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Sustainable agriculture focuses using agricultural resources with minimum possible negative environmental externality to produce more food. The present study reports the environmental and health risks associated with the use, management and handling of agrochemical in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Six Woredas (or districts) covering both upstream and downstream areas and major ecosystems were selected. Data were collected using focus group discussion, key informant interviews, field observation and literature review. Pesticide Risks in the Tropics for Man, Environment and Trade tool was used to analyse data. Results indicated that local community’s awareness on use, handling and management of pesticides was low. Applications of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides polluted surface water systems and affected aquatic animals and plants with different level of risk (i.e. from no or insignificant risk to acute and chronic levels). The level of risks of using agrochemical on aquatic animals, human and the environment increased when the agricultural practices changed from good to non-good practices (i.e. increasing frequency of application). The types of agrochemicals determined the levels of risks on aquatic animals, human and the environment. For example, copper hydroxide and Lambda pose high risk, whereas Chlorpyrifos poses possible risk on fish under good agricultural practices. Also, the results indicated that the level of risks of using agrochemicals on fish and aquatic vertebrates was high for few pesticides (e.g. Chlorpyrifos) under both good and bad agricultural practices. The results of the present study support decision makers, practitioners and farmers to put corrective measures when importing agrochemicals, provide targeted risk management schemes including training on safety measures and screen agrochemicals on the market, respectively.
Berhan M. Teklu; Amare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria. Pesticides as water pollutants and level of risks to environment and people: an example from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleBerhan M. Teklu, Amare Haileslassie, Wolde Mekuria. Pesticides as water pollutants and level of risks to environment and people: an example from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerhan M. Teklu; Amare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria. 2021. "Pesticides as water pollutants and level of risks to environment and people: an example from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia." Environment, Development and Sustainability , no. : 1-20.
This study was conducted in Lake Hawassa catchment, Ethiopia where policy programs are aiming to restore degraded lands with participation of local stakeholders. We assessed the system in relation to natural resource management and degradation using the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) conceptual framework and conducted a stakeholder analysis to understand stakeholder interest, influence and interactions amongst the different categories of stakeholders. Data were collected using key informant interviews, field observation and a literature review. Results indicate that the degradation of natural resources in the catchment is attributed to several interlinked socio-economic and biophysical factors. Identified stakeholders include government and non-governmental organizations, local administrative bodies, civil society, the private sector and farmers. Most of the stakeholders have a role in landscape restoration, have similar interests and strategic options, and are flexible and innovative. Moderate to pronounced trust exists among identified stakeholders and could provide an opportunity to achieve better coordination and collective action amongst the different stakeholders. However, considerable differences between stakeholders in power, power resources and influence were detected due to differences in access to information, communication and negotiation skills, practical relevance, and social relations. The costs for empowerment measures could be low, as many of the stakeholders have access to and control of resources and high level of basic competencies. Our findings could guide practitioners and policy makers on whom and how to engage when planning and implementing natural resources management and landscape restoration interventions at catchment level.
Wolde Mekuria; Amare Haileslassie; Anna Tengberg; Cryton Zazu. Stakeholders interest and influence and their interactions in managing natural resources in Lake Hawassa catchment, Ethiopia. Ecosystems and People 2021, 17, 87 -107.
AMA StyleWolde Mekuria, Amare Haileslassie, Anna Tengberg, Cryton Zazu. Stakeholders interest and influence and their interactions in managing natural resources in Lake Hawassa catchment, Ethiopia. Ecosystems and People. 2021; 17 (1):87-107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolde Mekuria; Amare Haileslassie; Anna Tengberg; Cryton Zazu. 2021. "Stakeholders interest and influence and their interactions in managing natural resources in Lake Hawassa catchment, Ethiopia." Ecosystems and People 17, no. 1: 87-107.
