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Utilization of biomass either as a renewable energy source or for the generation of biogenic materials has received considerable interest during the past years. In the case of rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) with high silica contents in the fuel ash, these approaches can be combined to produce high-grade biogenic silica with purities >98 wt % from combustion residues. The overall process can be considered nearly neutral in terms of CO2 emission and global warming, but it can also address disposal challenges of rice husk and rice straw. For the resulting biogenic silica, several advanced application opportunities exist, e.g., as adsorbents, catalysts, drug delivery systems, etc. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on rice husk and rice straw combustion as well as applied strategies for raw material pre-treatment and/or post-treatment of resulting ashes to obtain high quality biogenic silica. Purity of up to 97.2 wt % SiO2 can be reached by combustion of untreated material. With appropriate fuel pre-treatment and ash post-treatment, biogenic silica with purity up to 99.7 wt % can be achieved. Studies were performed almost exclusively at a laboratory scale.
Hossein Beidaghy Dizaji; Thomas Zeng; Ingo Hartmann; Dirk Enke; Thomas Schliermann; Volker Lenz; Mehdi Bidabadi. Generation of High Quality Biogenic Silica by Combustion of Rice Husk and Rice Straw Combined with Pre- and Post-Treatment Strategies—A Review. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1083 .
AMA StyleHossein Beidaghy Dizaji, Thomas Zeng, Ingo Hartmann, Dirk Enke, Thomas Schliermann, Volker Lenz, Mehdi Bidabadi. Generation of High Quality Biogenic Silica by Combustion of Rice Husk and Rice Straw Combined with Pre- and Post-Treatment Strategies—A Review. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (6):1083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossein Beidaghy Dizaji; Thomas Zeng; Ingo Hartmann; Dirk Enke; Thomas Schliermann; Volker Lenz; Mehdi Bidabadi. 2019. "Generation of High Quality Biogenic Silica by Combustion of Rice Husk and Rice Straw Combined with Pre- and Post-Treatment Strategies—A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6: 1083.
Volker Lenz. Special issue: particulate matter emissions from boilers for solid biofuels—influencing parameters and impacts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2019, 9, 1 -1.
AMA StyleVolker Lenz. Special issue: particulate matter emissions from boilers for solid biofuels—influencing parameters and impacts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2019; 9 (1):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolker Lenz. 2019. "Special issue: particulate matter emissions from boilers for solid biofuels—influencing parameters and impacts." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 9, no. 1: 1-1.
Daniel Büchner; Andreas Ortwein; Ernst Höftberger; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass) 2018, 629 -651.
AMA StyleDaniel Büchner, Andreas Ortwein, Ernst Höftberger, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass). 2018; ():629-651.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Büchner; Andreas Ortwein; Ernst Höftberger; Volker Lenz. 2018. "Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems." Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass) , no. : 629-651.
Hans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems. Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass) 2018, 533 -586.
AMA StyleHans Hartmann, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems. Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass). 2018; ():533-586.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. 2018. "Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems." Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass) , no. : 533-586.
The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a central goal of international climate policy agreements. Thus, Europe and, consequently Germany, as one of its major economies, have decided to reduce their GHG emissions by 80–95% by the year 2050. Therefore, the energy supply system needs substantial decarbonizing (Merkel 2015) The predominant form of energy consumed by end users in Europe and Germany is heat, which is mainly used for residential demands, i.e., space heating and hot water. The most important renewable source for heat is biomass, which accounts, for example in Germany, for almost 90% of the overall renewable heat (see Fig. 1).
Volker Lenz; Cornelia Rönsch; Kay Schaubach; Sebastian Bohnet; Daniela Thrän. Transitioning the Heat Supply System – Challenges with Special Focus on Bioenergy in the Context of Urban Areas. Future City 2017, 173 -196.
AMA StyleVolker Lenz, Cornelia Rönsch, Kay Schaubach, Sebastian Bohnet, Daniela Thrän. Transitioning the Heat Supply System – Challenges with Special Focus on Bioenergy in the Context of Urban Areas. Future City. 2017; ():173-196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolker Lenz; Cornelia Rönsch; Kay Schaubach; Sebastian Bohnet; Daniela Thrän. 2017. "Transitioning the Heat Supply System – Challenges with Special Focus on Bioenergy in the Context of Urban Areas." Future City , no. : 173-196.
Volker Lenz; Andreas Ortwein; Daniela Thrän; Diana Pfeiffer. SmartBiomassHeat - Heat from Solid Biofuels as an Integral Part of a Future Energy System Based on Renewables. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2017, 40, 313 -322.
AMA StyleVolker Lenz, Andreas Ortwein, Daniela Thrän, Diana Pfeiffer. SmartBiomassHeat - Heat from Solid Biofuels as an Integral Part of a Future Energy System Based on Renewables. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 2017; 40 (2):313-322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolker Lenz; Andreas Ortwein; Daniela Thrän; Diana Pfeiffer. 2017. "SmartBiomassHeat - Heat from Solid Biofuels as an Integral Part of a Future Energy System Based on Renewables." Chemical Engineering & Technology 40, no. 2: 313-322.
