The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p < 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p < 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (−7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.

Introduction: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. Objective: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. Results: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26; EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80; ANOVA; p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni; p > 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9; 20.41% change). Conclusion: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias en el desarrollo infantil en las dimensiones de motricidad, lenguaje, cognición y estado socioemocional en escolares de cinco y seis años pertenecientes a una escuela rural y otra urbana de la región del Biobío en Chile. El estudio fue observacional de corte transversal, con características descriptivas y analíticas. La muestra fue compuesta por 28 escolares de ambos sexos, distribuidos en siete niñas y siete niños de una zona rural (5.7±0.5 años) y siete niñas y siete niños de una zona urbana (5.6±0.6 años), seleccionada de forma no probabilística por conveniencia. Se evaluó el desarrollo infantil por medio del Test de Aprendizaje del Desarrollo Infantil (TADI). Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas en los puntajes promedio de las dimensiones motriz y cognitiva (p˂0.05), con mejores resultados en los escolares de la zona rural. No hubo diferencias significativas en las dimensiones de lenguaje y estado socioemocional (p˃0.05), además se evidencia una relación positiva directa entre las dimensiones motriz y socioemocional para la zona urbana (p˂0.05). Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas en el desarrollo infantil entre los escolares pertenecientes a la zona rural y a la zona urbana, específicamente en las dimensiones motriz y cognitiva, con mejores resultados para los escolares de la zona rural. The objective of the study was to analyze the differences in child development in the dimensions of motor skills, language, cognition, and socio-emotional state in five- and six-year-old school children belonging to a rural and an urban school in the Biobío region of Chile. The study was cross-sectional observational, with descriptive and analytical characteristics. The sample consisted of 28 school children of both sexes, seven girls and seven boys from rural areas (5.7 ± 0.5 years) and seven girls and seven boys from urban areas (5.6 ± 0.6 years) selected in a non-probabilistic way for convenience. Child development was assessed through the Child Development Learning Test (TADI). The results show that there are significant differences in the average scores of the motor and cognitive dimensions (p˂0.05), with better results in school children in rural areas. There were no significant differences in the dimensions of language and socio-emotional state (p˃0.05), in addition there was a direct positive relationship between the motor and socioemotional dimensions for the urban area (p˂0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that there are significant differences in child development between school children belonging to rural and urban areas, specifically in the motor and cognitive dimensions, with better results for school children in rural areas.

Aumentar los niveles de actividad física (AF) tiene múltiples beneficios a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vital. Durante la infancia y la adolescencia se deben afianzar los hábitos de vida activa en niños y jóvenes para mantener o mejorar su bienestar físico, mental y el estado de salud actual y futuro. A fines de abril de 2020, aproximadamente 1.500 millones de niños y adolescentes, iniciaron su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a distancia, debido al cierre de las escuelas en la mayoría de los países. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de AF de adolescentes de la comuna de Concepción después del periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19. Un total de 381 estudiantes de ambos sexos (203 hombres y 178 mujeres), entre 14 a 16 años de establecimientos educacionales secundarios participaron del estudio. Los resultados demostraron que los adolescentes presentan un nivel de AF clasificado como inactivos (PAQ-A = 2.53 puntos), los hombres presentan una diferencia significativa (p = .001) en comparación con el grupo de mujeres en el nivel de AF, se observa una diferencia significativa entre las distintas edades de los hombres (p = .027) y de las mujeres (p = .001), además, se observó una diferencia significativa entre los establecimientos educacionales (p = .012). La vuelta a la presencialidad y las estrategias implementadas para un mayor desarrollo de la AF después del periodo de confinamiento, obtuvieron un nivel bajo de AF de los estudiantes de educación secundaria en establecimientos educacionales particular subvencionado de la comuna de Concepción. Palabras claves: actividad física, condición física, adolescentes, post-pandemia. Increasing levels of physical activity (PA) has multiple benefits throughout the entire life cycle. During childhood and adolescence, active lifestyle habits must be strengthened in children and young people to maintain or improve their physical and mental well-being and current and future health status. At the end of April 2020, approximately 1.5 billion children and adolescents began their distance teaching-learning process, due to the closure of schools in most countries. The objective of this study was to analyze the level of PA of adolescents of the commune of Concepción after the confinement period due to COVID-19. 381 students of both sexes (203 men and 178 women) between 14 and 16 years old from secondary educational establishments participated in the study. The results showed that adolescents present a level of PA classified as inactive (PAQ-A = 2.53 points), men present a significant difference (p = .001) compared to the group of women in the level of PA, it is observed a significant difference between the different ages of men (p = .027) and women (p = .001), in addition, a significant difference was observed between educational establishments (p = .012). The return to presence and the strategies implemented for greater development of PA after the confinement period, obtained a low level of PA of secondary education students in subsidized private educational establishments in the commune of Concepción. Keywords: physical activity, physical condition, adolescents, post-pandemic.

Background: The objective of this study was to analyze the absolute and relative reliability intersession for a maximal isometric muscle strength protocol in the bilateral seated bench press (BSBP), bilateral seated row (BSR), unilateral seated knee right extension (USKER) and unilateral seated knee left extension (USKEL) in a population of older adults. Methods: Eighteen older adults (age = 69.38 ± 5.06 years; weight = 75.79 ± 14.18 kg; height = 1.61 ± 0.08 m; BMI = 28.98 ± 5.04 kg/m². The maximal isometric muscle strength assessment was performed in a seated position. Participants were asked to exert maximum effort during the exercise. The BSBP and BSR assessments were performed bilaterally with shoulders and elbows at 90°, while the USKER and USKEL assessments were performed unilaterally. Three sets of 5 secondswere performed with a 3 minutes rest between measurements until maximum isometric strength was reached in all four measurements. Results: In the inter-session reliability measurements, acceptable absolute reliability was presented for BSR and USKER, and extremely high reliability for the BSBP and USKEL measures. In addition, extremely high relative reliability was reported for all assessments of maximum isometric muscle strength, with no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) and an ES classified as null (ES < 0.12). Conclusions: The main results of this study show that maximal isometric muscle strength in bilateral seated bench press, bilateral seated row, and unilateral seated right and left knee extension, assessed using the Chronojump Force Sensor Kit, is reliable and reproducible for the elderly population.

To analyze the relationship of sprinting and agility with body composition, adiposity, and so-matotype in young Chilean basketball players. Material and Method: The research design is non-experimental, descriptive transectional. 20 Chilean under-14 category basketball teams par-ticipated, and their anthropometric characteristics were evaluated using a scale and a stadiome-ter. Their speed and agility were measured through the use of photocells during field tests. The relationship between the variables was established with the Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, a simple linear regression analysis was carried out, where R, R2, the standard error of estimation (SEE) and the unstandardized beta coefficient (β). All analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software IBM Corp. version 17.0, considering a significance level of p < .05. Re-sults: A direct and positive correlation is observed between the Illinois agility test and the an-thropometric indicators of body weight (r=0.75; p˂0.01) and height (r=0.48; p˂0.05). Likewise, a positive relationship was found between the agility test and the adiposity parameter, ∑ folds (r=0.71; p˂0.01), while an inverse and negative relationship was found with ectomorphism (r= -0.46; p˂ 0.05). Furthermore, a direct and positive correlation is observed between endomor-phism and the 5 m sprint (r=0.62; p˂0.01) and the 10 m sprint (r=0.60; p˂0.01). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between body composition and the physical abilities of sprinting and agility in young Chilean basketball players.