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Prof. Paola Brambilla
Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Milan

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0 Congenital Heart Disease
0 Survival Analysis
0 Companion Animals
0 Heart diseases
0 retrospective study

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retrospective study
mitral valve disease in dogs
Congenital Heart Disease
Heart diseases

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Short Biography

G. Paola Brambilla, DVM, PhD Current Position: Associate Professor of Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy, and Associate Professor in Small Animal Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology at School of Specialization in Clinic and Pathology of Companion Animals, University of Milan, Italy

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Original investigation
Published: 23 November 2020 in Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound
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The objectives of this retrospective, observer agreement study were to (a) test variability of radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD) and vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) measurements among observers with different levels of expertise in thoracic radiology and cardiology, (b) assess whether one method is better than the other in detecting left atrial enlargement (LAE), and (c) assess the agreement among RLAD, VLAS, and American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) classes. Seventy‐four dogs (eight healthy and 66 with mitral valve disease) with thoracic radiographs and echocardiography performed on the same day were reviewed. Thirty showed echocardiographic LAE. Left atrial dimension was quantified using RLAD and VLAS by six different operators with three levels of clinical experience in veterinary cardiology/radiology. Vertebral heart score and fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) were also measured. Differences in T4, vertebral heart score (VHS), RLAD, and VLAS measurements were found among six operators and among the three levels of clinical expertise as well as between veterinary cardiology readers and veterinary radiology readers (P < .05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve for VHS showed good performances for all observers and level and type of expertise; the AUC for RLAD and VLAS was suboptimal only for the radiology student. Our RLAD and VLAS cutoffs (1.9 and 2.43 v, respectively) were better related to qualitative radiographic than quantitative echocardiographic LAE evaluation. Radiographic LA dimension and VLAS showed an increase proportional to the worsening of the ACVIM class. In conclusion, these results allow us to affirm that RLAD and VLAS are reproducible measurements for detecting LAE. Better performances are associated with clinical expertise and background.

ACS Style

Mara Bagardi; Martina Manfredi; Davide D. Zani; Paola G. Brambilla; Chiara Locatelli. Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2020, 62, 161 -174.

AMA Style

Mara Bagardi, Martina Manfredi, Davide D. Zani, Paola G. Brambilla, Chiara Locatelli. Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 2020; 62 (2):161-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mara Bagardi; Martina Manfredi; Davide D. Zani; Paola G. Brambilla; Chiara Locatelli. 2020. "Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 62, no. 2: 161-174.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Animals
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Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCSs) show the earliest onset and the highest incidence of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Previous studies have suggested a polygenic inheritance of the disease in this breed and revealed an association with regions on canine chromosomes 13 and 14. Following clinical and echocardiographic examinations, 33 not-directly-related CKCSs were selected and classified as cases (n = 16) if MMVD was present before 5 years of age or as controls (n = 17) if no or very mild MMVD was present after 5 years of age. DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped with a Canine 230K SNP BeadChip instrument. Cases and controls were compared with three complementary genomic analyses (Wright’s fixation index—FST, cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity—XP-EHH, and runs of homozygosity—ROH) to identify differences in terms of heterozygosity and regions of homozygosity. The top 1% single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and mapped, and the genes were thoroughly investigated. Ten consensus genes were found localized on chromosomes 3-11-14-19, partially confirming previous studies. The HEPACAM2, CDK6, and FAH genes, related to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway and heart development, also emerged in the ROH analysis. In conclusion, this work expands the knowledge of the genetic basis of MMVD by identifying genes involved in the early onset of MMVD in CKCSs.

ACS Style

Arianna Bionda; Matteo Cortellari; Mara Bagardi; Stefano Frattini; Alessio Negro; Chiara Locatelli; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Paola Crepaldi. A Genomic Study of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals 2020, 10, 1895 .

AMA Style

Arianna Bionda, Matteo Cortellari, Mara Bagardi, Stefano Frattini, Alessio Negro, Chiara Locatelli, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, Paola Crepaldi. A Genomic Study of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arianna Bionda; Matteo Cortellari; Mara Bagardi; Stefano Frattini; Alessio Negro; Chiara Locatelli; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Paola Crepaldi. 2020. "A Genomic Study of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels." Animals 10, no. 10: 1895.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2020 in Animals
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This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) characterize echocardiographic features of mitral valve in MMVD affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), focusing on dogs classified as American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) class B1; (2) compare echocardiographic data in ACVIM B1 dogs divided on the basis of age at time of MMVD diagnosis, in order to understand if different aged subjects had different echocardiographic patterns. Length (AMVL), width (AMVW) and area (AMVA) of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, mitral valve prolapse, diameters of the mitral valve annulus in diastole (MVAd) and systole (MVAs) of 90 CKCS in different ACVIM classes, 64 of which in class B1, were measured. Valvular measurements were indexed to body weight using Wesselowski’s scaling exponents. The presence of heart murmur did not discriminate between A and B1 classes (p = 0.128). Heart enlargement was more frequent in males (r2 = 0.07, p = 0.013). Within class B1, older subjects showed significantly higher values of AMVA, AMVW, MVAd, MVAs and lower sphericity index (SI). Since many CKCS with MMVD have no murmur and their mitral valve has peculiarities, a specifically designed echocardiographic screening should be realized. In addition, different aged B1 dogs have different echocardiographic patterns that may imply different genetic and prognostic profiles.

