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Dr. IIseob Shim
National Institute of Environmental Research

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0 Cytotoxicity
0 Environmental Toxicology
0 Inhalation Toxicology
0 Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress
0 Alternative method

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in Toxics
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Ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and total suspended particles (TSPs) are common airborne pollutants that cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the differences of cytotoxicity and mechanism between PM2.5 and TSP activity in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Atmospheric samples from the central district of Seoul were collected and their chemical compositions were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. PM2.5 and TSP contained high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb). The most abundant ions in PM2.5 were SO42−, NH4+, and NO3. A549 cells were exposed to PM2.5 and TSP (25–200 µg/mL) for 24 h. TSP was more cytotoxic than PM2.5 per unit mass. PM2.5 induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased levels of a glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier, whereas low-concentration TSP increased hemeoxygenase-1 levels. PM2.5 and TSP did not affect c-Jun N-terminal kinase expression. The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in PM2.5- and TSP-treated cells decreased significantly in the cytosol and increased in the nucleus. Thus, Nrf2 may be a key transcription factor for detoxifying environmental airborne particles in A549 cells. TSP and PM2.5 could activate the protective Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nrf2 pathway in A549 cells.

ACS Style

Ilseob Shim; Woong Kim; Haewon Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Hyejung Shin; Kwang Park; Seok Yu; Young Kim; Hwa Sung; Ig-Chun Eom; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu. Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas. Toxics 2021, 9, 167 .

AMA Style

Ilseob Shim, Woong Kim, Haewon Kim, Yeon-Mi Lim, Hyejung Shin, Kwang Park, Seok Yu, Young Kim, Hwa Sung, Ig-Chun Eom, Pilje Kim, Seung-Do Yu. Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas. Toxics. 2021; 9 (7):167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilseob Shim; Woong Kim; Haewon Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Hyejung Shin; Kwang Park; Seok Yu; Young Kim; Hwa Sung; Ig-Chun Eom; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu. 2021. "Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas." Toxics 9, no. 7: 167.

Research article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Toxicology
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Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two‐dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2‐D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC50) (rat, inhalation, 4 h) and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) (lung or bronchial cell, 24 h) data for 59 substances were obtained from the literature and by experiments. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on 44 substances with reported LC50, but without IC50, data to obtain the IC50 values. A weak correlation was observed between the IC50 and LC50 of all substances. Semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and non‐VOCs (NVOCs) (16 substances) with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L were strongly correlated between 24‐h IC50 and 4‐h LC50, and this had an excellent predictive ability to distinguish between Categories 1–3 and 4 (Globally Harmonized System classification for acute inhalation toxicity). Our results suggest that the submerged 2‐D cell culture model may be used to predict in vivo acute inhalation toxicity for substances with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L in SVOCs and NVOCs.

ACS Style

Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Haewon Kim; Yeon‐Mi Lim; Woong Kim; Ilseob Shim; Ha Ryong Kim; Pilje Kim; Ig‐Chun Eom. Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2020, 41, 1038 -1049.

AMA Style

Seong Kwang Lim, Jean Yoo, Haewon Kim, Yeon‐Mi Lim, Woong Kim, Ilseob Shim, Ha Ryong Kim, Pilje Kim, Ig‐Chun Eom. Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2020; 41 (7):1038-1049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Haewon Kim; Yeon‐Mi Lim; Woong Kim; Ilseob Shim; Ha Ryong Kim; Pilje Kim; Ig‐Chun Eom. 2020. "Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines." Journal of Applied Toxicology 41, no. 7: 1038-1049.

Research article
Published: 06 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Toxicology
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Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound and cationic surfactant, is used in personal hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and nasal spray. Although public exposure to CPC is frequent, its pulmonary toxicity has yet to be fully characterized. Due to high risks of CPC inhalation, we aimed to comprehensively elucidate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CPC. The results demonstrated that CPC is highly cytotoxic against the A549 cells with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.79 μg/ml. Following CPC exposure, via intratracheal instillation (ITI), leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, a biomarker of cell injury, was significantly increased in all exposure groups. Further, repeated exposure of rats to CPC for 28 days caused a decrease in body weight of the high‐exposure group and the relative weights of the lungs and kidneys of the high recovery group, but no changes were evident in the histological and serum chemical analyses. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis showed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α levels. ITI of CPC induced focal inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma in rats' lungs. Our study demonstrated that TNF‐α was the most commonly secreted proinflammatory cytokine during CPC exposure in both in vitro and in vivo models. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the BALF, which are indicators of pulmonary inflammation, significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner in all in vivo studies including the ITI, acute, and subacute inhalation assays, demonstrating that PMNs are the most sensitive parameters of pulmonary toxicity.

