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Fouad H. Jaber
Texas A & M University, AgriLife Research and Extension Urban Solutions Center, Dallas, TX 75252

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Research article
Published: 10 April 2018 in Urban Water Journal
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This study aims at improving greywater reuse potential. An advanced physical filtration system named as GAC-MI-ME was developed to attain multi-grade effluents for versatile reuse of greywater. It consists of a matrix of treatment trains including coarse filtration, microfiltration, activated carbon, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet, and reverse osmosis. A preliminary set of experiments were conducted to characterize the greywater originating from shower, washbasin, and laundry. The samples were subsequently treated through GAC-MI-ME system. It was observed that the activated carbon along with microfiltration and coarse filtration played vital roles as pre-filtration for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. The contaminant load distributions of GAC-MI-ME system were observed with an average of 90.4% turbidity and 53.2% of biochemical oxidation demand (BOD5) as the pre-filtration, whereas the effluents at ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis showed unrestricted water reuse possibilities. The GAC-MI-ME system can be envisioned as advancement to the conventionally applied greywater treatments.

ACS Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad Jaber; R. Karthikeyan. Evaluation of a portable in-house greywater treatment system for potential water-reuse in urban areas. Urban Water Journal 2018, 15, 309 -315.

AMA Style

Shashi Kant, Fouad Jaber, R. Karthikeyan. Evaluation of a portable in-house greywater treatment system for potential water-reuse in urban areas. Urban Water Journal. 2018; 15 (4):309-315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad Jaber; R. Karthikeyan. 2018. "Evaluation of a portable in-house greywater treatment system for potential water-reuse in urban areas." Urban Water Journal 15, no. 4: 309-315.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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ACS Style

YoungGu Her; Jaehak Jeong; Jeffrey Arnold; Leila Gosselink; Roger Glick; Fouad Jaber. A new framework for modeling decentralized low impact developments using Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Environmental Modelling & Software 2017, 96, 305 -322.

AMA Style

YoungGu Her, Jaehak Jeong, Jeffrey Arnold, Leila Gosselink, Roger Glick, Fouad Jaber. A new framework for modeling decentralized low impact developments using Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2017; 96 ():305-322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

YoungGu Her; Jaehak Jeong; Jeffrey Arnold; Leila Gosselink; Roger Glick; Fouad Jaber. 2017. "A new framework for modeling decentralized low impact developments using Soil and Water Assessment Tool." Environmental Modelling & Software 96, no. : 305-322.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2017 in Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the state of knowledge regarding water for food within the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus framework. Three topics are considered: improved plant genetics; irrigation technology and practices; and urban agriculture. Research in plant genetics has sought to understand plant mechanisms that produce higher-yielding crops, identify and map genetic loci regions responsible for desirable plant traits, and introduce new and safe methods of precision plant breeding. In addition, new discoveries in irrigation practices are crucial in sustaining and further increasing yields as a result of improved irrigation water use efficiency through near-real time spatio-temporal monitoring of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and rainfall. Urban agriculture has been proliferating in recent years, and recent research demonstrates the possibility of non-traditional, urban farming methods to produce food in a water- and land-efficient way. Opportunities remain to increase water use efficiency and/or decrease water usage throughout the food supply chain. Food producers need to achieve greater value from the water used through enhanced management supported by new technology and guided by scientific findings evolving from multidisciplinary research. To achieve this, constant exchange is needed between regulatory agencies, farmers, food manufacturers, and researchers to ensure all stakeholders are up to date on the issues, policies, technologies, and discoveries related to water and food production sustainability.

ACS Style

Sonja Loy; Jeffry Tahtouh; Clyde Munster; Kevin Wagner; Ali Fares; Srinivasulu Ale; Richard Vierling; Fouad Jaber; Anish Jantrania. State of the Art of Water for Food Within the Nexus Framework. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 2017, 4, 130 -136.