ACS Style

Mara Bagardi; Arianna Bionda; Chiara Locatelli; Matteo Cortellari; Stefano Frattini; Alessio Negro; Paola Crepaldi; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals 2020, 10, 1454 .

AMA Style

Mara Bagardi, Arianna Bionda, Chiara Locatelli, Matteo Cortellari, Stefano Frattini, Alessio Negro, Paola Crepaldi, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mara Bagardi; Arianna Bionda; Chiara Locatelli; Matteo Cortellari; Stefano Frattini; Alessio Negro; Paola Crepaldi; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. 2020. "Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels." Animals 10, no. 9: 1454.

Research article
Published: 27 July 2020 in PLOS ONE
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The epidemiology of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) has changed over the past twenty years. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CHDs in the population of dogs recruited in a single referral center (RC); compare the epidemiological features of CHDs in screened breeds (Boxers) versus non-screened (French and English Bulldogs, German Shepherds); investigate the association of breeds with the prevalence of CHDs; determine the popularity and volatility of breeds over a 20-year period; analysed the trends of the most popular breeds in the overall population of new-born dogs registered in the Italian Kennel Club (IKC) from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2017. The RC’s cardiological database was analysed, and 1,779 clinical records were included in a retrospective observation study. Descriptive statistics and frequencies regarding the most representative breeds and CHDs were generated. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the trends of the most common CHDs found in single and in cluster of breeds. The relationship between breed popularity and presence of CHDs was studied. The most common CHDs were Pulmonic Stenosis, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Subaortic Stenosis, Ventricular Septal Defect, Aortic Stenosis, Tricuspid Dysplasia, Atrial Septal Defect, Double Chamber Right Ventricle, Mitral Dysplasia, and others less frequent. The most represented pure breeds were Boxer, German Shepherd, French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Maltese, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Chihuahua, and others in lower percentage. Chihuahuas, American Staffordshire Terriers, Border Collies, French Bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were the most appreciated all of which showed a high value of volatility. This study found evidence for the value of the screening program implemented in Boxers; fashions and trends influence dog owners’ choices more than the worries of health problems in a breed. Effective breeding programs are needed in order to control the diffusion of CHDs without impoverishing the genetic pool.

ACS Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Michele Polli; Danitza Pradelli; Melissa Papa; Rita Rizzi; Mara Bagardi; Claudio Bussadori. Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0230160 .

AMA Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, Michele Polli, Danitza Pradelli, Melissa Papa, Rita Rizzi, Mara Bagardi, Claudio Bussadori. Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (7):e0230160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Michele Polli; Danitza Pradelli; Melissa Papa; Rita Rizzi; Mara Bagardi; Claudio Bussadori. 2020. "Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7: e0230160.

Preprint content
Published: 18 March 2020
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The coexistence of renal and cardiac disease has been defined in dogs and cats as cardiovascular-renal disorders (CvRD). In humans, renal function is affected by recurrent episodes of acute congestive heart failure (CHF). The aim of this prospective, case-control study was to evaluate the appearance and influence of worsening cardiac disease (WCD), defined on echocardiographic and radiographic parameters, on renal function (defined as worsening renal function [WRF], on the basis of serum creatinine level and presence of proteinuria) in two population: 21 dogs with chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) and 20 healthy dogs. Dogs were sorted into groups according to the presence/absence of WRF or WCD. Statistical analysis was performed between CMVD dogs and healthy dogs and inside the CMVD dogs group. There was no statistically significant difference in developing WRF between dogs with/without WCD and no statistical evidence to support a difference in WRF parameters in dogs experiencing CHF and dogs not experiencing it. The prevalence of azotemia in CMVD dogs was significantly higher than the prevalence of azotemia previously reported in the general population of dogs. Diuretics therapy didn’t affect renal function. No difference in survival time was seen between groups. In conclusion, CHF, WCD and diuretics therapy didn’t directly induce WRF. However, considering the prevalence of azotemia, data suggests a link between heart and kidney function (despite we didn’t excluded aged-related coexistence of organ damage). A bigger number of dogs at inclusion is required to reach statistical significance.

