using various organic waste products as additives to achieve specific initial C/N values. Seven batches of compost were prepared, Compost A (EFB and POME in 1:1 weight ratio); B (fishmeal); C (bonemeal); D (bunch ash) and mixed compost of 1:1 EFB:POME, fishmeal, bonemeal, bunch ash and sawdust in different composition to obtain initial C/N ratios of 35 (E), 42 (F) and 47 (G). The results indicated the composts achieved maturation on day 40 based on stable pH profiles from day 40 to 52. The C/N ratio of the mixed Composts E, F and G were reduced from 35 to 16, 42 to 15 and 47 to 22 respectively. The mixed composts had a porous structure which supports aeration and a high mass yield of 88 to 90% with a maturation moisture content of 55–70%. The final C/N ratios of Compost E and F was lower than 20 which was an indication of maturation, while the C/N of Compost G was slightly above 20 (22.3). All three batches of EFB mixed composts experienced an increase in Nitrogen (+ 18 to 62%), Phosphorus (+ 125 to 906%) and Potassium (+ 262 to 294%) which indicates that blending EFB:POME based fertilizer with various organic waste can improve the physical properties and nutrient quality.

ACS Style

Lew Jin Hau; Rashid Shamsuddin; Alvyana Khiew Ai May; Aqsha Saenong; Ahmad Mohamed Lazim; Murugesu Narasimha; Aaron Low. Mixed Composting of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Various Organics: An Analysis on Final Macronutrient Content and Physical Properties. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2020, 11, 5539 -5548.

AMA Style

Lew Jin Hau, Rashid Shamsuddin, Alvyana Khiew Ai May, Aqsha Saenong, Ahmad Mohamed Lazim, Murugesu Narasimha, Aaron Low. Mixed Composting of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Various Organics: An Analysis on Final Macronutrient Content and Physical Properties. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2020; 11 (10):5539-5548.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lew Jin Hau; Rashid Shamsuddin; Alvyana Khiew Ai May; Aqsha Saenong; Ahmad Mohamed Lazim; Murugesu Narasimha; Aaron Low. 2020. "Mixed Composting of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Various Organics: An Analysis on Final Macronutrient Content and Physical Properties." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 10: 5539-5548.

Review
Published: 12 November 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The pollution of the world's water resources is a growing issue which requires remediation. Surfactants used in many domestic and industrial applications are one of the emerging contaminants that require immediate attention. Treating water contaminated with surfactants using adsorption provides better performance when compared to other techniques. A variety of materials have been developed for adsorbing surfactants. Activated carbon is the most suitable adsorbent for removing surfactants but is expensive to synthesize and difficult to regenerate. Therefore, a variety of new adsorbents such as zeolites, nanomaterials, resins, biomaterials and clays have been developed as alternatives. The developed adsorbents are promising but considerable research is still required to develop highly efficient, economical, environment friendly and sustainable adsorbents to replace activated carbon. This paper critically reviews the characteristics of adsorbents, the performance of adsorbents, kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics, mechanisms of adsorption, regeneration of adsorbents and future perspectives in the adsorption of surfactants. Developing novel adsorbents, testing adsorbents in real wastewaters and recycling the adsorbents are required in future studies in the removal of surfactants.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low; Nurul Ekmi Rabat. A review on recent developments in the adsorption of surfactants from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 254, 109797 .

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Aaron Low, Nurul Ekmi Rabat. A review on recent developments in the adsorption of surfactants from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 254 ():109797.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Aaron Low; Nurul Ekmi Rabat. 2019. "A review on recent developments in the adsorption of surfactants from wastewater." Journal of Environmental Management 254, no. : 109797.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Contamination of the world's water resources is a growing issue and its remediation requires the development of highly efficient, environmentally friendly and economical processes. Water contaminated with surfactants can cause detrimental health effects in humans and aquatic animals. Removing surfactants using adsorption is effective, simple and economical. This paper describes the development of a fly ash based geopolymer (FAGP) adsorbent for adsorbing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The adsorption parameters of the geopolymers were optimized using batch adsorption. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were also determined. The FAGP had an amorphous morphology and a surface area of 31.873 m2/g. The optimum parameters for adsorbing the SDBS using FAGP were pH 2, contact time 180 min, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L for an initial SDBS concentrations of 880 mg/L. The maximum adsorption capacity of 714.3 mg/g was obtained. The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models suggesting that the adsorption process was chemisorption with monolayer adsorbate coverage. SDBS was adsorbed onto FAGP by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged FAGP and negatively charged SDBS. The activation energy of adsorption was 4.052 kJ/mol and the Gibbs free energy was negative, suggesting the adsorption process was physisorption, endothermic, spontaneous and more favorable at a temperature of 65 °C. The adsorption of SDBS onto FAGP occurs through both physisorption and chemisorption. FAGP was proven as a low-cost adsorbent to remove SDBS and could be potentially used for the adsorption of other water contaminating surfactants.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; M. Rashid Shamsuddin; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Zakaria Man; Aaron Low. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 229, 232 -243.