ACS Style

Haewon Kim; Jean Yoo; Yeon‐Mi Lim; Eun‐Ji Kim; Byung‐Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Ig‐Chun Eom; Ilseob Shim. Comprehensive pulmonary toxicity assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride using A549 cells and Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2020, 41, 470 -482.

AMA Style

Haewon Kim, Jean Yoo, Yeon‐Mi Lim, Eun‐Ji Kim, Byung‐Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Seung Do Yu, Ig‐Chun Eom, Ilseob Shim. Comprehensive pulmonary toxicity assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride using A549 cells and Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2020; 41 (3):470-482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haewon Kim; Jean Yoo; Yeon‐Mi Lim; Eun‐Ji Kim; Byung‐Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Ig‐Chun Eom; Ilseob Shim. 2020. "Comprehensive pulmonary toxicity assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride using A549 cells and Sprague–Dawley rats." Journal of Applied Toxicology 41, no. 3: 470-482.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in Toxics
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The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC50: 0.39 μg/mL), as determined by the water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST) assay. An acute inhalation study for DGH was conducted using Sprague-Dawley rats at 8.6 ± 0.41, 21.3 ± 0.83, 68.0 ± 3.46 mg/m3 for low, middle, and high exposure groups, respectively. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and cytokines (MIP-2, TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed acute inflammation with necrosis in the nasal cavity and inflammation around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the lungs after DGH inhalation. The LC50 of DGH in rats after exposure for 4 h was estimated to be >68 mg/m3. Results from the inhalation studies showed that DGH was more toxic in male rats than in female rats. Overall, DGH was found to be the most cytotoxic chemical among guanidine-based chemicals. Exposure to aerosols of DGH could induce harmful pulmonary effects on human health.

ACS Style

Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Ji-Young Lee; Ig-Chun Eom; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu; Ilseob Shim. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. Toxics 2020, 8, 76 .

AMA Style

Yeon-Mi Lim, Haewon Kim, Seong Kwang Lim, Jean Yoo, Ji-Young Lee, Ig-Chun Eom, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Seung-Do Yu, Ilseob Shim. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. Toxics. 2020; 8 (3):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Ji-Young Lee; Ig-Chun Eom; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu; Ilseob Shim. 2020. "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride." Toxics 8, no. 3: 76.

Original research article
Published: 28 February 2018 in Frontiers in Pharmacology
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Many consumer products used in our daily lives result in inhalation exposure to a variety of chemicals, although the toxicities of the active ingredients are not well known; furthermore, simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures occurs. Sodium metabisulfite (SM) and propylene glycol (PG) are used in a variety of products. Both the cytotoxicity and the sub-acute inhalation toxicity of each chemical and their mixtures were evaluated. Assays for cell viability, membrane damage, and lysosome damage demonstrated that SM over 100 μg/ml induced significant cytotoxicity; moreover, when PG, which was not cytotoxic, was mixed with SM, the cytotoxicity of the mixture was enhanced. Solutions of 1, 5, and 20% SM, each with 1% PG solution, were prepared, and the whole body of rats was exposed to aerosols of the mixture for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. The rats were sacrificed 1 (exposure group) or 7 days (recovery group) after termination of the exposure. The actual concentration of SM in the low-, medium-, and high-exposure groups was 3.91 ± 1.26, 35.73 ± 6.01, and 80.98 ± 5.47 mg/m3, respectively, and the actual concentration of PG in each group was 6.47 ± 1.25, 8.68 ± 0.6, and 8.84 ± 1.77 mg/m3. The repeated exposure to SM and PG caused specific clinical signs including nasal sound, sneeze, and eye irritation which were not found in SM single exposure. In addition, the body weight of treatment group rats decreased compared to that of the control group rats in a time-dependent manner. The total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased. Histopathological analysis of the lungs, liver, and nasal cavity was performed. Adverse effects were observed in the nasal cavity, with squamous cell metaplasia identified in the front of the nasal cavity in all high-exposure groups, which completely recovered 7 days after exposure was terminated. Whereas inhalation of SM for 2 weeks only reduced body weight in the high-dose group, inhalation of SM and PG mixtures for 2 weeks significantly decreased body weight and induced metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium into squamous cells in the medium- and high-dose groups. In conclusion, PG potentiated the toxicity of SM in human lung epithelial cells and the inhalation toxicity in rats.