ACS Style

Elisa Martinelli; Serena Crosara; Chiara Locatelli; Anna Maria Zanaboni; Paola Brambilla; Cecilia Quintavalla. Prospective evaluation of renal function in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Elisa Martinelli, Serena Crosara, Chiara Locatelli, Anna Maria Zanaboni, Paola Brambilla, Cecilia Quintavalla. Prospective evaluation of renal function in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Martinelli; Serena Crosara; Chiara Locatelli; Anna Maria Zanaboni; Paola Brambilla; Cecilia Quintavalla. 2020. "Prospective evaluation of renal function in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 25 February 2020
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The epidemiology of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) has changed over the past twenty years.We evaluated the prevalence of CHDs in the population of dogs recruited in a single referral center (RC); compared the epidemiological features of CHDs in screened breeds (Boxers) versus nonscreened (French and English Bulldogs and German Shepherds), investigated the association of breeds with the prevalence of CHDs, determined the popularity and volatility of breeds over a 20-year period; and analysed the trends of the most popular breeds in the overall population of new-born dogs registered in the Italian Kennel Club from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2017.This was a retrospective observational study, the cardiological database of the RC was analysed, and 1,779 clinical records fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Descriptive statistics and frequencies regarding the most representative breeds and CHDs were generated. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the trends of the most common CHDs found in single breeds (French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Boxer, and German Shepherd), and in groups of breeds (brachycephalic breeds and the most represented large breeds). The relationships between the breed popularity and the presence of CHDs was studied.The most common CHDs were Pulmonic Stenosis (34,1%), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (26,4%), Subaortic Stenosis (14,6%), Ventricular Septal Defect (4,8%), Aortic Stenosis (4,7%), Tricuspid Dysplasia (3,4%), Atrial Septal Defect (1,9%), Double Chamber Right ventricle (1,8%), Mitral Dysplasia (1,6%), and reverse Patent Ductus Arteriosus (0,7%). The most represented pure breeds were Boxer (19,4%), German Shepherd (9,4%), French Bulldog (6,2%), English Bulldog (4,9%), Maltese (3,7%), Newfoundland (3,1%), Rottweiler (3,1%), Golden Retriever (3,0%), Chihuahua (2,8%), Poodle (2,5%), Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (2,2%), American Staffordshire Terrier (2,1%), Labrador Retriever (2,3%), Dobermann (2,1%), Miniature Pinscher (2,0%), Cocker Spaniel (2,0%), Yorkshire Terrier (1,7%), Dogue de Bordeaux (1,6%), Dachshund (1,6%), and Bull Terrier (1,5%). Chihuahuas, American Staffordshire Terriers, Border Collies, French Bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were the most appreciated small and medium breeds, all of which showed a high value of volatility.In conclusion, this study found evidence for the value of the screening program implemented in Boxers, which decreased the prevalence of Subaortic Stenosis and Pulmonic Stenosis. However, fashions and trends influence dog owners’ choices more than the worries of health problems frequently found in a breed. Effective breeding programs are needed in order to control the diffusion of CHDs without impoverishing the genetic pool; in addition, dog owners should be educated, and the breeders supported by a network of veterinary cardiology centers.

ACS Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Michele Polli; Danitza Pradelli; Melissa Papa; Rita Rizzi; Mara Bagardi; Claudio Bussadori. Clinical epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in dogs: prevalence, popularity and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, Michele Polli, Danitza Pradelli, Melissa Papa, Rita Rizzi, Mara Bagardi, Claudio Bussadori. Clinical epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in dogs: prevalence, popularity and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; Michele Polli; Danitza Pradelli; Melissa Papa; Rita Rizzi; Mara Bagardi; Claudio Bussadori. 2020. "Clinical epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in dogs: prevalence, popularity and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 16 February 2018 in Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
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Objectives Large studies focusing on restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in the cat are scarce. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe epidemiological characteristics and to analyse prognostic factors affecting survival in cats with RCM. Methods The clinical archives of the Gran Sasso Veterinary Clinic (Milan, Italy) and of the cardiology unit of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (University of Milan, Italy) from 1997–2015 were reviewed for all cats diagnosed with RCM based on an echocardiographic examination (left atrial/biatrial enlargement, normal left ventricle wall thickness, normal or mildly decreased systolic function and restrictive left ventricle filling pattern with pulsed Doppler echocardiography). Results The study population comprised 90 cats (53 male, 37 female) with an echocardiographic diagnosis of RCM. Most were domestic shorthairs (n = 60) with a mean ± SD age of 10.0 ± 4.3 years and a median weight of 3.8 kg (interquartile range 3.2–5 kg). Most cats were symptomatic (n = 87). The most common clinical sign was respiratory distress (n = 75). Follow-up was available for 60 cats and the median survival time (MST) was 69 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–175 days). Cardiac-related death occurred in 50 cats. In the multivariate Cox analysis only respiratory distress showed a statistically significant effect on survival. The cats without respiratory distress showed an MST of 466 days (95% CI 0–1208); cats with respiratory distress showing an MST of 64 days (95% CI 8–120; P = 0.011). Conclusions and relevance RCM can be considered an end-stage condition associated with a poor prognosis, with few cats not showing clinical signs and surviving >1 year. Most cats died of cardiac disease within a very short time.

ACS Style

Chiara Locatelli; Danitza Pradelli; Giulia Campo; Ilaria Spalla; Alice Savarese; Paola G Brambilla; Claudio Bussadori. Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2018, 20, 1138 -1143.

AMA Style

Chiara Locatelli, Danitza Pradelli, Giulia Campo, Ilaria Spalla, Alice Savarese, Paola G Brambilla, Claudio Bussadori. Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2018; 20 (12):1138-1143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Locatelli; Danitza Pradelli; Giulia Campo; Ilaria Spalla; Alice Savarese; Paola G Brambilla; Claudio Bussadori. 2018. "Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 12: 1138-1143.

