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Dr. Noppanun Nankongnab
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University

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Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Toxics
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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ritthirong Pundee; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Sumate Pengpumkiat; Jutamanee Chungcharoen; Chavisa Phommalachai; Pajaree Konthonbut; Nattagorn Choochouy; Preecha Sowanthip; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. Toxics 2021, 9, 16 .

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Ritthirong Pundee, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Sumate Pengpumkiat, Jutamanee Chungcharoen, Chavisa Phommalachai, Pajaree Konthonbut, Nattagorn Choochouy, Preecha Sowanthip, Phanthawee Khangkhun, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. Toxics. 2021; 9 (1):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ritthirong Pundee; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Sumate Pengpumkiat; Jutamanee Chungcharoen; Chavisa Phommalachai; Pajaree Konthonbut; Nattagorn Choochouy; Preecha Sowanthip; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2021. "Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers." Toxics 9, no. 1: 16.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Toxics
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Many pesticides are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can interfere with hormone levels. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal impact of exposure to pesticides on thyroid hormone levels, including Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), Free Thyroxine (FT4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). Both conventional (i.e., pesticide using) and organic farmers were interviewed using questionnaires, and blood samples were collected at 7–9 a.m. to determine thyroid hormone levels for four rounds, with a duration of eight months between each round. A linear mixed model of the natural log of the individual hormone levels used random intercepts for subjects while controlling gender, baseline age, and body mass index (BMI) was used to compare between conventional and organic farmers or the impact of cumulative days of spraying insecticides, herbicides or fungicides. The estimated marginal means of the thyroid hormone levels (TSH, FT3, T3, and T4) estimated from the linear mixed models were significantly higher among the conventional farmers than organic farmers. As cumulative spray days of insecticide, herbicide or fungicide increased, TSH and FT3 increased significantly. FT4 decreased significantly as cumulative spray days of insecticide or fungicide increased. These findings suggest that the insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides sprayed by conventional farmers exert endocrine-disrupting activities, altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis homeostasis.

ACS Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. Toxics 2020, 8, 82 .

AMA Style

Noppanun Nankongnab, Pornpimol Kongtip, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. Toxics. 2020; 8 (4):82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." Toxics 8, no. 4: 82.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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Sugarcane farmers and cutters have been reported to be at high risk of acute kidney injury. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess acute kidney injury biomarkers, and cross-shift change among 150 sugarcane cutters and 98 sugarcane farmers in Thailand. Physical health examination, environmental measurements, and measured urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were assessed. Cross-shift change of urine creatinine (uCr), albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), and NGAL between sugarcane farmers and cutters was compared. Factors influencing abnormal post-shift ACR and NGAL were analyzed by binary logistic regression adjusted with covariates. Sugarcane cutters were significantly more likely to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and herbs to relieve pain than sugarcane farmers. Males were more likely to be current smokers and drinkers although 62% of cutters and 56% of farmers were female. Sugarcane farmers and cutters had similar post-shift estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ACR levels. Cross-shift measurements showed that both sugarcane cutters and sugarcane farmers had significantly higher post-shift geometric mean (GM) urinary NGAL, but that the cross-shift changes of NGAL were significantly higher for sugarcane cutters (182%) vs. sugarcane farmers (112%). Water intake less than recommendation of subjects was a significant predictor of a higher risk for an abnormal post-shift ACR after controlling for covariates, while being a sugarcane cutter was a predictor of a lower risk of an abnormal risk of a post-shift NGAL after controlling for covariates. Measurements of heat stress (WBGT plus workload) found that sugarcane cutters exceeded recommended exposures while sugarcane farmers were compliance to the TLV. These findings suggest that to protect sugarcane farmers and cutters, preventative measures are needed.

ACS Style

Ritthirong Pundee; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Sirirat Anutrakulchai; Mark Gregory Robson; Susan Woskie. Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1170 -1187.

AMA Style

Ritthirong Pundee, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Sirirat Anutrakulchai, Mark Gregory Robson, Susan Woskie. Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (5):1170-1187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ritthirong Pundee; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Sirirat Anutrakulchai; Mark Gregory Robson; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 5: 1170-1187.

Review
Published: 27 August 2020 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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Agriculture in Thailand, which employs over 30 percent of the workforce and contributes significantly to the country’s gross domestic product, is a key sector of its economy. Import and use of pesticides has increased over the past decade due to Thailand's major role as a leading exporter of food and agricultural products. The widespread and poorly regulated use of pesticides presents a potential risk to the health of farmers, farm families, the general population including children and the environment. This article is a result of the Southeast Asia GEOHealth Network Meeting of February 2019. It summarizes the current situation on pesticide use and regulation in Thailand and reports research findings on the potential health and environmental impacts of pesticide use, as well as highlighting gaps in research that could play an important and influential role in future policy initiatives on pesticides. Although Thailand has made remarkable progress in improving agricultural health and safety and similarly strong research and policy programs are being developed in other countries in the region, there are still significant gaps in research and policy that need to be filled.

