Endophytic microbes are a ubiquitous group of plant-associated communities that colonize the intercellular or intracellular host tissues while providing numerous beneficial effects to the plants. All the plant species are thought to be associated with endophytes, majorly constituted with bacteria and fungi. During the last two decades, there has been a considerable movement toward the study of endophytes associated with coffee plants. In this review, the main consideration is given to address the coffee-associated endophytic bacteria and fungi, particularly their action on plant growth promotion and the biocontrol of pests. In addition, we sought to identify and analyze the gaps in the available research. Additionally, the potential of endophytes to improve the quality of coffee seeds is briefly discussed. Even though there are limited studies on the subject, the potentiality of coffee endophytes in plant growth promotion through enhancing nitrogen fixation, availability of minerals, nutrient absorption, secretion of phytohormones, and other bioactive metabolites has been well recognized. Further, the antagonistic effect against various coffee pathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and also insect pests leads to the protection of the crop. Furthermore, it is recognized that endophytes enhance the sensory characteristics of coffee as a new field of study.

Toxic heavy metal ions, such as lead ions, significantly threaten human health and the environment. This work introduces a novel method for the simple and sensitive detection of lead ions based on biochar-loaded titanium dioxide nanoparticles (BC@TiO₂NPs) nanocomposites. Eco-friendly biochar samples were prepared from spent coffee grounds (500 °C, 1 h) that were chemically activated with TiO₂ nanoparticles (150 °C, 24 h) to improve their conductivity. Structural characterizations showed that BC@TiO₂NPs have a porous structure. The BC@TiO₂NPs material was evaluated for lead ion determination by assembling glassy carbon electrodes. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was immersed in a solution containing the analyte (0.1 M NaAc-HAc buffer, pH = 4.5) for the detection of lead ions via differential pulse voltammetry. A linear dynamic range from 1 pM to 10 μMwas achieved, with a detection limit of 0.6268 pM. Additionally, the analyte was determined in tap water samples, and a satisfactory recovery rate was achieved.

Biochar-based adsorbents synthesized from agricultural wastes have emerged as economical and environmentally sustainable materials for water purification. In this study, coffee shell-derived biochars were synthesized via pyrolysis at 500 and 700 °C, with and without water washing, and comprehensively characterized to evaluate their potential for removing Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution. Structural and surface analyses indicated that a higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced pore development and aromaticity, whereas water washing effectively removed inorganic ash, thereby exposing additional active sites. Among all samples, water-washed biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C (WCB700) exhibited the highest surface area (273.6 m²/g) and adsorption capacity (193.5 mg/g). The adsorption kinetics conformed to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption, and the equilibrium data fit the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer coverage. Mechanism analysis highlighted the roles of π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and pore filling. Additionally, WCB700 retained more than 85% of its original capacity after five regeneration cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. This study presents an economical approach to valorizing coffee waste as well as provides mechanistic insights into optimizing biochar surface chemistry for enhanced dye removal. These findings support the application of engineered biochar in scalable and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.

Endophytic microbes are a ubiquitous group of plant-associated communities that colonize the intercellular or intracellular host tissues while giving numerous beneficial effects to the plants. All the plant species are thought to be associated with endophytes, majorly constituted with bacteria and fungi. During the last two decades, there has been a considerable movement toward the study of endophytes associated with coffee plants. In this review, the main consideration is given to address the coffee-associated endophytic bacteria and fungi, particularly their action on plant growth promotion and the biocontrol of pests. In addition, we sought to identify and analyze the gaps in available research. Additionally, the potential of endophytes to improve the quality of coffee seeds is briefly discussed. Even though there are limited studies on the subject, it has been well recognized the potentiality of coffee endophytes in plant growth promotion through enhancing nitrogen fixation, availability of minerals, nutrient absorption, secretion of phytohormones, and other bioactive metabolites. Further, the antagonistic effect against various coffee pathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and also insect pests lead to the protection of the crop. Furthermore, it is recognized that endophytes enhance the sensory characteristics of coffee as a new field of study.

Introduction: Citrus canker disease, caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ( Xcc ) poses a substantial challenge for citrus production due to the limited efficacy of chemical control and increasing pathogen resistance. Methods: In this study, we isolated an endophytic bacterial strain, Endophyte S2, from the phyllosphere of citrus plants in Yunnan Province, China. We evaluated its efficacy both as a biocontrol agent and as a modulator of the citrus leaf microbiome. Results and Discussion: In vitro antagonism assays revealed that Endophyte S2 achieved the highest inhibition rate (68.2%) against Xcc among all tested isolates. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing classified S2 as Pseudomonas parafulva SAPEU-01. In greenhouse trials, citrus plants with Xcc infestation were treated with SAPEU-01, and phyllosphere samples were collected before treatment and one month after, and analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Post-treatment, α-diversity (richness and evenness) increased significantly, and β-diversity (PCoA, Bray–Curtis) showed a clear separation of microbial community structure, with reduced intra-group variability. Taxonomic shifts included the enrichment of Proteobacteria (particularly Pseudomonadaceae and Sphingomonadaceae), as well as genera such as Pseudomonas , Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium, concomitant with a marked decline in Xanthomonadaceae (including X. citri ) and opportunistic taxa such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Klebsiella aerogenes . Beneficial taxa, including Leuconostoc tardus , Sphingomonas , and Curtobacterium luteum , also increased. These results suggest Pseudomonas parafulva SAPEU-01 not only suppresses the pathogen but also restructures the phyllosphere microbiome toward greater stability and potential resilience.

In this study, biochar produced by anaerobic combustion of wheat straw and corn straw in Henan Province at 300 ℃, 500 ℃ and 700 ℃ was used. The chemical properties of wheat biochar and corn biochar, such as pH and infrared spectra, were studied with the increase of temperature. The chemical properties of wheat and corn biochars were compared based on the related literatures.It was found that the pH of biochar from wheat straw and corn straw combustion increased with the increase of temperature. Through the analysis of infrared spectra, it was found that the pH change of the two biochars may be related to the content of functional groups in the biochars themselves. With the increase of temperature, the spectra showed that the functional groups of the two biochars, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl,The main reason is that the chemical bonds of the above functional groups are broken with the increase of temperature. Resulting in a decrease in the number of acidic functional groups and an increase in the alkalinity of the biochar.