Case report
Published: 07 June 2017 in BMC Veterinary Research
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In Italy, Angiostrongylus vasorum, an emergent parasite, is being diagnosed in dogs from areas considered free of infection so far. As clinical signs are multiple and common to other diseases, its diagnosis can be challenging. In particular, in areas where angiostrongylosis and dirofilariosis overlap, a misleading diagnosis of cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis might occur even on the basis of possible misleading outcomes from diagnostic kits. Two Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs from an Italian breeding in the Northwest were referred to a private veterinary hospital with respiratory signs. A cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis was diagnosed and the dogs treated with ivermectin, but one of them died. At necropsy, pulmonary oedema, enlargement of tracheo-bronchial lymphnodes and of cardiac right side were detected. Within the right ventricle lumen, adults of A. vasorum were found. All dogs from the same kennel were subjected to faecal examination by FLOTAC and Baermann’s techniques to detect A. vasorum first stage larvae; blood analysis by Knott’s for Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae, and antigenic tests for both A. vasorum (Angio Detect™) and D.immitis (DiroCHEK® Heartworm, Witness®Dirofilaria). The surviving dog with respiratory signs resulted positive for A. vasorum both at serum antigens and larval detection. Its Witness® test was low positive similarly to other four dogs from the same kennel, but false positive results due to cross reactions with A. vasorum were also considered. No dogs were found infected by A. vasorum. Eventually, the investigation was deepened by browsing the pathological database of Veterinary Pathology Laboratories at Veterinary School of Milan University through 1998–2016, where 11 cases of angiostrongylosis were described. Two out of 11 dogs had a mixed infection with Crenosoma vulpis. The study demonstrates the need for accurate surveys to acquire proper epidemiological data on A. vasorum infection in Northwestern Italy and for appropriate diagnostic methods. Veterinary clinicians should be warned about the occurrence of this canine parasite and the connected risk of a misleading diagnosis, particularly in areas endemic for cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis.

ACS Style

Emanuela Olivieri; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Chiara Giudice; Paola Brambilla; Isa Alberti; Stefano Romussi; Rocco Lombardo; Carlo Maria Mortellaro; Barbara Banco; Federico Maria Vanzulli; Fabrizia Veronesi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs from a cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis endemic area of Northwestern Italy: a case study and a retrospective data analysis. BMC Veterinary Research 2017, 13, 165 .

AMA Style

Emanuela Olivieri, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Chiara Giudice, Paola Brambilla, Isa Alberti, Stefano Romussi, Rocco Lombardo, Carlo Maria Mortellaro, Barbara Banco, Federico Maria Vanzulli, Fabrizia Veronesi, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs from a cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis endemic area of Northwestern Italy: a case study and a retrospective data analysis. BMC Veterinary Research. 2017; 13 (1):165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuela Olivieri; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Chiara Giudice; Paola Brambilla; Isa Alberti; Stefano Romussi; Rocco Lombardo; Carlo Maria Mortellaro; Barbara Banco; Federico Maria Vanzulli; Fabrizia Veronesi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2017. "Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs from a cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis endemic area of Northwestern Italy: a case study and a retrospective data analysis." BMC Veterinary Research 13, no. 1: 165.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in BMC Veterinary Research
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Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in dogs, and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) is the most studied breed because of the high prevalence, early onset and hereditary component evidenced in the breed. MVD has different severity levels, and there are many practical limitations in identifying its asymptomatic stages. Proteomic techniques are valuable for studying the proteins and peptides involved in cardiovascular diseases, including the period prior to the clinical onset of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify the serum proteins that were differentially expressed in healthy CKCS and those affected by MVD in mild to severe stages. Proteomics analysis was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis separation and a bioinformatics analysis for the detection of differentially expressed spots. In a comparative analysis, protein spots with a p < 0.05 (ANOVA) were considered statistically significant and were excised from the gels for analysis by MALDI–TOF–MS for protein identification. Eight proteins resulted differentially expressed among the groups and significantly related to the progression of the disease. In mild affected group versus healthy dogs complement factor H isoform 2, inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, hemopexin, dystrobrevin beta isoform X7 and CD5 molecule-like resulted to be down-regulated, whereas fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 3A isoform X4 was up-regulated. In severe affected dogs versus healthy group complement factor H isoform 2, calpain-3 isoform X2, dystrobrevin beta isoform X7, CD5 molecule-like and l-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase resulted to be down-regulated. Complement factor H isoform 2, calpain-3 isoform X2, dystrobrevin beta isoform X7, CD5 molecule-like and hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase were found to be down-regulated in mild affected group versus healthy dogs. All of these proteins except complement factor H followed a decreasing trend according to the progression of the pathology. The differential expression of serum proteins demonstrates the possibility these might be valuable for the detection and monitoring of the disease. Further longitudinal studies are required to determine whether differential protein expression occurs sufficiently early in the progression of the disease and with sufficient predictive value to allow proteomics analysis to be used as an early detection and on-line diagnostic tool.