Ethiopia has decades of experience in implementing land and water management interventions. The overarching objectives of this review were to synthesize evidences on the impact of implementation of land and water management practices on agricultural landscapes in Ethiopia and to evaluate the use of adaptive management (AM) approaches as a tool to manage uncertainties. We explored how elements of the structures and functions of landscapes have been transformed, and how the components of AM, such as structured decision-making and learning processes, have been applied. Despite numerous environmental and economic benefits of land and water management interventions in Ethiopia, this review revealed gaps in AM approaches. These include: (i) inadequate evidence-based contextualization of interventions, (ii) lack of monitoring of bio-physical and socioeconomic processes and changes post implementation, (iii) lack of trade-off analyses, and (iv) inadequacy of local community engagement and provision of feedback. Given the many uncertainties we must deal with, future investment in AM approaches tailored to the needs and context would help to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural landscape transformation. The success depends, among other things, on the ability to learn from the knowledge generated and apply the learning as implementation evolves
Amare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria; Petra Schmitter; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Eva Ludi. Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: Examining Application of Adaptive Management Approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8939 .
AMA StyleAmare Haileslassie, Wolde Mekuria, Petra Schmitter, Stefan Uhlenbrook, Eva Ludi. Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: Examining Application of Adaptive Management Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria; Petra Schmitter; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Eva Ludi. 2020. "Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: Examining Application of Adaptive Management Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8939.
Ethiopia has decades of experience in implementing land and water management interventions. Nonetheless, there remains persisting challenges to follow an adaptive management (AM) approach in efforts of restoring and transforming agricultural landscapes. This review was carried out to synthesize evidences on the impact on agricultural landscapes following the implementation of land and water management practices and to evaluate the use of AM approaches. We explored how elements of the structures and functions of landscapes have been transformed, and how the components of AM, such as structured decision-making and learning processes, have been applied. Despite numerous environmental and economic benefits of land and water management interventions in Ethiopia, this review revealed gaps in AM approaches. These include: (i) insufficient efforts in relation to evidence based contextualization of interventions, (ii) insufficient efforts in monitoring of bio-physical and socio-economic processes and changes post implementation, (iii) lack of trade-off analyses, and (iv) inadequacy of local community engagement and provision of feedback. Given the many uncertainties we must deal with, efforts to restore and transform agricultural landscapes cannot follow a business-as-usual approach. Future investment, in AM approach, tailored to the needs and context would help to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural landscape transformation. The success depends on three interdependent pillars of action: the ability to make a robust, co-developed plan of interventions, the ability to continuously monitor changes based on key variables, and to learn from the knowledge generated and apply the learning as implementation evolves.
Amare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria; Petra Schmitter; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Eva Ludi. Review of Lessons Learned in Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: What Worked Well and What Didn’t Work so Well? 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAmare Haileslassie, Wolde Mekuria, Petra Schmitter, Stefan Uhlenbrook, Eva Ludi. Review of Lessons Learned in Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: What Worked Well and What Didn’t Work so Well? . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmare Haileslassie; Wolde Mekuria; Petra Schmitter; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Eva Ludi. 2020. "Review of Lessons Learned in Changing Agricultural Landscapes in Ethiopia: What Worked Well and What Didn’t Work so Well?" , no. : 1.
Volcanic highlands supply water to 40% of the world’s population. Soil degradation threatens this water supply. Studies on geohydrology that affect the effectiveness of land and water management (LWM) practices in reducing soil degradations are limited. To aid in the effectiveness of LWM practices, we conducted a field experiment in the Gomit watershed in the semihumid Ethiopian Highlands on the interaction of hydrogeology and LWM practices. We found that in a watershed with strongly faulted tertiary basalt, 30% of the rainfall was drained through faults to another basin. Consequently, the discharge at the outlet was less than half of that of other watersheds with quaternary basalts. Despite the high sediment concentration, i.e., around 15 g L−1, in the Gomit watershed, the sediment yield of less than 4 Mg ha−1 a−1 was below average for the agricultural watershed in Ethiopia because of the low runoff response. While some faults facilitated drainage, others acted as a barrier. Groundwater stored behind the barriers was used as a municipal potable water source. Since the effectiveness of LWM practices depends on the amount of erosion that can be prevented, considerations of country-wide prioritizing of investments in land and water management practices should include the geology of the watersheds.