AMA Style

Sonja Loy, Jeffry Tahtouh, Clyde Munster, Kevin Wagner, Ali Fares, Srinivasulu Ale, Richard Vierling, Fouad Jaber, Anish Jantrania. State of the Art of Water for Food Within the Nexus Framework. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports. 2017; 4 (3):130-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Loy; Jeffry Tahtouh; Clyde Munster; Kevin Wagner; Ali Fares; Srinivasulu Ale; Richard Vierling; Fouad Jaber; Anish Jantrania. 2017. "State of the Art of Water for Food Within the Nexus Framework." Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 4, no. 3: 130-136.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2017 in Water
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Low-impact development (LID) practices as a new approach to urban stormwater management have demonstrated their positive effects through the reduction of surface runoff volumes and pollutant loadings in a substantial amount of research. The effectiveness of LID practices can be affected by various LID conditions such as type, location, and area. Cost is also an important factor to be considered in the evaluation of LID effects. This study presented the optimal LID conditions that can achieve targeted reduction goals with minimal cost, and analyzed the effectiveness of LID practices under optimal LID conditions and the consequential cost on a watershed scale. To determine cost-effective LID conditions, three types of LID practices (rain gardens, rainwater harvesting tanks, and permeable pavements), two locations (residential and commercial areas), and percent allocation of LID practices were considered. Manual optimization was conducted under those LID conditions for five targeted reduction goals which were set for surface runoff and nutrient loadings. The results provided various configurations of cost-effective conditions in treating the targeted goals, and represented the impacts of the optimized LID conditions on the effectiveness of LID practices and the consequential cost. The present study could ultimately assist regulators in establishing proper watershed-scale strategies of LID conditions for effectively managing watersheds.

ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad Jaber; Raghavan Srinivasan. Evaluating Various Low-Impact Development Scenarios for Optimal Design Criteria Development. Water 2017, 9, 270 .

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Fouad Jaber, Raghavan Srinivasan. Evaluating Various Low-Impact Development Scenarios for Optimal Design Criteria Development. Water. 2017; 9 (4):270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad Jaber; Raghavan Srinivasan. 2017. "Evaluating Various Low-Impact Development Scenarios for Optimal Design Criteria Development." Water 9, no. 4: 270.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2017 in Water
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The effects of Low Impact Development (LID) practices on urban runoff and pollutants have proven to be positive in many studies. However, the effectiveness of LID practices can vary depending on different urban patterns. In the present study, the performance of LID practices was explored under three land uses with different urban forms: (1) a compact high-density urban form; (2) a conventional medium-density urban form; and (3) a conservational medium-density urban form. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used and model development was performed to reflect hydrologic behavior by the application of LID practices. Rain gardens, permeable pavements, and rainwater harvesting tanks were considered for simulations, and a modeling procedure for the representation of LID practices in SWAT was specifically illustrated in this context. Simulations were done for each land use, and the results were compared and evaluated. The application of LID practices demonstrated a decrease in surface runoff and pollutant loadings for all land uses, and different reductions were represented in response to the land uses with different urban forms on a watershed scale. In addition, the results among post-LIDs scenarios generally showed lower values for surface runoff and nitrate in the compact high-density urban land use and for total phosphorus in the conventional medium-density urban land use compared to the other land uses. We suggest effective strategies for implementing LID practices.

ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad Jaber; Raghavan Srinivasan; Jaehak Jeong. Evaluating the Impact of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Water Quantity and Quality under Different Development Designs Using SWAT. Water 2017, 9, 193 .

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Fouad Jaber, Raghavan Srinivasan, Jaehak Jeong. Evaluating the Impact of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Water Quantity and Quality under Different Development Designs Using SWAT. Water. 2017; 9 (3):193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad Jaber; Raghavan Srinivasan; Jaehak Jeong. 2017. "Evaluating the Impact of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Water Quantity and Quality under Different Development Designs Using SWAT." Water 9, no. 3: 193.

Conference paper
Published: 12 January 2015 in International Low Impact Development Conference 2015
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Urbanization is altering the composition of landscapes nationwide, with urban areas characterized by a high proportion of impervious surfaces that adversely affects the water cycle of the region. The loss of infiltration of runoff into soil reduces ground water recharge. Increased surface runoff, velocity, and pollution, all byproducts of rainfall on impervious surfaces, impede urban waterways tremendously. Increase in volume of runoff can lead to flooding, with receiving water bodies exhibiting stream bank erosion and channelization. Low-impact development (LID) is a way to mitigate the adverse effects of increasing impervious cover, using decentralized measures to retain stormwater runoff on site, and thereby seeking to mimic the natural predevelopment hydrology of a site. Effectiveness of LID practices in various regions in the United States has been evaluated. However, modeling studies have suggested that the adaptability of LID designs to other regions is problematic, requiring modified solutions to be field tested in every location to confirm how they will perform. Therefore, a great need still exists to evaluate these practices in the field and to collect quantitative data on LID practices' performance, especially in clay soils characterized by low infiltration. This project evaluates urban stormwater best management practices in a typical urban watershed in the Dallas Fort Worth area. The objectives were to design, construct, and demonstrate the effectiveness of permeable pavements and bioretention area at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center in Dallas. Reduction in both volumes and pollutants concentration were recorded for all BMPs.