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, M. Rashid Shamsuddin, Nurul Ekmi Rabat, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Zakaria Man, Aaron Low. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 229 ():232-243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; M. Rashid Shamsuddin; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Zakaria Man; Aaron Low. 2019. "Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution." Journal of Cleaner Production 229, no. : 232-243.

Conference paper
Published: 24 December 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Surfactants are organic pollutants that are environmentally hazardous for aquatic and human life. A variety of methods are used for the removal of surfactants but adsorption is the most suitable method due to high efficiency, simple operation and economical. This paper describes the adsorption of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) using fly ash as adsorbent. The adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L and contact time of 5 hours were optimum for the adsorption of SDBS. The maximum adsorption capacity of 6.83 mg/g was obtained. The adsorption capacity of fly ash for anionic surfactant is higher as compared to the adsorption capacity of granite sand for anionic surfactant and fly ash for anionic dyes (reactive red 23 and reactive blue 171). Fly ash possesses capability to be used for the removal of anionic surfactants.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; M Rashid Shamsuddin; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Ayoub; Khairun Azizi Azizli. Removal of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate from water using fly ash adsorbent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 458, 012043 .

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, M Rashid Shamsuddin, Nurul Ekmi Rabat, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Muhammad Ayoub, Khairun Azizi Azizli. Removal of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate from water using fly ash adsorbent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 458 (1):012043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; M Rashid Shamsuddin; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Ayoub; Khairun Azizi Azizli. 2018. "Removal of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate from water using fly ash adsorbent." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 458, no. 1: 012043.

Conference paper
Published: 27 September 2018 in AIP Conference Proceedings
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Generation of industrial waste materials such as fly ash and slag in bulk provides an opportunity to convert these wastes into eco-friendly, value-added products. A geopolymer, a strong, porous and environmentally friendly material, was synthesized by mixing fly-ash with an alkaline activator, followed by addition of a pore forming agent (PFA) which created voids of varied pore sizes within the mixture. This polymer has potential applications as an adsorbent or membrane material; however, there is no established technology to regulate the pore size. Corn oil, waste palm oil and starch were investigated as potential organic additives to produce geopolymer materials with pore sizes suitable for water treatment membranes. Geopolymer without additives had a compressive strength of 30.93 MPa. Corn oil induced the highest porosity of up to 26.6 % with a compressive strength of 9.9 MPa, waste palm oil at 21.3 % and 9.0 MPa and starch at 17.9 % and 20.41 MPa. SEM analysis revealed that the voids and tunnels formation increased with increased PFA dosage.

ACS Style

Suresh K. Kaliappan; Ahmer A. Siyal; Zakaria Man; Mark Lay; Rashid Shamsuddin. Effect of pore forming agents on geopolymer porosity and mechanical properties. AIP Conference Proceedings 2018, 2016, 020066 .

AMA Style

Suresh K. Kaliappan, Ahmer A. Siyal, Zakaria Man, Mark Lay, Rashid Shamsuddin. Effect of pore forming agents on geopolymer porosity and mechanical properties. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018; 2016 (1):020066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suresh K. Kaliappan; Ahmer A. Siyal; Zakaria Man; Mark Lay; Rashid Shamsuddin. 2018. "Effect of pore forming agents on geopolymer porosity and mechanical properties." AIP Conference Proceedings 2016, no. 1: 020066.

Review
Published: 23 July 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The world water resources are contaminated due to discharge of a large number of pollutants from industrial and domestic sources. A variety of a single and multiple units of physical, chemical, and biological processes are employed for pollutants removal from wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely utilized process due to high efficiency, simple procedure and cost effectiveness. This paper reviews the research work carried out on the use of geopolymer materials for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes. Geopolymers possess good surface properties, heterogeneous microstructure and amorphous structure. The performance of geopolymers in the removal of heavy metals and dyes is reported comparable to other materials. The pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models mostly fit to the adsorption data suggesting homogeneous distribution of adsorption sites with the formation of monolayer adsorbate on the surface of geopolymers. Adsorption of heavy metals and dyes onto geopolymers is spontaneous, endothermic and entropy driven process. Future research should focus on the enhancement of geopolymer performance, testing on pollutants other than heavy metals and dyes, and verification on real wastewater in continuous operation.

ACS Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Muhammad Irfan Khan; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Zakaria Man; John Siame; Khairun Azizi Azizli. A review on geopolymers as emerging materials for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 224, 327 -339.

AMA Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal, Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin, Muhammad Irfan Khan, Nurul Ekmi Rabat, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Zakaria Man, John Siame, Khairun Azizi Azizli. A review on geopolymers as emerging materials for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 224 ():327-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmer Ali Siyal; Muhammad Rashid Shamsuddin; Muhammad Irfan Khan; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Zakaria Man; John Siame; Khairun Azizi Azizli. 2018. "A review on geopolymers as emerging materials for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes." Journal of Environmental Management 224, no. : 327-339.