Anwar A. Adem; Gashaw G. Addis; Dessalew W. Aynalem; Seifu A. Tilahun; Wolde Mekuria; Mulugeta Azeze; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Hydrogeology of Volcanic Highlands Affects Prioritization of Land Management Practices. Water 2020, 12, 2702 .
AMA StyleAnwar A. Adem, Gashaw G. Addis, Dessalew W. Aynalem, Seifu A. Tilahun, Wolde Mekuria, Mulugeta Azeze, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Hydrogeology of Volcanic Highlands Affects Prioritization of Land Management Practices. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2702.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar A. Adem; Gashaw G. Addis; Dessalew W. Aynalem; Seifu A. Tilahun; Wolde Mekuria; Mulugeta Azeze; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2020. "Hydrogeology of Volcanic Highlands Affects Prioritization of Land Management Practices." Water 12, no. 10: 2702.
Understanding the different perceptions of the local community regarding the use and management of common pool resources such as exclosures, could better support targeted interventions by government and development partners. Here we report a study conducted in the Gomit watershed, northwestern Ethiopia, using a survey and key informant interviews to examine community perceptions on a) the biophysical condition (i.e., challenge of land degradation and restoration), (b) the action situations (user’s access to and control over resources and decision‐making processes towards taking actions in managing the exclosure), (c) actors’ interactions (formal and informal institutions involved in the management of exclosures), and (d) perceived outcomes (benefits and tradeoffs of managing exclosures). Many people in the watershed recognize land degradation as a serious problem and believe that exclosures support restoration of degraded landscapes and improve ecosystem services. Informal institutions play a key role in managing exclosures by improving benefit sharing and mobilizing the local community for collective action. However, some community members have concerns about recent expansion of exclosures because of (a) limited short‐term derived benefits, (b) reductions in fuelwood availability, (c) increased degradation of remaining communal grazing lands, and (d) poor participation of marginalized groups in decision making. Addressing such concerns through the promotion of short‐term benefits of exclosures and increasing community participation in decision‐making and benefit sharing is crucial. The study provides evidence to support government and development partners on the establishment and management of exclosures through identifying the benefits and drawbacks as perceived by different sectors of the community.
Wolde Mekuria; Kindie Getnet; Mastewal Yami; Simon Langan; Dagninet Amare. Perception of communities when managing exclosures as common pool resources in northwestern Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development 2020, 32, 35 -48.
AMA StyleWolde Mekuria, Kindie Getnet, Mastewal Yami, Simon Langan, Dagninet Amare. Perception of communities when managing exclosures as common pool resources in northwestern Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development. 2020; 32 (1):35-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolde Mekuria; Kindie Getnet; Mastewal Yami; Simon Langan; Dagninet Amare. 2020. "Perception of communities when managing exclosures as common pool resources in northwestern Ethiopia." Land Degradation & Development 32, no. 1: 35-48.
Gully erosion has many negative impacts on both cultivated and grazing lands in Ethiopian highlands. The present study was conducted in Chentale watershed, Ethiopia, to quantify the contribution of gully erosion, and to assess its temporal changes. Within the Chentale watershed, we selected a sub-watershed (104.6 ha) and nested gully catchment, and gauged for stream flow and sediment concentration data in 2015 and 2016. We measured gully dimensions before and after the onset of the rainy season in 2016 to determine soil loss due to gully erosion. The temporal changes of gully expansion were determined by digitizing gully plain area from Google earth images taken in 2005 and 2013. The results support that gullies were expanding at higher rate in recent years. Area covered by gullies in the watershed increased from 1.84 to 3.43 ha between 2005 and 2013, indicating that the proportion of the watershed covered by gullies was nearly doubled in the investigated period. The estimated soil loss from the main watershed and gullies catchment was 6 and 2 t ha−1 year−1 in 2015, and was 7 and 9 t ha−1 year−1 in 2016, respectively. The results support that gullies were the main contributors of soil erosion in the watershed, and that integrated soil and water conservation measures are required to reduce soil erosion.
