Electricity theft and fraud in energy consumption are two of the major issues for power distribution companies (PDCs) for many years. PDCs around the world are trying different methodologies for detecting electricity theft. The traditional methods for non-technical losses (NTLs) detection such as onsite inspection and reward and penalty policy have lost their place in the modern era because of their ineffective and time-consuming mechanism. With the advancement in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), newer and efficient NTL detection methods have been proposed by different researchers working in the field of data mining and AI. The AI-based NTL detection methods are superior to the conventional methods in terms of accuracy, efficiency, time-consumption, precision, and labor required. The importance of such AI-based NTL detection methods can be judged by looking at the growing trend toward the increasing number of research articles on this important development. However, the authors felt the lack of a comprehensive study that can provide a one-stop source of information on these AI-based NTL methods and hence became the motivation for carrying out this comprehensive review on this significant field of science. This article systematically reviews and classifies the methods explored for NTL detection in recent literature, along with their benefits and limitations. For accomplishing the mentioned objective, the opted research articles for the review are classified based on algorithms used, features extracted, and metrics used for evaluation. Furthermore, a summary of different types of algorithms used for NTL detection is provided along with their applications in the studied field of research. Lastly, a comparison among the major NTL categories, i.e., data-based, network-based, and hybrid methods, is provided on the basis of their performance, expenses, and response time. It is expected that this comprehensive study will provide a one-stop source of information for all the new researchers and the experts working in the mentioned area of research.

The present work discusses the 2D unsteady flow of second grade hybrid nanofluid in terms of heat transfer and MHD effects over a stretchable moving flat horizontal porous plate. The entropy of system is taken into account. The magnetic field and the Joule heating effects are also considered. Tiny-sized nanoparticles of silicon carbide and titanium oxide dispersed in a base fluid, kerosene oil. Furthermore, the shape factors of tiny-sized particles (sphere, bricks, tetrahedron, and platelets) are explored and discussed in detail. The mathematical representation in expressions of PDEs is built by considering the heat transfer mechanism owing to the effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation. The present set of PDEs (partial differential equations) are converted into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by introducing suitable transformations, which are then resolved with the bvp4c (shooting) scheme in MATLAB. Graphical expressions and numerical data are obtained to scrutinize the variations of momentum and temperature fields versus different physical constraints.

In this work, fundamental flow problems, namely, Couette flow, fully developed plane Poiseuille flow, and plane Couette–Poiseuille flow of a third-grade non-Newtonian fluid between two horizontal parallel plates separated by a finite distance in a fuzzy environment are considered. The governing nonlinear differential equations (DEs) are converted into fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and explain our approach with the help of the membership function (MF) of triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is used to solve fundamental flow problems based on FDEs. In a crisp environment, the current findings are in good accord with their previous numerical and analytical results. Finally, the effect of the -cut and other engineering constants on fuzzy velocity profile are invested in graphically and tabular forms. Also, the variability of the uncertainty is studied through the triangular MF.

This research focuses on studying the asymptotic and oscillatory behavior of a special class of even-order nonlinear neutral differential equations, including damping terms. The research aims to achieve qualitative progress in understanding the relationship between the solutions of these equations and their associated functions. Leveraging the symmetry between positive and negative solutions simplifies the derivation of criteria that ensure the oscillation of all solutions. Using precise techniques such as the Riccati method and comparison methods, innovative criteria are developed that guarantee the oscillation of all the solutions of the studied equations. The study provides new conditions and effective analytical tools that contribute to deepening the theoretical understanding and expanding the practical applications of these systems. Based on solid scientific foundations and previous studies, the research concludes with the presentation of examples that illustrate the practical impact of the results, highlighting the theoretical value of research in the field of neutral differential equations.

In this study, we have used Lie group analysis procedure to propose a novel model for transforming the governing equations of double diffusive MHD hyperbolic tangent fluid flow model into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solution of these equations is then investigated numerically by employing Shooting method. We also reported and presented our results graphically illustrating the results and analysis of physical parameters on concentration, velocity, and temperature profiles and on other physical quantities present in the flow model. The results show that fluid temperature increases with rise in the modified Dufour and velocity slip parameters whereas opposite behavior is observed for thermal slip parameter. Moreover, the Nusselt number declines with enhanced values of modified Dufour parameter whereas its opposite effect has been observed for Dufour-solutal Lewis number and Prandtl number.

This research deals with the study of the oscillatory behavior of solutions of second-order differential equations containing neutral conditions, both in sublinear and superlinear terms, with a focus on the noncanonical case. The research provides a careful analysis of the monotonic properties of solutions and their derivatives, paving the way for a deeper understanding of this complex behavior. The research is particularly significant as it extends the scope of previous studies by addressing more complex forms of neutral differential equations. Using the linearization technique, strict conditions are developed that exclude the existence of positive solutions, which allows the formulation of innovative criteria for determining the oscillatory behavior of the studied equations. This research highlights the theoretical and applied aspects of this mathematical phenomenon, which contributes to enhancing the scientific understanding of differential equations with neutral conditions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the results, the research includes two illustrative examples that prove the validity and importance of the proposed methodology. This work represents a qualitative addition to the mathematical literature, as it lays new foundations and opens horizons for future studies in this vital field.