ACS Style

Wisanti Laohaudomchok; Noppanun Nankongnab; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Pakasinee Klaimala; Witoon Lianchamroon; Prokchol Ousap; Marut Jatiket; Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul; Noppadon Kitana; Wattasit Siriwong; Thiravat Hemachudhah; Jutamaad Satayavivad; Mark Robson; Lindsay Jaacks; Dana Boyd Barr; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1147 -1169.

AMA Style

Wisanti Laohaudomchok, Noppanun Nankongnab, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Pakasinee Klaimala, Witoon Lianchamroon, Prokchol Ousap, Marut Jatiket, Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul, Noppadon Kitana, Wattasit Siriwong, Thiravat Hemachudhah, Jutamaad Satayavivad, Mark Robson, Lindsay Jaacks, Dana Boyd Barr, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (5):1147-1169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wisanti Laohaudomchok; Noppanun Nankongnab; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Pakasinee Klaimala; Witoon Lianchamroon; Prokchol Ousap; Marut Jatiket; Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul; Noppadon Kitana; Wattasit Siriwong; Thiravat Hemachudhah; Jutamaad Satayavivad; Mark Robson; Lindsay Jaacks; Dana Boyd Barr; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 5: 1147-1169.

Research article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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In Thailand, glyphosate is popular herbicide to control pests in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to measure glyphosate exposure concentrations through inhalation, dermal contact, and urinary glyphosate concentrations among 43 vegetable farmers spraying glyphosate in Bungphra Subdistrict, Phitsanulok Province. Four types of spraying equipment were used, manual pump backpack (n = 3), motorized spray backpack (n = 22), battery pump backpack (n = 16), and high pressure pump (n = 2). Breathing zone air samples were collected using glass fiber filters; dermal contact samples were collected using 100 cm2 cotton patches attached on 10 body locations and urine samples were collected at 3 time points: morning void urine the day before spraying, the end of spraying event, and the morning void urine the next day of spraying. The results showed that the geometric mean (GM; geometric standard deviation [GSD]) of breathing zone concentrations of glyphosate exposure were 9.37 (10.17) µg/m3. The GM (GSD) of total dermal patches exposure concentrations were 7.57 (0.01) mg/h. The legs, back, and arms were the most exposed body areas. The GM (GSD) of urinary glyphosate was found highest among vegetable farmers using manual backpack 46.90 (1.35) µg/g creatinine. Farmers should wear masks and boots to reduce glyphosate exposure by inhalation and dermal contact.

ACS Style

Sasivimol Bootsikeaw; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Susan Woskie. Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1019 -1036.

AMA Style

Sasivimol Bootsikeaw, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Suttinun Chantanakul, Dusit Sujirarat, Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti, Phanthawee Khangkhun, Susan Woskie. Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (4):1019-1036.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sasivimol Bootsikeaw; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 4: 1019-1036.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this longitudinal study is to assess how pesticide use may impact metabolic biomarkers by collecting and comparing data from conventional (n = 13) and organic farmers (n = 225) every eight months for four rounds. Farmers were interviewed about family health history, food consumption behaviors, self-reported health problems, agricultural activities, and history of pesticide use. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Blood samples were collected for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood glucose, and triglycerides. A linear mixed model with random intercepts for subjects was used to compare the metabolic biomarkers between conventional and organic farmers and to examine the impact of the number of pesticide spray days for all four rounds after controlling for covariates. The conventional farmers reported using insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The marginal means for chemical farmers were significantly higher than organic farmers for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference. Increasing the number of days of spraying either insecticides or fungicides was associated with an increase in HDL, LDL, and cholesterol levels. Increasing the number of herbicide spray days was associated with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in BMI. These findings suggest that pesticide-using conventional farmers may be at higher risk of metabolic disease in the future.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4178 .

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):4178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4178.

Articles
Published: 08 June 2020 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate occupational hazards, health conditions and personal protective equipment used among healthcare workers. Information from the sample size of 1,128 healthcare workers were collected using questionnaires. The healthcare workers participated in this study were from five departments including inpatient, outpatient, surgery and anesthesia, nutrition service and hospital support services departments in five hospitals in Thailand. The results indicated that the majority of healthcare workers were female; these healthcare workers work 9.0 to 11.1 hours/day on average and were exposed to several chemical, biological and physical hazards. The healthcare workers in the nutrition service department reported the highest percentage of musculoskeletal disorder and respiratory problems. The highest percentage of skin problems were reported by healthcare workers in surgery and anesthesia department. The results showed musculoskeletal disorder, respiratory and skin problem significantly differed among healthcare workers in the five departments including the wrists/hands (p = 0.024), upper back (p = 0.009), chest pain symptoms (p = 0.004), and dry/wound symptoms (p = 0.013). Healthcare workers did not have adequate protection from work-related hazards in their workplace. Health education programs, control measures and organizational policies should be implemented to mitigate the hazards for healthcare workers in hospitals.