Alemsha Bogale; Dessalew Aynalem; Anwar Adem; Wolde Mekuria; Seifu Tilahun. Spatial and temporal variability of soil loss in gully erosion in upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science 2020, 10, 1 -8.
AMA StyleAlemsha Bogale, Dessalew Aynalem, Anwar Adem, Wolde Mekuria, Seifu Tilahun. Spatial and temporal variability of soil loss in gully erosion in upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science. 2020; 10 (5):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlemsha Bogale; Dessalew Aynalem; Anwar Adem; Wolde Mekuria; Seifu Tilahun. 2020. "Spatial and temporal variability of soil loss in gully erosion in upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia." Applied Water Science 10, no. 5: 1-8.
Establishing exclosures has become common in Ethiopia, especially in the central and northern highlands, where they serve as a response to persistent forest degradation, affecting forest resources and ecosystem services. We investigated changes in vegetation composition, aboveground biomass and soil properties after establishing an exclosure on degraded communal grazing land in Aba-Gerima watershed, North-Western Ethiopia. We selected 4-yr-old exclosure and paired the selected exclosure with an adjacent communal grazing land. In the exclosure, we recorded 46 plant species representing 32 families, whereas we recorded 18 plant species representing 13 families in the adjacent communal grazing lands. Most of the identified woody species are economically important. We observed significant differences between the exclosure and adjacent grazing land in woody species richness, diversity and evenness. Exclosure displayed higher woody species density, basal area and aboveground woody biomass compared to the adjacent grazing land. Landscape position influenced vegetation composition, richness and diversity in the exclosure and adjacent grazing land. Significant differences between the exclosure and adjacent grazing land in soil properties were detected. The influence of landscape positions on soil properties was not consistent. At foot slope position, in the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths, soil organic carbon and nitrogen content detected in exclosure were significantly higher when compared to the values observed in the adjacent grazing land. However, differences at mid and upper slope positions were not significant. The results support that the establishment of exclosures on degraded lands could support the restoration of degraded native vegetation and soil properties, which consequently enhance the ecosystem services that can be obtained from degraded lands.
Wolde Mekuria; Menale Wondie; Tadele Amare; Asmare Wubet; Tesfaye Feyisa; Birru Yitaferu. Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia. Heliyon 2018, 4, e00764 .
AMA StyleWolde Mekuria, Menale Wondie, Tadele Amare, Asmare Wubet, Tesfaye Feyisa, Birru Yitaferu. Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2018; 4 (8):e00764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolde Mekuria; Menale Wondie; Tadele Amare; Asmare Wubet; Tesfaye Feyisa; Birru Yitaferu. 2018. "Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia." Heliyon 4, no. 8: e00764.
Rehabilitation of large valley bottom gullies in developing countries is hampered by high cost. Stopping head cuts at the time of initiation will prevent large gullies from forming and is affordable. However, research on practices to control shallow gully heads with local materials is limited. The objective of this research was therefore to identify cost-effective shallow gully head stabilization practices. The four-year study was conducted on 14 shallow gullies (<3 m deep) in the central Ethiopian highlands. Six gullies were used as a control. Heads in the remaining eight gullies were regraded to a 1:1 slope. Additional practices implemented were adding either riprap or vegetation or both on the regraded heads and stabilizing the gully bed downstream. Gully heads were enclosed by fencing to prohibit cattle access to the planted vegetation. The median yearly head retreat of the control gullies was 3.6 m a−1 with a maximum of 23 m a−1. Vegetative treatments without riprap prevented gully incision by trapping sediments but did not stop the upslope retreat. The gully heads protected by riprap did not erode. Regrading the slope and adding riprap was most effective in controlling gully head retreat, and with hay grown on the fenced-in areas around the practice, it was profitable for farmers.