ACS Style

F. H. Jaber. Bioretention and Permeable Pavement Performance in Clay Soil. International Low Impact Development Conference 2015 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

F. H. Jaber. Bioretention and Permeable Pavement Performance in Clay Soil. International Low Impact Development Conference 2015. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. H. Jaber. 2015. "Bioretention and Permeable Pavement Performance in Clay Soil." International Low Impact Development Conference 2015 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2014 in Water Resources Management
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Urban stormwater runoff could have negative impacts on water resources and the environment. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) can serve both as a stormwater control and water conservation measure. Cistern size and irrigation scheduling are two of the factors that directly impact the total runoff from a residential unit with a RWH system and the amount of potable water used for irrigation. The effectiveness of RWH was evaluated for four soil types; Sand, Sandy Loam, Loamy Sand, and Silty Clay, with a root zone of 15.2 cm using three irrigation scheduling methods (Evapotranspiration (ET)-based, soil moisture-based, and time-based), and five cistern sizes. Total runoff volumes and total supplemental potable water used were compared among the three irrigation scheduling systems and a control treatment without RWH. A model was developed to simulate the daily water balance for the treatments. Irrigation and runoff volumes were compared for the various scenarios. Silty clay soil resulted with 83 % more runoff than Sandy soil, while Sandy soil required on average 58 % more supplemental water than Silty Clay soil. On average, the 833 L cistern resulted with 41 % savings in water supply and 45 % reduction in total runoff. Results showed that the greatest volumes of runoff predicted were for the silty clay soil Control Treatment using a time-based irrigation scheduling method, while the least volumes calculated were for the sandy loam soil time-based irrigation scheduling treatment with 833 L cistern size. The greatest volumes of total supplemental water predicted were for sandy loam soil Control Treatment, while the least volumes were for silty clay soil ET-based irrigation scheduling treatment with 833 L cistern size. Regression equations were developed to allow for users to select a RWH cistern size based on the amount of water they want to save or runoff to reduce.

ACS Style

Sa’D A. Shannak; Fouad H. Jaber; Bruce J. Lesikar. Modeling the Effect of Cistern Size, Soil Type, and Irrigation Scheduling on Rainwater Harvesting as a Stormwater Control Measure. Water Resources Management 2014, 28, 4219 -4235.

AMA Style

Sa’D A. Shannak, Fouad H. Jaber, Bruce J. Lesikar. Modeling the Effect of Cistern Size, Soil Type, and Irrigation Scheduling on Rainwater Harvesting as a Stormwater Control Measure. Water Resources Management. 2014; 28 (12):4219-4235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sa’D A. Shannak; Fouad H. Jaber; Bruce J. Lesikar. 2014. "Modeling the Effect of Cistern Size, Soil Type, and Irrigation Scheduling on Rainwater Harvesting as a Stormwater Control Measure." Water Resources Management 28, no. 12: 4219-4235.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2013 in Agricultural Water Management
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Evapotranspiration (ETc) fluxes from plastic mulch production systems are different than open field production systems and require quantification of ETc for plastic mulch environment. A 3-year study was conducted to quantify bi-weekly ETc and develop a crop coefficient (Kc) for drip-irrigated watermelon grown with plastic mulch in sub-tropical Florida using four large drainage lysimeters. The average seasonal ETc was 278 mm (min = 244 mm and max = 344 mm). Variability in ETc was mainly influenced by rainfall, especially during the initial growth period when it was high. The initial, mid-season, and late season Kc values were 0.65, 1.01, and 0.71, respectively. The initial Kc was considerably higher than literature values. This finding was mainly due to high soil moisture at the beginning of the growing season resulting from surface application of water for plastic mulched raised bed preparation and additional wetting from rainfall that increased evaporative flux. The Kc values were statistically higher (p = 0.008) than FAO-56, which underestimated ETc by 30%. A polynomial model was developed to predict Kc as a function of days after transplanting. To improve the ETc estimates for the first two bi-weekly periods when the large area of bare and wet soil results in significantly higher evaporation, a multivariate model (r2 = 0.78) was developed to predict the Kc as a function of rainfall and relative humidity. The model can be used to adjust Kc, and therefore ETc, for the initial stages when evaporation accounts for most of ETc and is sensitive to frequency of wetting. Use of Kc values from this study will help improve the accuracy of ETc estimates for drip-irrigated watermelon in subtropical Florida and elsewhere with similar environmental condition.