ACS Style

Chiara Locatelli; Cristian Piras; Giulia Riscazzi; Isabella Alloggio; Ilaria Spalla; Alessio Soggiu; Viviana Greco; Luigi Bonizzi; Paola Roncada; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Serum proteomic profiles in CKCS with Mitral valve disease. BMC Veterinary Research 2016, 13, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Chiara Locatelli, Cristian Piras, Giulia Riscazzi, Isabella Alloggio, Ilaria Spalla, Alessio Soggiu, Viviana Greco, Luigi Bonizzi, Paola Roncada, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Serum proteomic profiles in CKCS with Mitral valve disease. BMC Veterinary Research. 2016; 13 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Locatelli; Cristian Piras; Giulia Riscazzi; Isabella Alloggio; Ilaria Spalla; Alessio Soggiu; Viviana Greco; Luigi Bonizzi; Paola Roncada; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. 2016. "Serum proteomic profiles in CKCS with Mitral valve disease." BMC Veterinary Research 13, no. 1: 1-9.

Standard article
Published: 22 September 2016 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Veterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular–renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal‐anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs. Hypothesis A direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs. Animals One hundred and fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs with CMVD. Methods Signalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival. Results The prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Chronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular–renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.

ACS Style

E. Martinelli; Chiara Locatelli; S. Bassis; S. Crosara; S. Paltrinieri; Paola Scarpa; I. Spalla; Am. Zanaboni; C. Quintavalla; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016, 30, 1612 -1618.

AMA Style

E. Martinelli, Chiara Locatelli, S. Bassis, S. Crosara, S. Paltrinieri, Paola Scarpa, I. Spalla, Am. Zanaboni, C. Quintavalla, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2016; 30 (5):1612-1618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Martinelli; Chiara Locatelli; S. Bassis; S. Crosara; S. Paltrinieri; Paola Scarpa; I. Spalla; Am. Zanaboni; C. Quintavalla; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. 2016. "Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 30, no. 5: 1612-1618.

Standard article
Published: 14 May 2016 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is 1 of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs and percutaneous closure is effective in achieving ductal closure; PDA closure is associated with abrupt hemodynamic changes. Hypothesis A marked decrease in standard parameters of systolic function as assessed by M‐ or B‐mode echocardiography after PDA closure was identified in previous studies. Speckle tracking echocardiography can provide further insight into the effect of PDA closure on cardiac mechanics in dogs affected by PDA. Animals Twenty‐five client‐owned dogs with PDA. Methods Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2‐year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed before and 24 hours after PDA closure, including standard (end‐diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B‐ and M‐mode [EDVIB/M], end‐systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B‐ and M‐mode [ESVIB/M], allometric scaling in diastole [AlloD] and systole [AlloS], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qs/Qp], ejection fraction [EF], and fractional shortening [FS]), and advanced speckle‐tracking echocardiography (STE): global longitudinal, radial, circumferential and transverse strain (S), and strain rate (SR). Results Patent ductus arteriosus closure was associated with statistically significant decreases in EDVIM/B and ESVIM/B, AlloD and AlloS, SI, EF, and FS. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute values of radial, transverse, and circumferential S and SR was observed, whereas longitudinal S and SR did not change significantly. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Patent ductus arteriosus closure by percutaneous approach is associated with marked decreases of conventional echocardiographic parameters as a result of the changes in loading conditions, but no evidence of systolic dysfunction was identified by means of STE, as none of the S and SR values were below reference ranges. In the short term, contractility is enhanced in the long axis (long S/SR values were not statistically different before and after closure) and decreases to normal values in short axis (circumferential, radial, and transversal S/SR decreased to normal reference range).

ACS Style

Ilaria Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; A.M. Zanaboni; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016, 30, 714 -721.

AMA Style

Ilaria Spalla, Chiara Locatelli, A.M. Zanaboni, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, C. Bussadori. Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2016; 30 (3):714-721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; A.M. Zanaboni; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. 2016. "Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 30, no. 3: 714-721.

Standard article
Published: 14 May 2016 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. Advanced echocardiographic techniques such as speckle‐tracking echocardiography (STE) have not been extensively used to evaluate cardiac function in affected dogs. Hypothesis Advanced echocardiographic techniques are more sensitive than standard echocardiographic techniques in analyzing systolic function in dogs with PDA. Animals Forty‐four client‐owned dogs: 34 dogs with PDA (preoperative evaluation) and 10 healthy sex‐ and weight‐matched controls. Methods Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2‐year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed, including conventional (end‐diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M‐mode [EDVIB/M], end‐systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M‐mode [ESVIB/M], allometric scaling in diastole and systole [AlloD/S], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qp/Qs], ejection fraction [EF] and fractional shortening [FS]) and speckle‐tracking echocardiography ([STE]: global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain [S] and strain rate [SR]). Results Dogs with PDA had significantly different EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs and all STE‐derived parameters (global longitudinal S and SR, global circumferential S and SR, global radial S and SR)compared to healthy dogs. No correlation was found between standard techniques (EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs) and STE‐derived parameters (global longitudinal, circumferential and radial S and SR). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Conventional parameters routinely used to assess systolic function (EF and FS) were not different between the groups; STE‐derived parameters identified subtle changes in cardiac systolic function and contractility between the 2 groups of dogs. Based on these findings, STE may be a more appropriate tool to assess cardiac contractility in dogs with PDA.