Flexible and demand-based production of electricity and heat (combined heat and power – CHP) from solid biomass is an extremely interesting concept for a renewable energy system as the used fuel shows excellent storability. However, conversion and power generation technology limit flexibility for several reasons. Combined heat and power plants for the production of solid biomass are today designed for base load operation. The most common systems are steam cycles, organic Rankine cycles (ORC) and combinations of gasification and gas engines. Other available technologies include Stirling engines, fuel cells and thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Some technologies are already able to provide flexibility in power production. Extracting turbines, for example, are able to change the power-to-heat ratio of the system. It is possible to increase flexibility by using additional or upgraded units such as heat or gas storages, new steam turbines or new control systems. Potential solutions for increasing flexibility in combined heat and power production from solid biomass are expected to include micro-CHP systems and gasification units with high flexibility and high power-to-heat ratio. Larger plants may show less flexibility due to their thermal inertness (which sometimes has been part of the design, e.g. to stabilize combustion of fuels with low heating values).
Andreas Ortwein; Volker Lenz. Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biofuels. Smart Bioenergy 2015, 49 -66.
AMA StyleAndreas Ortwein, Volker Lenz. Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biofuels. Smart Bioenergy. 2015; ():49-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Ortwein; Volker Lenz. 2015. "Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biofuels." Smart Bioenergy , no. : 49-66.
Heat demand in households always depends on the building, the behavior of the inhabitants, the weather conditions as well many other factors. Therefore, there is always a fluctuating and often not very predictable need for heat. As heating systems have solved this problem for some time now, all heat generators are basically demand-based. Depending on the technology, heat buffering systems are sometimes required. Generally speaking, improved efficiency and low emissions were often achieved in the past by reducing start and stop procedures and applying some kind of base load heat generation. These kind of systems are very commonplace, providing the majority of renewable heat – not only in Germany but also in many other countries. In the future, heat from biomass will have to compare with other renewable heating options and will assume the role of securing heat provision at those times when temperatures fall considerably, when there is limited electricity available in the grid from renewables or when solar thermal systems are not working. This means that the biomass heat generators have to become more flexible in load changes over the total load range without increasing emissions and without significant efficiency losses. Basically, an appropriate design of the conversion system and its conceptual integration will enable a flexible heat supply through solid biomass. The available technologies and concepts for heat supply from solid biomass can be optimized by improved control units, automatic feeding, as well as additional heat storage systems. Consequently, there are a number of options to support the transition to a more renewable-based energy supply, also taking into account better insulation and a fall in the demand for heat in the housing sector. Nevertheless, this transition is more of a vision for decades to come and is still only just emerging in Germany.
Volker Lenz; Daniela Thrän. Flexible Heat Provision from Biomass. Smart Bioenergy 2015, 83 -105.
AMA StyleVolker Lenz, Daniela Thrän. Flexible Heat Provision from Biomass. Smart Bioenergy. 2015; ():83-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolker Lenz; Daniela Thrän. 2015. "Flexible Heat Provision from Biomass." Smart Bioenergy , no. : 83-105.
Daniel Büchner; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Renewable Energy Systems 2013, 432 -458.
AMA StyleDaniel Büchner, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Renewable Energy Systems. 2013; ():432-458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Büchner; Volker Lenz. 2013. "Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems." Renewable Energy Systems , no. : 432-458.
Hans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision. Renewable Energy Systems 2013, 382 -431.
AMA StyleHans Hartmann, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision. Renewable Energy Systems. 2013; ():382-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. 2013. "Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision." Renewable Energy Systems , no. : 382-431.
Combined heat and power (CHP) generation is one of the essential pillar in a modern, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy generation. This is due to the fact that cogeneration systems are energetically efficient and produce energy where it is needed. There major advantages include a substantially increased fuel efficiency, reduced emissions of CO2, reduced need for transmission and distribution networks, and a beneficial use of local energy resources (e.g., through the use of waste and biomass). At present, only approximately 10% of the global electricity generation is done by CHP. Exceptions are some European countries, like Denmark and Finland, which have successfully expanded the use of CHP up to 30–50% of total power generation during the last years (see Fig. 1) [1].Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Figure 1CHP share of the national power production [1]
Daniel Büchner; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2012, 1400 -1426.
AMA StyleDaniel Büchner, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2012; ():1400-1426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Büchner; Volker Lenz. 2012. "Biomass Energy biomass energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 1400-1426.
The use of wood for the supply of heat in furnace systems with small to medium capacity has never really gone out of fashion, particularly in rural areas. Especially in recent years, a virtual renaissance in the use of wood for combustion purposes in the most diverse range of furnaces can be observed. Driven by continuously growing fuel costs for oil and gas from fossil resources as well as by public policy promoting the increased use of renewable energies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, more and more already existing furnaces (mainly stoves) are being used more intensively. But also a considerable number of new systems are being installed (size of the market for small-scale furnaces in EU-27 approx. 3–4 million units per annum [3]). In many countries, more than half of the solid biomass used for energetic purposes is used in small-scale furnace systems with a thermal capacity below 1 MW. Small-scal
Hans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2012, 1351 -1400.
AMA StyleHans Hartmann, Volker Lenz. Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2012; ():1351-1400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHans Hartmann; Volker Lenz. 2012. "Biomass Energy biomass energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems biomass energy heat provision." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 1351-1400.