ACS Style

Jean Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Eun-Ji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byeongwoo Lee; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Hyun-Mi Kim; Byung-Il Yoon; Ilseob Shim. Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2018, 9, 161 .

AMA Style

Jean Yoo, Yeon-Mi Lim, Haewon Kim, Eun-Ji Kim, Doo-Hee Lee, Byeongwoo Lee, Pilje Kim, Seung Do Yu, Hyun-Mi Kim, Byung-Il Yoon, Ilseob Shim. Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018; 9 ():161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jean Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Eun-Ji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byeongwoo Lee; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Hyun-Mi Kim; Byung-Il Yoon; Ilseob Shim. 2018. "Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems." Frontiers in Pharmacology 9, no. : 161.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2017 in Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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Analysis of Pulmonary Surfactant after Intratracheal Instillation of SWNCT and MWCNT Intratracheal instillation;pulmonary surfactant;MWCNT;SWCNT;surface tension; Objectives: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are next-generation industrial nanoparticles which possess excellent mechanical strength along with good thermal conductivity and electric properties. Given these characteristics, carbon nanotubes are being widely applied in various fields, including research and development. However, concerns have been raised over hazardous properties due to their similar fiber shape to asbestos. Recent studies have shown that CNTs pose potential hazards which may cause fibrosis and/or lung inflammation similarly to asbestos. Methods: After intratracheal instillation of SWCNTs and MWCNTs to rats, pulmonary surfactant (PS) of the SWCNTs and MWCNTs was measured and analyzed using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from the lung. After a single intratracheal instillation of SWCNTs and MWCNTs, phospholipid predominantly showed a significant increase compared to the control group, while proteins exhibited a significant increase both three days and one week after instillation. Results: As a result of surface tension, MWCNTs showed a significant decrease three days after treatment compared to the control group. In the case of the total cell number three days after instillation, MWCNTs revealed a temporarily significant increase when compared to the control group. For PMN number, when compared to the control group, SWCNTs displayed a significant increase throughout the observation period, while MWCNTs showed a significant increase three days and three months after treatment. Conclusions: After exposure to CNTs, the total cell number and PNT number, which indicate inflammatory response, were significantly increased. Therefore, this study suggests fiber-shaped CNTs may have a harmful effect on the lungs.

ACS Style

Byeongwoo Lee; Jungkwan Seo; Ilseob Shim; Igchun Eom; Plije Kim. Analysis of Pulmonary Surfactant after Intratracheal Instillation of SWNCT and MWCNT. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 2017, 43, 273 -279.

AMA Style

Byeongwoo Lee, Jungkwan Seo, Ilseob Shim, Igchun Eom, Plije Kim. Analysis of Pulmonary Surfactant after Intratracheal Instillation of SWNCT and MWCNT. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences. 2017; 43 (4):273-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Byeongwoo Lee; Jungkwan Seo; Ilseob Shim; Igchun Eom; Plije Kim. 2017. "Analysis of Pulmonary Surfactant after Intratracheal Instillation of SWNCT and MWCNT." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 43, no. 4: 273-279.

Research article
Published: 19 October 2015 in International Journal of Toxicology
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Talc is a mineral that is widely used in cosmetic products, antiseptics, paints, and rubber manufacturing. Although the toxicological effects of talc have been studied extensively, until now no detailed inhalation study of talc focusing on oxidative stress has been done. This repeated 4 weeks whole-body inhalation toxicity study of talc involved Sprague-Dawley rats. Male and female groups of rats were exposed to inhaled talc at 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/m3 for 6 hours daily, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The objective was to identify the 4-week inhalation toxicity of talc and investigate antioxidant activity after exposure to talc. There were no treatment-related symptoms or mortality in rats treated with talc. Glucose (GLU) was decreased significantly in male rats exposed to 50 and 100 mg/m3 of talc. Histopathological examination revealed infiltration of macrophages on the alveolar walls and spaces near the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. In male and female rats exposed to 100 mg/m3 talc, expression of superoxide dismutase 2, a typical biological indicator of oxidative damage, was significantly increased. Thus, inhalation of talc induces macrophage aggregations and oxidative damage in the lung.

ACS Style

Ilseob Shim; Hyun-Mi Kim; Sangyoung Yang; Min Choi; Gyun-Baek Seo; Byung-Woo Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation of Talc Induces Infiltration of Macrophages and Upregulation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Rats. International Journal of Toxicology 2015, 34, 491 -499.