ACS Style

I. Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; A.M. Zanaboni; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016, 30, 706 -713.

AMA Style

I. Spalla, Chiara Locatelli, A.M. Zanaboni, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, C. Bussadori. Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2016; 30 (3):706-713.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; A.M. Zanaboni; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. 2016. "Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 30, no. 3: 706-713.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Research in Veterinary Science
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Advanced two-dimensional echocardiographic techniques allow strain (S) analysis of regional function and thus can provide information on regional myocardial deformation. Feature-tracking echocardiography (FTE) is based on a mono-dimensional technology and may offer more detailed information about septal deformation because it can analyse the activity of left- and right-sided septal fibres separately. The present study aimed to quantify global and regional (free wall and septal) right ventricular (RV) longitudinal S and strain rate (SR). We also investigated the relationships of S and SR with age, sex, weight, breed (sighthound breed vs other breeds), and heart rate. Cine loops were acquired from the left apical four-chamber view, optimized for the RV, in 60 dogs. The within-day and between-day intra-observer coefficient of variation for global RV S and SR in normal dogs using FTE was acceptable (< 8.5%). Global longitudinal S (GLS) and SR showed a significant correlation with breed. GLS showed a significant weak positive correlation with weight. Global longitudinal SR showed a significant moderate negative correlation with heart rate. No correlation was found between GLS/SR and age. There was no significant difference between male and female dogs. This study shows, for the first time, that a novel FTE algorithm represents a promising and feasible non-invasive technique to assess RV myocardial function (free wall and septal deformation) in dogs. Based on our results, sighthound breeds appear to need specific reference values.

ACS Style

Chiara Locatelli; Ilaria Spalla; Anna M. Zanaboni; Paola G. Brambilla; Claudio Bussadori. Assessment of right ventricular function by feature-tracking echocardiography in conscious healthy dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 2016, 105, 103 -110.

AMA Style

Chiara Locatelli, Ilaria Spalla, Anna M. Zanaboni, Paola G. Brambilla, Claudio Bussadori. Assessment of right ventricular function by feature-tracking echocardiography in conscious healthy dogs. Research in Veterinary Science. 2016; 105 ():103-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Locatelli; Ilaria Spalla; Anna M. Zanaboni; Paola G. Brambilla; Claudio Bussadori. 2016. "Assessment of right ventricular function by feature-tracking echocardiography in conscious healthy dogs." Research in Veterinary Science 105, no. : 103-110.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Macedonian Veterinary Review
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Bronchial and upper respiratory diseases have been associated with hypoxia and subsequent development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, there are no known studies assessing the prevalence of PAH in dogs with these conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of PAH in dogs with bronchial and upper respiratory diseases. Medical records of dogs with confirmed diagnosis (by endoscopic examination) of bronchial and/or upper respiratory diseases referred for cardiovascular investigation (January 2009 - May 2013) were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis of PAH was made by echocardiography (tricuspid regurgitation > 2.8 m/s and/or pulmonic regurgitation > 2.2 m/s); possible PAH was diagnosed when two or more specific echocardiographic findings were present. 52 dogs (30 with upper respiratory diseases, 17 with bronchial disease and 5 with both) were included. Diagnosis of PAH was performed in 3 dogs (5.7%). Two dogs were considered as probably affected by PAH; a total of 5 dogs (9.4%) resulted in being affected or probably affected by PAH. Our study shows that the prevalence of PAH in dogs with bronchial and/or upper respiratory diseases is low; PAH seems to occur mostly in older dogs and/or with very advanced disease: echocardiography may therefore be a useful tool in this category of patients.

ACS Style

Chiara Locatelli; Daniela Montrasio; Ilaria Spalla; Giulia Riscazzi; Matteo Gobbetti; Alice Savarese; Stefano Romussi; Paola G. Brambilla. Retrospective Investigation on the Prevalence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Bronchial and Upper Respiratory Diseases. Macedonian Veterinary Review 2016, 39, 83 -90.

AMA Style

Chiara Locatelli, Daniela Montrasio, Ilaria Spalla, Giulia Riscazzi, Matteo Gobbetti, Alice Savarese, Stefano Romussi, Paola G. Brambilla. Retrospective Investigation on the Prevalence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Bronchial and Upper Respiratory Diseases. Macedonian Veterinary Review. 2016; 39 (1):83-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Locatelli; Daniela Montrasio; Ilaria Spalla; Giulia Riscazzi; Matteo Gobbetti; Alice Savarese; Stefano Romussi; Paola G. Brambilla. 2016. "Retrospective Investigation on the Prevalence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Bronchial and Upper Respiratory Diseases." Macedonian Veterinary Review 39, no. 1: 83-90.

