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Kyung Lee
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea

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Review
Published: 04 August 2021 in Plants
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Rice lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) form spontaneous lesions on the leaves during vegetative growth without pathogenic infections. The rice LMM group includes various mutants, including spotted leaf mutants, brown leaf mutants, white-stripe leaf mutants, and other lesion-phenotypic mutants. These LMM mutants exhibit a common phenotype of lesions on the leaves linked to chloroplast destruction caused by the eruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photosynthesis process. This process instigates the hypersensitive response (HR) and programmed cell death (PCD), resulting in lesion formation. The reasons for lesion formation have been studied extensively in terms of genetics and molecular biology to understand the pathogen and stress responses. In rice, the lesion phenotypes of most rice LMMs are inherited according to the Mendelian principles of inheritance, which remain in the subsequent generations. These rice LMM genetic traits have highly developed innate self-defense mechanisms. Thus, although rice LMM plants have undesirable agronomic traits, the genetic principles of LMM phenotypes can be used to obtain high grain yields by deciphering the efficiency of photosynthesis, disease resistance, and environmental stress responses. From these ailing rice LMM plants, rice geneticists have discovered novel proteins and physiological causes of ROS in photosynthesis and defense mechanisms. This review discusses recent studies on rice LMMs for the Mendelian inheritances, molecular genetic mapping, and the genetic definition of each mutant gene.

ACS Style

Sang Kang; Kyung Lee; Mahendra Singh; Pradeep Kumar; Mohammad Matin. Rice Lesion Mimic Mutants (LMM): The Current Understanding of Genetic Mutations in the Failure of ROS Scavenging during Lesion Formation. Plants 2021, 10, 1598 .

AMA Style

Sang Kang, Kyung Lee, Mahendra Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Mohammad Matin. Rice Lesion Mimic Mutants (LMM): The Current Understanding of Genetic Mutations in the Failure of ROS Scavenging during Lesion Formation. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sang Kang; Kyung Lee; Mahendra Singh; Pradeep Kumar; Mohammad Matin. 2021. "Rice Lesion Mimic Mutants (LMM): The Current Understanding of Genetic Mutations in the Failure of ROS Scavenging during Lesion Formation." Plants 10, no. 8: 1598.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Biomolecules
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Matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP-1) energetically triggers the enzymatic proteolysis of extracellular matrix collagenase (ECM), resulting in progressive skin aging. Natural flavonoids are well known for their antioxidant properties and have been evaluated for inhibition of matrix metalloproteins in human. Recently, (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin B2 were reported as essential flavanols from various natural reservoirs as potential anti-inflammatory and free radical scavengers. However, their molecular interactions and inhibitory potential against MMP-1 are not yet well studied. In this study, sequential absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiling, quantum mechanics calculations, and molecular docking simulations by extra precision Glide protocol predicted the drug-likeness of (-)-epicatechin (−7.862 kcal/mol) and proanthocyanidin B2 (−8.145 kcal/mol) with the least reactivity and substantial binding affinity in the catalytic pocket of human MMP-1 by comparison to reference bioactive compound epigallocatechin gallate (−6.488 kcal/mol). These flavanols in docked complexes with MMP-1 were further studied by 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations that revealed substantial stability and intermolecular interactions, viz. hydrogen and ionic interactions, with essential residues, i.e., His218, Glu219, His222, and His228, in the active pocket of MMP-1. In addition, binding free energy calculations using the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) method suggested the significant role of Coulomb interactions and van der Waals forces in the stability of respective docked MMP-1-flavonol complexes by comparison to MMP-1-epigallocatechin gallate; these observations were further supported by MMP-1 inhibition assay using zymography. Altogether with computational and MMP-1–zymography results, our findings support (-)-epicatechin as a comparatively strong inhibitor of human MMP-1 with considerable drug-likeness against proanthocyanidin B2 in reference to epigallocatechin gallate.

ACS Style

Kyung Eun Lee; Shiv Bharadwaj; Umesh Yadava; Sang Gu Kang. Computational and In Vitro Investigation of (-)-Epicatechin and Proanthocyanidin B2 as Inhibitors of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase 1. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1379 .

AMA Style

Kyung Eun Lee, Shiv Bharadwaj, Umesh Yadava, Sang Gu Kang. Computational and In Vitro Investigation of (-)-Epicatechin and Proanthocyanidin B2 as Inhibitors of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase 1. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (10):1379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyung Eun Lee; Shiv Bharadwaj; Umesh Yadava; Sang Gu Kang. 2020. "Computational and In Vitro Investigation of (-)-Epicatechin and Proanthocyanidin B2 as Inhibitors of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase 1." Biomolecules 10, no. 10: 1379.

Review
Published: 07 June 2019 in Toxins
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The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers’ knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers’ knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.

ACS Style

Madhu Kamle; Dipendra K. Mahato; Sheetal Devi; Kyung Eun Lee; Sang G. Kang; Pradeep Kumar. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins 2019, 11, 328 .

AMA Style

Madhu Kamle, Dipendra K. Mahato, Sheetal Devi, Kyung Eun Lee, Sang G. Kang, Pradeep Kumar. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Madhu Kamle; Dipendra K. Mahato; Sheetal Devi; Kyung Eun Lee; Sang G. Kang; Pradeep Kumar. 2019. "Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies." Toxins 11, no. 6: 328.

Review
Published: 01 June 2019 in Plants
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The genus Litsea is predominant in tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Taiwan, and Japan. The plant possesses medicinal properties and has been traditionally used for curing various gastro-intestinal ailments (e.g., diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion, and gastroenteritis) along with diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injury. Besides its medicinal properties, Litsea is known for its essential oil, which has protective action against several bacteria, possesses antioxidant and antiparasitic properties, exerts acute and genetic toxicity as well as cytotoxicity, and can even prevent several cancers. Here we summarize the ethnopharmacological properties, essentials oil, medicinal uses, and health benefits of an indigenous plant of northeast India, emphasizing the profound research to uplift the core and immense potential present in the conventional medicine of the country. This review is intended to provide insights into the gaps in our knowledge that need immediate focus on in-situ conservation strategies of Litsea due to its non-domesticated and dioecious nature, which may be the most viable approach and intense research for the long-term benefits of society and local peoples.

ACS Style

Madhu Kamle; Dipendra K. Mahato; Kyung Eun Lee; Vivek K. Bajpai; Padam Raj Gajurel; Kang Sang Gu; Pradeep Kumar. Ethnopharmacological Properties and Medicinal Uses of Litsea cubeba. Plants 2019, 8, 150 .

AMA Style

Madhu Kamle, Dipendra K. Mahato, Kyung Eun Lee, Vivek K. Bajpai, Padam Raj Gajurel, Kang Sang Gu, Pradeep Kumar. Ethnopharmacological Properties and Medicinal Uses of Litsea cubeba. Plants. 2019; 8 (6):150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Madhu Kamle; Dipendra K. Mahato; Kyung Eun Lee; Vivek K. Bajpai; Padam Raj Gajurel; Kang Sang Gu; Pradeep Kumar. 2019. "Ethnopharmacological Properties and Medicinal Uses of Litsea cubeba." Plants 8, no. 6: 150.