AMA Style

Ilseob Shim, Hyun-Mi Kim, Sangyoung Yang, Min Choi, Gyun-Baek Seo, Byung-Woo Lee, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation of Talc Induces Infiltration of Macrophages and Upregulation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Rats. International Journal of Toxicology. 2015; 34 (6):491-499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilseob Shim; Hyun-Mi Kim; Sangyoung Yang; Min Choi; Gyun-Baek Seo; Byung-Woo Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi. 2015. "Inhalation of Talc Induces Infiltration of Macrophages and Upregulation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 34, no. 6: 491-499.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Chemico-Biological Interactions
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The increased volumes of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) being utilized in industrial and biomedical processes carries with it an increased risk of unintentional release into the environment, requiring a thorough hazard and risk assessment. In this study, the toxicity of pristine and hydroxylated (OH-) multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) was investigated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using an integrated systems toxicology approach. To gain an insight into the toxic mechanism of MWCNTs, microarray and proteomics were conducted for C. elegans followed by pathway analyses. The results of pathway analyses suggested endocytosis, phagocytosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as potential mechanisms of uptake and toxicity, which were subsequently investigated using loss-of-function mutants of genes of those pathways. The expression of phagocytosis related genes (i.e. ced-10 and rab-7) were significantly increased upon exposure to OH-MWCNT, concomitantly with the rescued toxicity by loss-of-function mutants of those genes, such as ced-10(n3246) and rab-7(ok511). An increased sensitivity of the hsp-4(gk514) mutant by OH-MWCNT, along with a decreased expression of hsp-4 at both gene and protein level suggests that MWCNTs may affect ER stress response in C. elegans. Collectively, the results implied phagocytosis to be a potential mechanism of uptake of MWCNTs, and ER and oxidative stress as potential mechanisms of toxicity. The integrated systems toxicology approach applied in this study provided a comprehensive insight into the toxic mechanism of MWCNTs in C. elegans, which may eventually be used to develop an "Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)", a recently introduced concept as a conceptual framework to link molecular level responses to higher level effects.

ACS Style

Hyun-Jeong Eom; Carlos P. Roca; Ji-Yeon Roh; Nivedita Chatterjee; Jae-Seong Jeong; Ilseob Shim; Hyun-Mi Kim; Phil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi; Francesc Giralt; Jinhee Choi. A systems toxicology approach on the mechanism of uptake and toxicity of MWCNT in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2015, 239, 153 -163.

AMA Style

Hyun-Jeong Eom, Carlos P. Roca, Ji-Yeon Roh, Nivedita Chatterjee, Jae-Seong Jeong, Ilseob Shim, Hyun-Mi Kim, Phil-Je Kim, Kyunghee Choi, Francesc Giralt, Jinhee Choi. A systems toxicology approach on the mechanism of uptake and toxicity of MWCNT in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2015; 239 ():153-163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Jeong Eom; Carlos P. Roca; Ji-Yeon Roh; Nivedita Chatterjee; Jae-Seong Jeong; Ilseob Shim; Hyun-Mi Kim; Phil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi; Francesc Giralt; Jinhee Choi. 2015. "A systems toxicology approach on the mechanism of uptake and toxicity of MWCNT in Caenorhabditis elegans." Chemico-Biological Interactions 239, no. : 153-163.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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Several air fresheners and deodorants that contain ethylene glycol were found (1-2% (w/v)) in commercially available products. Ethylene glycol is a liquid used as a surfactant or an emulsifier in household products. The aim of this study is to determine the inhalation toxicity of ethylene glycol. The effect of whole-body inhalation to EG was performed for an inhalation study of rat. Specific pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were exposed to ethylene glycol in a stainless steel whole body inhalation chamber with a capacity of 1 m3 (Sibata Model VT3-X15 Japan). For acute and sub-acute rat inhalation toxicities, the differences of body weights were not statistically significant comparing with those of control rats. In sub-acute rat inhalation toxicity, the relative kidney weights were significantly higher in high-exposure group (500 mg/m3) than those of the other groups. In blood biochemistry the values of TG (triglyceride) and BUN (urea nitrogen) were significantly decreased. Other hematological changes with toxicological relevance were not observed in exposed male rats when compared with the control animals. The histopathological findings were not observed in the lung and kidney tissues exposed to chemicals comparing with those of control tissues. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of EG in 28 day’s inhalation test was evaluated to be over 100 mg/m3.

ACS Style

Hyun Mi Kim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Il-Seob Shim; Do-Young Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Eun-Ji Kim; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 2015, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Hyun Mi Kim, Jung-Taek Kwon, Il-Seob Shim, Do-Young Kwon, Yeon-Mi Lim, Eun-Ji Kim, Pil-Je Kim, Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology. 2015; 7 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun Mi Kim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Il-Seob Shim; Do-Young Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Eun-Ji Kim; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. 2015. "Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat." Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 7, no. 1: 1.