Research article
Published: 22 June 2015 in Veterinary Medicine International
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Successful veterinary treatment of animals requires owner adherence with a prescribed treatment plan. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the level of adherence of the owners of patients presented for behavioural, cardiological, urological, and oncological problems. At the end of the first examination, each owner completed a questionnaire. Then, the owners were called four times to fill out another questionnaire over the phone. With regard to the first questionnaire, statistically significant data concern behavioral medicine and cardiology. In the first area the owner's worry decreases during the follow-up and the number of owners who would give away the animal increases. In cardiology, owners who think that the pathology harms their animal's quality of life decreased significantly over time. With regard to the 9 additional follow-up questions, in behavioural medicine and urology the owner's discomfort resulting from the animal's pathology significantly decreases over time. Assessment of adherence appears to be an optimal instrument in identifying the positive factors and the difficulties encountered by owners during the application of a treatment protocol.

ACS Style

Zita Talamonti; Chiara Cassis; Paola G. Brambilla; Paola Scarpa; Damiano Stefanello; Simona Cannas; Michela Minero; Clara Palestrini. Preliminary Study of Pet Owner Adherence in Behaviour, Cardiology, Urology, and Oncology Fields. Veterinary Medicine International 2015, 2015, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Zita Talamonti, Chiara Cassis, Paola G. Brambilla, Paola Scarpa, Damiano Stefanello, Simona Cannas, Michela Minero, Clara Palestrini. Preliminary Study of Pet Owner Adherence in Behaviour, Cardiology, Urology, and Oncology Fields. Veterinary Medicine International. 2015; 2015 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zita Talamonti; Chiara Cassis; Paola G. Brambilla; Paola Scarpa; Damiano Stefanello; Simona Cannas; Michela Minero; Clara Palestrini. 2015. "Preliminary Study of Pet Owner Adherence in Behaviour, Cardiology, Urology, and Oncology Fields." Veterinary Medicine International 2015, no. : 1-7.

Research article
Published: 09 June 2015 in Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
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Objectives Feline cardiomyopathies (CMs) represent a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases. The most common CM is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), followed by restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Studies comparing survival and outcome for different types of CM are scant. Furthermore, little is known about the cardiovascular consequences of systemic diseases on survival. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare survival and prognostic factors in cats affected by HCM, RCM or secondary CM referred to our institution over a 10 year period. Methods The study included 94 cats with complete case records and echocardiographic examination. Fifty cats presented HCM, 14 RCM and 30 secondary CM. Results A statistically significant difference in survival time was identified for cats with HCM (median survival time of 865 days), RCM (273 days) and secondary CM (<50% cardiac death rate). In the overall population and in the primary CM group (HCM + RCM), risk factors in the multivariate analysis, regardless of the CM considered, were the presence of clinical signs, an increased left atrial to aortic root (LA/Ao) ratio and a hypercoagulable state. Conclusions and relevance Primary CMs in cats share some common features (ie, LA dimension and hypercoagulable state) linked to feline cardiovascular physiology, which influence survival greatly in end-stage CM. The presence of clinical signs has to be regarded as a marker of disease severity, regardless of the underlying CM. Secondary CMs are more benign conditions, but if the primary disease is not properly managed, the prognosis might also be poor in this group of patients.

ACS Style

Ilaria Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; Giulia Riscazzi; Sara Santagostino; Elena Cremaschi; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Survival in cats with primary and secondary cardiomyopathies. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2015, 18, 501 -509.

AMA Style

Ilaria Spalla, Chiara Locatelli, Giulia Riscazzi, Sara Santagostino, Elena Cremaschi, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. Survival in cats with primary and secondary cardiomyopathies. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2015; 18 (6):501-509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Spalla; Chiara Locatelli; Giulia Riscazzi; Sara Santagostino; Elena Cremaschi; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla. 2015. "Survival in cats with primary and secondary cardiomyopathies." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 18, no. 6: 501-509.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2014 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is a common congenital heart disease in Boxers. Doppler‐derived aortic peak velocity (AoPV) is a diagnostic criterion for the disease. To investigate the influence of emotional stress during echocardiographic examination on AoPV in normal and SAS‐affected Boxers. To evaluate the effects of aortic root diameters on AoPV in normal Boxers. Two hundred and fifteen normal and 19 SAS‐affected Boxers. The AoPV was recorded at the beginning of echocardiographic examination (T0), and when the emotional stress of the dog was assumed to decrease based on behavioral parameters and heart rate (T1). AoPV0–AoPV1 was calculated. In normal dogs, stroke volume index was calculated at T0 and T1. Aortic root diameters were measured and their relationship with AoPV and AoPV0–AoPV1 was evaluated. In normal dogs, AoPV was higher at T0 (median, 1.95 m/s; range, 1.60–2.50 m/s) than at T1 (median, 1.76 m/s; range, 1.40–2.20 m/s; P < .0001; reduction 9.2%). The stroke volume index at T0 also was greater than at T1 (P < .0001). Weak negative correlations were detected between aortic root size and aortic velocities. In SAS‐affected dogs, AoPV0 was higher than AoPV1 (P < .0001; reduction 7.3%). Aortic peak velocity was affected by emotional stress during echocardiographic examination both in SAS‐affected and normal Boxers. In normal Boxers, aortic root size weakly affected AoPVs, but did not affect AoPV0–AoPV1. Stroke volume seems to play a major role in stress‐related AoPV increases in normal Boxers. Emotional stress should be taken into account when screening for SAS in the Boxer breed.