Meseret B. Addisie; Eddy J. Langendoen; Dessalew W. Aynalem; Getaneh K. Ayele; Seifu A. Tilahun; Petra Schmitter; Wolde Mekuria; Mikael M. Moges; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Assessment of Practices for Controlling Shallow Valley-Bottom Gullies in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands. Water 2018, 10, 389 .
AMA StyleMeseret B. Addisie, Eddy J. Langendoen, Dessalew W. Aynalem, Getaneh K. Ayele, Seifu A. Tilahun, Petra Schmitter, Wolde Mekuria, Mikael M. Moges, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Assessment of Practices for Controlling Shallow Valley-Bottom Gullies in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands. Water. 2018; 10 (4):389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeseret B. Addisie; Eddy J. Langendoen; Dessalew W. Aynalem; Getaneh K. Ayele; Seifu A. Tilahun; Petra Schmitter; Wolde Mekuria; Mikael M. Moges; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2018. "Assessment of Practices for Controlling Shallow Valley-Bottom Gullies in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands." Water 10, no. 4: 389.
Restoration of degraded landscapes through the implementation of soil and water conservation practices is considered a viable option to increase agricultural production by enhancing ecosystems. However, in the humid Ethiopian highlands, little information is available on the impact of conservation practices despite wide scale implementation. The objective of this research was to document the effect of conservation practices on discharge and sediment concentration and load in watersheds that have different soil depths and topography. Precipitation, discharge, and sediment concentration were measured from 2010 to 2012 in two watersheds in close proximity and located in the Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia: Tikur-Wuha and Guale watersheds. The Tikur-Wuha watershed has deep soils and a gentle slope stream channel. The Guale watershed has shallow soils and a steep slope stream channel. In early 2011, the local community installed upland conservation measures consisting of stone and soil bunds, waterways, cutoff drains, infiltration furrows, gully rehabilitation, and enclosures. The results show that conservation practices marginally decreased direct runoff in both watersheds and increased base flow in the Tikur-Wuha watershed. Average sediment concentration decreased by 81% in Tikur-Wuha and 45% in Guale. The practices intended to increase infiltration were most effective in the Tikur-Wuha watershed because the deep soil could store the infiltrated water and release it over a longer period of time after the rainy season than the steeper Guale watershed with shallow soils.
Adugnaw T. Akale; Dessalegn C. Dagnew; Mulugeta A. Belete; Seifu A. Tilahun; Wolde Mekuria; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Impact of Soil Depth and Topography on the Effectiveness of Conservation Practices on Discharge and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands. Land 2017, 6, 78 .
AMA StyleAdugnaw T. Akale, Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Mulugeta A. Belete, Seifu A. Tilahun, Wolde Mekuria, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Impact of Soil Depth and Topography on the Effectiveness of Conservation Practices on Discharge and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands. Land. 2017; 6 (4):78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdugnaw T. Akale; Dessalegn C. Dagnew; Mulugeta A. Belete; Seifu A. Tilahun; Wolde Mekuria; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2017. "Impact of Soil Depth and Topography on the Effectiveness of Conservation Practices on Discharge and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands." Land 6, no. 4: 78.