Review article
Published: 31 October 2013 in Journal of Infection and Public Health
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SummaryDisinfectants for foot-and-mouth disease were sprayed on livestock barns and roads from early February to May 2011. Although 90% of the disinfectant was concentrated on the roads, 10% was sprayed on cattle sheds and other sites where foot-and-mouth disease occurred. Since the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in November 2010, there has been a steady increase in disinfectant use. Consequently, its adverse environmental effects have prompted government officials to take preventive measures. The major chemical components of the disinfectants are citric acid, potassium sulfate base complex, quaternary ammonium compound, malic acid, and glutaraldehyde, ranging in amounts from tons to hundreds of tons. The exact amount of each component of the disinfectants could not be identified because the types of components used in the different commercial formulations overlapped. In this review, we obtained information on disinfectants that are widely used nationwide, including the types of major chemical components and their respective toxicities (both human and ecological)

ACS Style

Hyun-Mi Kim; Il-Seob Shim; Yong-Wook Baek; Hye-Jin Han; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. Investigation of disinfectants for foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Infection and Public Health 2013, 6, 331 -338.

AMA Style

Hyun-Mi Kim, Il-Seob Shim, Yong-Wook Baek, Hye-Jin Han, Pil-Je Kim, Kyunghee Choi. Investigation of disinfectants for foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2013; 6 (5):331-338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Mi Kim; Il-Seob Shim; Yong-Wook Baek; Hye-Jin Han; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. 2013. "Investigation of disinfectants for foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea." Journal of Infection and Public Health 6, no. 5: 331-338.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2013 in Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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ACS Style

Jung-Taek Kwon; Gyun-Baek Seo; Mimi Lee; Hyun-Mi Kim; Ilseob Shim; Eunhye Jo; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles via Nasal Instillation Exposure. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 2013, 39, 48 -55.

AMA Style

Jung-Taek Kwon, Gyun-Baek Seo, Mimi Lee, Hyun-Mi Kim, Ilseob Shim, Eunhye Jo, Pilje Kim, Kyunghee Choi. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles via Nasal Instillation Exposure. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences. 2013; 39 (1):48-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung-Taek Kwon; Gyun-Baek Seo; Mimi Lee; Hyun-Mi Kim; Ilseob Shim; Eunhye Jo; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi. 2013. "Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles via Nasal Instillation Exposure." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 39, no. 1: 48-55.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences
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Chloramine T has been widely used as a disinfectant in many areas such as kitchens, laboratories and hospitals. It has been also used as a biocide in air fresheners and deodorants which are consumer products; however, little is known about its toxic effects by inhalation route. This study was performed to identify the subacute inhalation toxicity of chloramine T under whole-body inhalation exposure conditions. Male and female groups of rats were exposed to chloramine T at concentrations of 0.2, 0.9 and 4.0 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks. After 28-day repeated inhalation of chloramine T, there were dose-dependently significant DNA damage in the rat tissues evaluated and inflammation was histopathologically noted around the terminal airways of the lung in both genders. As a result of the expression of three types of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2, GPx-1, PRX-1) in rat’s lung after exposure, there was no significant change of all antioxidant enzymes in the male and female rats. The results showed that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 0.2 mg/m3 in male rats and 0.9 mg/m3 in female rats under the present experimental condition.

ACS Style

Ilseob Shim; Gyun-Baek Seo; Eunha Oh; Mimi Lee; Jung-Taek Kwon; Donggeun Sul; Byung-Woo Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi; Hyun-Mi Kim. Inhalation exposure to chloramine T induces DNA damage and inflammation in lung of Sprague-Dawley rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2013, 38, 937 -946.

AMA Style

Ilseob Shim, Gyun-Baek Seo, Eunha Oh, Mimi Lee, Jung-Taek Kwon, Donggeun Sul, Byung-Woo Lee, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Kyunghee Choi, Hyun-Mi Kim. Inhalation exposure to chloramine T induces DNA damage and inflammation in lung of Sprague-Dawley rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 2013; 38 (6):937-946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilseob Shim; Gyun-Baek Seo; Eunha Oh; Mimi Lee; Jung-Taek Kwon; Donggeun Sul; Byung-Woo Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Kyunghee Choi; Hyun-Mi Kim. 2013. "Inhalation exposure to chloramine T induces DNA damage and inflammation in lung of Sprague-Dawley rats." The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 38, no. 6: 937-946.