Rating systems for assessing the environmental impact of buildings are technical instruments that aim to evaluate the environmental impact of buildings and construction projects. In some cases, these rating systems can also cover urban-scale projects, community projects, and infrastructures. These schemes are designed to assist project management in making the projects more sustainable by providing frameworks with precise criteria for assessing the various aspects of a building’s environmental impact. Given the growing interest in sustainable development worldwide, many rating systems for assessing the environmental impact of buildings have been established in recent years, each one with its peculiarities and fields of applicability. The present work is motivated by an interest in emphasizing such differences to better understand these rating systems and extract the main implications to building design. It also attempts to summarize in a user-friendly form the vast and fragmented assortment of information that is available today. The analysis focuses on the six main rating systems: the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM), the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB), the Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE^TM), the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and the Sustainable Building Tool (SBTool).

This paper reports on a study examining the potential of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the building sector by substituting multi-storey steel and concrete building structures with timber structures. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied to compare the climate change impact (CC) of a reinforced concrete (RC) benchmark structure to the CC of an alternative timber structure for four buildings ranging from 3 to 21 storeys. The timber structures are dimensioned to meet the same load criteria as the benchmark structures. The LCA comprises three calculation approaches differing in analysis perspective, allocation methods, and modelling of biogenic CO2 and carbonation of concrete. Irrespective of the assumptions made, the timber structures cause lower CC than the RC structures. By applying attributional LCA, the timber structures are found to cause a CC that is 34-84% lower than the RC structures. The large span is due to different building heights and methodological assumptions. The CC saving per m2 floor area obtained by substituting a RC structure with a timber structure decrease slightly with building height up to 12 storeys, but increase from 12 to 21 storeys. From a consequential LCA perspective, constructing timber structures can result in avoided GHG emissions, indicated by a negative CC. Compared to the RC structures, this equal savings greater than 100%

Current waste generation from the construction and demolition industry (C&D industry) in Norway is about 1.25 million tonnes per year. This article presents a procedure for projection of future waste amounts by estimating the activity level in the C&D industry, determining specific waste generation factors related to this activity, and finally calculating projections on flows of waste materials leaving the stocks in use and moving into the waste management system. This is done through a simple model of stocks and flows of buildings and materials. Monte Carlo simulation is used in the calculations to account for uncertainties related to the input parameters in order to make the results more robust. The results show a significant increase in C&D waste for the years to come, especially for the large fractions of concrete/bricks and wood. These projections can be a valuable source of information to predict the future need for waste treatment capacity, the dominant waste fractions, and the challenges in future waste handling systems. The proposed method is used in a forthcoming companion article for eco‐efficiency modeling within an evaluation of a C&D waste system.

Compact cities have been attributed to lower per capita energy use. However, the complexity of relationships between the elements that constitute energy consumption in the urban system is poorly understood. Little or no research exist on the relation between energy costs of building taller, and transportation and infrastructure energy benefits of building denser. This study provides a theoretical assessment of how energy use is related to urban density in a densely populated area, to aid the development of sustainable cities and land-use planning. The paper builds a holistic parametric model to estimate the total urban energy use for space heating, embodied building energy, transportation energy, and road infrastructure energy, and how these relate to urban density. It does so by varying building height and other urban characteristics related to density, with the aim of identifying the most influential parameters with regard to energy consumption. The possibility of an optimal building height and urban density is also investigated. A much denser and taller city structure than what is normal in cities today appears to be optimal for low urban energy use. The most influential urban density indicators are found to be the dwelling service level (m2/cap) and the building design lifetime. Transportation energy becomes increasingly important with a rise in population. Results indicate that depending on population and building lifetime there exists an optimal building height in the range of 7-27 stories. Climate is found to significantly influence the energy results. These preliminary findings are indicative of general trends, but further research and development of the model are needed to reduce uncertainties

The architecture, engineering and construction industry is a major producer of waste, and a major consumer of primary materials. This study presents a method for analysing the dynamics of both floor area and material use in residential housing. The population's demand for housing represents the driver in the system, and the subsequent effects on stocks and flows of residential floor area and building materials in Norway are investigated from 1900 to the projected demands for 2100. Results show that knowledge about past activity levels is important in projecting future levels. Scenarios are applied to the input parameters in the dynamic model to investigate the impacts of changes in these, including variations in material usage (concrete and wood) and material density. All but one scenario suggest a continued increase in the residential housing stock, although at diminishing growth rates, and a substantial increase in demolition, renovation and construction activity in the last half of the present century. Le secteur de l'architecture, de l'ingénierie et de la construction est un des principaux producteurs de déchets et figure parmi les premiers consommateurs de matières premières. Cette étude présente une méthode d'analyse de l'évolution des surfaces de plancher et de l'utilisation des matériaux dans le logement résidentiel. Le moteur du système est la demande de la population en matière de logement et l'étude examine les effets de cette demande sur les « stocks » et les flux de surfaces résidentielles et de matériaux de construction en Norvège depuis 1900 et, en projection, jusqu'en 2100. Les résultats montrent qu'une bonne connaissance des activités passées est importante pour prévoir les niveaux à venir. Des scénarios appliqués aux paramètres d'entrée du modèle dynamique permettent d'étudier les conséquences de leurs variations, notamment en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des matériaux (béton et bois) et leur densité. Tous ces scénarios, à l'exception d'un seul, prévoient une croissance continue du parc de logements résidentiels – avec un rythme toutefois moins soutenu – ainsi qu'une augmentation substantielle des activités de démolition, de rénovation et de construction au cours de la seconde moitié de ce siècle. Mots clés: parc de bâtiments démolition parc de logements résidentiels analyse dynamique du flux des matériaux demande en matériaux tendances génération de déchets