ACS Style

S. Shukla; N.K. Shrestha; F.H. Jaber; S. Srivastava; T.A. Obreza; B.J. Boman. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for watermelon grown under plastic mulched conditions in sub-tropical Florida. Agricultural Water Management 2013, 132, 1 -9.

AMA Style

S. Shukla, N.K. Shrestha, F.H. Jaber, S. Srivastava, T.A. Obreza, B.J. Boman. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for watermelon grown under plastic mulched conditions in sub-tropical Florida. Agricultural Water Management. 2013; 132 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Shukla; N.K. Shrestha; F.H. Jaber; S. Srivastava; T.A. Obreza; B.J. Boman. 2013. "Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for watermelon grown under plastic mulched conditions in sub-tropical Florida." Agricultural Water Management 132, no. : 1-9.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2013 in 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013
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ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad H Jaber. Assessing the effectiveness of Low Impact Development Practices under the Different Urban Patterns Using SWAT. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Fouad H Jaber. Assessing the effectiveness of Low Impact Development Practices under the Different Urban Patterns Using SWAT. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad H Jaber. 2013. "Assessing the effectiveness of Low Impact Development Practices under the Different Urban Patterns Using SWAT." 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2013 in 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013
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ACS Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad H Jaber; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. Greywater Treatment System Modeling: An approach Using Simulated Greywater. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Shashi Kant, Fouad H Jaber, Raghupathy Karthikeyan. Greywater Treatment System Modeling: An approach Using Simulated Greywater. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad H Jaber; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. 2013. "Greywater Treatment System Modeling: An approach Using Simulated Greywater." 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2012 in Irrigation Science
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Use of literature crop coefficient (K c) values for quantifying evapotranspiration (ETc) under non-standard conditions such as plastic mulch, shallow water table, and sub-tropical conditions can lead to inaccurate ETc estimates. A 5-year experiment was conducted for fall crop growing seasons in south Florida to quantity bi-weekly ETc and K c for bell pepper grown under shallow water table and plastic mulch environments using large drainage lysimeters. The ETc values varied from 205 to 320 mm with a seasonal average of 267 mm. Average K c values for bell pepper for development, mid-season, and late stages were 1.05, 1.21, and 1.28, respectively. Higher than literature initial K c values were due to rainfall and use of sub-irrigation system to maintain artificially high water table which results in high soil moisture in the bare soil area—such high moisture results in high evaporation. The K c values from this study were statistically higher than literature values. Use of literature K c values resulted in underestimating ETc by 27–37%. The K c values would provide improved estimates of sub-irrigated pepper ETc in subtropical Florida and elsewhere with similar environment.

ACS Style

S. Shukla; Fouad Jaber; D. Goswami; S. Srivastava. Evapotranspiration losses for pepper under plastic mulch and shallow water table conditions. Irrigation Science 2012, 31, 523 -536.

AMA Style

S. Shukla, Fouad Jaber, D. Goswami, S. Srivastava. Evapotranspiration losses for pepper under plastic mulch and shallow water table conditions. Irrigation Science. 2012; 31 (3):523-536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Shukla; Fouad Jaber; D. Goswami; S. Srivastava. 2012. "Evapotranspiration losses for pepper under plastic mulch and shallow water table conditions." Irrigation Science 31, no. 3: 523-536.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2012 in 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012
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ACS Style

Sandhya Mohan; Fouad H Jaber. Construction and Evaluation of Permeable Pavements and Bioretention in North Central Texas. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Sandhya Mohan, Fouad H Jaber. Construction and Evaluation of Permeable Pavements and Bioretention in North Central Texas. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandhya Mohan; Fouad H Jaber. 2012. "Construction and Evaluation of Permeable Pavements and Bioretention in North Central Texas." 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2012 in 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012
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ACS Style

Sa'd Shannak; Fouad Jaber. Investigating the Carbon Footprint and Stormwater Reduction in the Central North Texas: Examining LID Design and Construction Influences. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Sa'd Shannak, Fouad Jaber. Investigating the Carbon Footprint and Stormwater Reduction in the Central North Texas: Examining LID Design and Construction Influences. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sa'd Shannak; Fouad Jaber. 2012. "Investigating the Carbon Footprint and Stormwater Reduction in the Central North Texas: Examining LID Design and Construction Influences." 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2012 in 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012
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ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad H Jaber. Modeling LID practices in the Coastal Zones for Optimal Development Designs. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Fouad H Jaber. Modeling LID practices in the Coastal Zones for Optimal Development Designs. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Fouad H Jaber. 2012. "Modeling LID practices in the Coastal Zones for Optimal Development Designs." 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2012 in 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012
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ACS Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad H Jaber; Hazim A.M Qiblawey. A/C Condensate for Water Reuse: An Approach Towards Environmental Sustainability in Doha. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Shashi Kant, Fouad H Jaber, Hazim A.M Qiblawey. A/C Condensate for Water Reuse: An Approach Towards Environmental Sustainability in Doha. 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shashi Kant; Fouad H Jaber; Hazim A.M Qiblawey. 2012. "A/C Condensate for Water Reuse: An Approach Towards Environmental Sustainability in Doha." 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Transactions of the ASABE
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ACS Style