In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), increasing food security remains a challenge since smallholder agricultural systems, which are the main source of food production, are under serious threat due to poor soil fertility and climate variability. This study was undertaken in Lao PDR to investigate the impacts of organic and clay-based soil amendments on maize yield, total nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Structured field experiments were established over two consecutive years (2011 and 2012) with maize as the test crop at the Veunkham and Naphok sites. Ten treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were control, rice husk biochar (applied at a rate of 10 t ha−1), bentonite clay (10 t ha−1), compost (4 t ha−1), clay-manure compost (10 t ha−1), rice husk biochar compost (10 t ha−1), and their combinations. All treatments were applied in 2011. Significant (p < 0.05) treatment effects in maize grain yields, total nutrient uptake, and soil properties were observed. At Veunkham, differences between the control and amended soils in yield ranged from 0.9 to 3.3 t ha−1 in 2011 and from 0.2 to 1.3 t ha−1 in 2012, whereas differences at Naphok varied between 0.2 and 2.2 t ha−1 in 2011 and from 0.2 to 1.7 t ha−1 in 2012. At both sites, in most of the treatments, yields in 2012 were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 2011; this was attributed to a late season drought. Differences between the control and amended soils in yield can be attributed to the improvements in total N and P uptake, soil pH, exchangeable Ca++ and Mg++, and cation-exchange capacity following the application of soil amendments. The results of this study confirm that the soil amendments under consideration can be effective in improving agricultural productivity, while improving key soil properties indicating that soil amendments could be an option for intensification of agricultural productivity.
Wolde Mekuria; Andrew Noble; Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung; Chu Thai Hoanh; Deborah Bossio; Nivong Sipaseuth; Matthew McCartney; Simon Langan. Organic and Clay-Based Soil Amendments Increase Maize Yield, Total Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Properties in Lao PDR. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 2014, 38, 936 -961.
AMA StyleWolde Mekuria, Andrew Noble, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, Chu Thai Hoanh, Deborah Bossio, Nivong Sipaseuth, Matthew McCartney, Simon Langan. Organic and Clay-Based Soil Amendments Increase Maize Yield, Total Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Properties in Lao PDR. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 2014; 38 (8):936-961.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolde Mekuria; Andrew Noble; Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung; Chu Thai Hoanh; Deborah Bossio; Nivong Sipaseuth; Matthew McCartney; Simon Langan. 2014. "Organic and Clay-Based Soil Amendments Increase Maize Yield, Total Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Properties in Lao PDR." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38, no. 8: 936-961.
Communities in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, have established exclosures on formerly degraded grazing lands and other land uses to promote natural regeneration of plants. Village bylaws devised by communities govern the management of exclosures. We analysed the effectiveness of village bylaws that are used to manage exclosures in addressing forest degradation, resolving conflicts among users over natural resource use, and meeting high expectations of users to realise economic benefits from exclosures through enhancing revenue from sale of grass and dry wood. We collected data using qualitative methods during July and November 2008 in two villages of Tigray. The village bylaws mitigated forest degradation by facilitating users to have common goals in the management of exclosures, and resolved conflicts among users by using monetary sanctions including penalties. The village bylaws were not effective in meeting the high expectations of users to realise economic benefits from exclosures. In some cases, the enforcement of village bylaws was constrained by high social capital, which resulted in the negligence among users in exposing free riders. This indicates that high social capital does not always enhance communal resource management. Moreover, recurrent drought, shortage of fuel wood, and the growing number of landless youths in both villages constrained the effectiveness of village bylaws and further expansion of exclosures. Village committees should focus on addressing the low level of rule enforcement and minimise negligence among users of exclosures through developing a sense of responsibility among users rather than focusing on penalties.
Mastewal Yami; Wolde M. Mekuria; Michael Hauser. The effectiveness of village bylaws in sustainable management of community-managed exclosures in Northern Ethiopia. Sustainability Science 2012, 8, 73 -86.
AMA StyleMastewal Yami, Wolde M. Mekuria, Michael Hauser. The effectiveness of village bylaws in sustainable management of community-managed exclosures in Northern Ethiopia. Sustainability Science. 2012; 8 (1):73-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMastewal Yami; Wolde M. Mekuria; Michael Hauser. 2012. "The effectiveness of village bylaws in sustainable management of community-managed exclosures in Northern Ethiopia." Sustainability Science 8, no. 1: 73-86.