The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize energy poverty as a significant issue affecting developing and developed countries. Goal 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7) focuses on energy poverty (EP) and aims to achieve universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy services by 2030. This study examines the relationship between energy poverty and educational attainments in Pakistan using time series data from 1990 to 2020. A multidimensional energy development index (EDI) is constructed to measure energy poverty. By employing robust econometric techniques such as the Johansen cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), canonical cointegration regression, and the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation, this research uncovers empirical findings that offer valuable insights into the crucial role of energy poverty as a determinant of educational attainments. The findings of this study reveal that improvements in energy development (characterized by a decline in energy poverty) and real GDP per capita, significantly enhance school enrollments in Pakistan. Moreover, it is also observed that general poverty and a high pupil-teacher ratio negatively influence educational attainments. These results emphasize that inadequate access to and affordability of energy act as formidable barriers, impeding the educational journey of children and adolescents. These findings also highlight the urgent need to address energy poverty as a paramount policy concern to enhance development outcomes. Policies aimed at improving energy infrastructure and providing reliable and affordable energy sources are crucial to unlocking educational opportunities for more children and enabling them to embark on their educational journeys.

| This research aimed to investigate management strategies for rehabilitation of soil quality and crops productivity on eroded agricultural land. The research was conducted with three cropping patterns viz wheat after maize, lentil after maize and wheat-lentil intercrop after maize in main plots and four fertilizer treatments viz the control, farmer’s practice (FP) (N:P 2 O 5 @ 60:45 and 15:30 kg ha -1 for cereals and lentils), recommended dose (RD) (N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O @ 120:90:60 and 30:60:0 kg ha -1 for cereal and lentils) and integrated nutrient management (INM) (N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O + FYM @ 60:90:60 kg + 20 t ha -1 for cereals and 7:30:0 kg + 20 tons ha -1 for lentils) were applied in sub-plots (20 m 2 ) of an RCB design. In INM, significant (p<0.05) improvement in wheat and lentil yield (by 9 and 13%, respectively) was noted over the RD whilst both showed statistically similar crude protein content. Compared to the control, INM significantly (p<0.05) improved the wheat and lentil yield by 128 and 87%, respectively, and the crude protein by 17%. Yield improved by 13% for wheat in intercrop over the wheat after maize and by 46% for lentil after maize over the lentil in intercrop. The INM treatment showed 94% higher OM, 10% reduced bulk density ( ρ b ) and 12, 20 and 48% higher porosity (ƒ), saturation ( ω ) and available water ( θ ), respectively over the fertilizer control, whilst amongst cropping patterns, lentil after maize effect was significantly (p<0.01) superior over the wheat after maize and wheat+lentil intercrop after maize for improving soil properties. Significant correlation existed between bulk density and yield (r 2 =0.96 and 0.91) and soil OM and yield (r 2 =0.84 and 0.75) for wheat and lentils, respectively, as well as among soil properties (OM and bulk density and bulk density and available water content in soil, r 2 =0.84 and 0.92, respectively). The study concluded that plant nutrition under eroded conditions should be based on INM where half of the recommended N and recommended P and K fertilizers should be applied in combination with legume crop inclusion in cropping patterns for eroded soil yield and fertility restoration.

| The study was conducted in Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar during wheat crop season 2015-16 to test different nutrient inputs for their effect on wheat yield and soil fertility status under different tillage practices. Randomized Complete Block Split Plot Design with three replications was used for the study where nutrient inputs were allotted to sub-plots whilst tillage practices were studied in main plots. Nutrient input consisted of Farmer’s fertilizer practice (FP; N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=60:45:00 kg ha -1 ), Recommended dose (RD; N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=120:90:60 kg ha -1 ), Farmyard manure (FYM) alone at the rate of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha -1 and the integration of 5, 10 and 15 t ha -1 FYM with 75, 50 and 25% of the RD, respectively. Tillage practice included shallow tillage (ST; 0-20 cm) and deep tillage (DT; 0-40 cm). The FYM alone resulted in increased soil NPK, organic matter (OM) and the electrical conductivity (EC) but failed to improve the yield significantly. However, the RD, along with improving these parameters, also increased the yield significantly over the FP. Amongst all treatments, the 5 t ha -1 FYM and 75% NPK of the RD (INM 5:75 ) stood superior with respect to yield as well as soil fertility status. However, efficacy was negative under deep tillage compared to shallow tillage for all treatments since yield as well as harvest Index (HI), mineral nutrients and OM content in soil were significantly lower and pH and EC higher under deep tillage. Results suggested that, unless otherwise necessary, deep tillage in alkaline calcareous soil should be avoided, preventing lime resurfacing from depth and keeping the applied amendments concentrated in surface layer.