F. H. Jaber; S. Shukla. MIKE SHE: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation. Transactions of the ASABE 2012, 55, 1479 -1489.

AMA Style

F. H. Jaber, S. Shukla. MIKE SHE: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation. Transactions of the ASABE. 2012; 55 (4):1479-1489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. H. Jaber; S. Shukla. 2012. "MIKE SHE: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation." Transactions of the ASABE 55, no. 4: 1479-1489.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2011 in 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011
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ACS Style

Fouad H Jaber; Sandhya Mohan. Design, Construction and Evaluation of five LID Practices in North Central Texas. 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011 2011, 1 .

AMA Style

Fouad H Jaber, Sandhya Mohan. Design, Construction and Evaluation of five LID Practices in North Central Texas. 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. 2011; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fouad H Jaber; Sandhya Mohan. 2011. "Design, Construction and Evaluation of five LID Practices in North Central Texas." 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011 , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2011 in 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011
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ACS Style

Fouad H Jaber; Hazim A.M Qiblawey. Evaluating greywater and A/C condensate daily volume and water quality in urban settings. 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011 2011, 1 .

AMA Style

Fouad H Jaber, Hazim A.M Qiblawey. Evaluating greywater and A/C condensate daily volume and water quality in urban settings. 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. 2011; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fouad H Jaber; Hazim A.M Qiblawey. 2011. "Evaluating greywater and A/C condensate daily volume and water quality in urban settings." 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2010 in Journal of Environmental Horticulture
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Although development of low (extensive) and high (intensive) maintenance green roof systems has progressed significantly, studies on the function of the growing substrate as a living constituent are lacking. The objective of this review paper is to summarize current scientific knowledge on the components, composition, and characteristics of green roof substrates and to identify future research needs. Due to variations in climate and desired plant types, there is no universal growing substrate. An appropriate substrate is expected to provide permanent physical support for plants and possess a fine balance between free drainage and adequate plant available water and nutrient retention. Typical substrate components include minerals in natural or modified forms such as sand, lava rock, or expanded shale, clay and slate; recycled waste materials like crushed bricks or tiles, crushed or aerated concrete and subsoil; stabilized organic matter such as composts; and plastic materials and slow release fertilizers. Proportions of components vary among substrates based on target vegetation, green roof type, and other considerations. Better green roof management for maximum benefits will require characterizing, quantifying and understanding the impacts of plant species and building attributes such as aspect, slope, height and heating on substrate performance, and should be considered for future research.

ACS Style

Peter A.Y. Ampim; John J. Sloan; Raul I. Cabrera; Derald A. Harp; Fouad Jaber. Green Roof Growing Substrates: Types, Ingredients, Composition and Properties. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2010, 28, 244 -252.

AMA Style

Peter A.Y. Ampim, John J. Sloan, Raul I. Cabrera, Derald A. Harp, Fouad Jaber. Green Roof Growing Substrates: Types, Ingredients, Composition and Properties. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 2010; 28 (4):244-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter A.Y. Ampim; John J. Sloan; Raul I. Cabrera; Derald A. Harp; Fouad Jaber. 2010. "Green Roof Growing Substrates: Types, Ingredients, Composition and Properties." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, no. 4: 244-252.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2009 in 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009
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ACS Style

Fouad H Jaber; Emily R Guzik. Improving Water Quality and Reducing the Volume of Urban Stormwater Runoff with a Bioretention Area. 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009 2009, 1 .

AMA Style

Fouad H Jaber, Emily R Guzik. Improving Water Quality and Reducing the Volume of Urban Stormwater Runoff with a Bioretention Area. 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009. 2009; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fouad H Jaber; Emily R Guzik. 2009. "Improving Water Quality and Reducing the Volume of Urban Stormwater Runoff with a Bioretention Area." 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009 , no. : 1.