ACS Style

D. Pradelli; C. Quintavalla; M.C. Crosta; Laura Mazzoni; P. Oliveira; L. Scotti; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. The Influence of Emotional Stress on Doppler-derived Aortic Peak Velocity in Boxer Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2014, 28, 1724 -1730.

AMA Style

D. Pradelli, C. Quintavalla, M.C. Crosta, Laura Mazzoni, P. Oliveira, L. Scotti, Paola Giuseppina Brambilla, C. Bussadori. The Influence of Emotional Stress on Doppler-derived Aortic Peak Velocity in Boxer Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014; 28 (6):1724-1730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Pradelli; C. Quintavalla; M.C. Crosta; Laura Mazzoni; P. Oliveira; L. Scotti; Paola Giuseppina Brambilla; C. Bussadori. 2014. "The Influence of Emotional Stress on Doppler-derived Aortic Peak Velocity in Boxer Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 28, no. 6: 1724-1730.

Standard article
Published: 16 June 2014 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Quantitative and semiquantitative methods have been proposed for the assessment of MR severity, and though all are associated with limitations. Measurement of vena contracta width (VCW) has been used in clinical practice. Objective To measure the VCW in dogs with different levels of MR severity. Animals Two hundred and seventy‐nine dogs were classified according to 5 levels of MR severity. Methods This was a retrospective study. EROA and regurgitant volume calculated by the PISA method, were measured and indexed to BSA. Descriptive statistics were calculated for VCW and VCW index for all categories of MR severity. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρs) were calculated to compare the results of the different methods (VCW and VCW index vs RV PISA, RV PISA index, EROA, EROA index), and between VCW and VCW index versus MR severity. Results All Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were significant (P < .001). The median values of VCW resulted of 2.9 mm (IQR 3.4–2.5) and of 4.6 mm (IQR 5.4–4.1) in the groups previously classified as mild‐to‐moderate and moderate‐to‐severe, respectively. The median values of VCW index resulted of 4.4 mm/m2 (IQR = 5.5–4.2) in mild‐to‐moderate MR and of 10.8 mm/m2 (IQR = 12.8–9.4) in moderate‐to‐severe MR. Conclusion and Clinical Importance This is not a validation study against any previously validated invasive gold standard, the VCW method has proved easy to employ and it might be an additional tool in quantifying disease severity that supports, rather than replace, data coming from other techniques in daily clinical practice and research.

ACS Style

M. Di Marcello; E. Terzo; Chiara Locatelli; V. Palermo; E. Sala; E. Dall'aglio; C.M. Bussadori; Ilaria Spalla; P.G. Brambilla. Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity by Doppler Color Flow Mapping of the Vena Contracta in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2014, 28, 1206 -1213.

AMA Style

M. Di Marcello, E. Terzo, Chiara Locatelli, V. Palermo, E. Sala, E. Dall'aglio, C.M. Bussadori, Ilaria Spalla, P.G. Brambilla. Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity by Doppler Color Flow Mapping of the Vena Contracta in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014; 28 (4):1206-1213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Di Marcello; E. Terzo; Chiara Locatelli; V. Palermo; E. Sala; E. Dall'aglio; C.M. Bussadori; Ilaria Spalla; P.G. Brambilla. 2014. "Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity by Doppler Color Flow Mapping of the Vena Contracta in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 28, no. 4: 1206-1213.

Case reports
Published: 01 January 2014 in Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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ACS Style

Ilaria Spalla; Denise Spinelli; Chiara Lucatini; Sonia Memmi; Rossana Magnoni; Paola Brambilla; Giulia Riscazzi; Chiara Locatelli. ECG of the Month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2014, 244, 45 -47.

AMA Style

Ilaria Spalla, Denise Spinelli, Chiara Lucatini, Sonia Memmi, Rossana Magnoni, Paola Brambilla, Giulia Riscazzi, Chiara Locatelli. ECG of the Month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2014; 244 (1):45-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Spalla; Denise Spinelli; Chiara Lucatini; Sonia Memmi; Rossana Magnoni; Paola Brambilla; Giulia Riscazzi; Chiara Locatelli. 2014. "ECG of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 244, no. 1: 45-47.

Case reports
Published: 15 September 2013 in Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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ACS Style

Elisa Martinelli; Ilaria Spalla; Cecilia Quintavalla; Paola Brambilla; Giulia Riscazzi; Chiara Locatelli. ECG of the Month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2013, 243, 787 -789.

AMA Style

Elisa Martinelli, Ilaria Spalla, Cecilia Quintavalla, Paola Brambilla, Giulia Riscazzi, Chiara Locatelli. ECG of the Month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2013; 243 (6):787-789.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Martinelli; Ilaria Spalla; Cecilia Quintavalla; Paola Brambilla; Giulia Riscazzi; Chiara Locatelli. 2013. "ECG of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243, no. 6: 787-789.