ACS Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Pimpan Silpasuwan; Orawan Kaewboonchoo; Pipat Luksamijarulkul; Susan Woskie. Occupational hazards, health conditions and personal protective equipment used among healthcare workers in hospitals, Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 804 -824.

AMA Style

Noppanun Nankongnab, Pornpimol Kongtip, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Pimpan Silpasuwan, Orawan Kaewboonchoo, Pipat Luksamijarulkul, Susan Woskie. Occupational hazards, health conditions and personal protective equipment used among healthcare workers in hospitals, Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (3):804-824.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Pimpan Silpasuwan; Orawan Kaewboonchoo; Pipat Luksamijarulkul; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Occupational hazards, health conditions and personal protective equipment used among healthcare workers in hospitals, Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 3: 804-824.

Original articles
Published: 05 November 2019 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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Thai agriculturists heavily used paraquat in agricultural areas to control weed and grasses. This study determined paraquat exposure among backpack sprayers in Thailand and identified determinants of occupational exposure. Breathing zone air and dermal samples were collected from 57 backpack sprayers while spraying. Spot urine samples were collected on the day before spraying, end of spraying event and the next day after spraying. The subjects were interviewed about general demographics, agricultural activities, pesticide application and personal protective equipment used while applying paraquat. Paraquat concentrations in urine samples, air samples and dermal samples were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The median IQR of urinary paraquat concentrations on the day before spraying, end of spraying event, the next day after spraying were 2.51 (0.81–5.59), 8.23 (3.3–13.73) and 3.48 (1.03–8.19) µg/g creatinine, respectively. Concentrations of air samples and total dermal exposures were 5.15 (2.28–10.12) µg/m3 and 92.66 (34.37–1647.46) µg/hr, respectively. Use of battery powered backpack sprayer and standing upwind effectively reduced inhalation exposures. Wearing a long sleeve shirt, long pants, boots, latex gloves and balaclava could reduce paraquat concentration on dermal exposure among backpack sprayers.

ACS Style

Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2019, 26, 2798 -2811.

AMA Style

Pajaree Konthonbut, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Witaya Yoosook, Susan Woskie. Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2019; 26 (10):2798-2811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. 2019. "Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, no. 10: 2798-2811.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pesticides can act as endocrine disruptors by different mechanisms including inhibition of iodine absorption, increases in thyroid hormone clearance, decreased cellular uptake of thyroid hormones, or changes in expression of thyroid hormone regulated genes. This study examined how exposure to pesticides impacts thyroid hormone levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) by comparing conventional (n = 195) and organic farmers (n = 222), and by evaluating which types of pesticides might be associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels. Questionnaires were used to collect information about farmer characteristics, self-reported stress, agricultural activities, and history of pesticide use. Conventional farmers were asked to report the type and quantity of pesticides used each day. The TSH, FT3, T3, and T4 levels of conventional farmers were 1.6, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.1 times higher than those of organic farmers, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. Several specific herbicides had a significant relationship between the amount applied and an increase in thyroid hormone levels, after covariate adjustment. They included: paraquat (TSH, FT3 and T3); acetochlor (FT4); atrazine (TSH, FT3 and T3); glyphosate (T4); diuron (TSH) and the “other” herbicides including alachlor, propanil, and butachlor (FT4 and T3). The most commonly used herbicide among conventional farmers was glyphosate, followed by paraquat, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). These findings suggest that exposure to pesticides could impact the development of metabolic diseases and other health outcomes by altering the endocrine system (the thyroid hormone levels) through the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. This work is a part of a longitudinal study which will evaluate the sub-chronic effects of repeated exposure to different types of pesticides on thyroid hormone levels.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Nattagorn Choochouy; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2704 .

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Nattagorn Choochouy, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (15):2704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Nattagorn Choochouy; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2019. "Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2704.

Articles
Published: 02 April 2019 in Journal of Agromedicine
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Organic farming has been promoted in Thailand by King Rama the ninth. In addition to being healthier for consumers, organic farming is healthier for agricultural workers. The cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the frequency of chronic disease conditions, accidents, health symptoms, and ergonomic problems among 243 conventional (pesticide using) farmers and 235 organic farmers. Data were collected using questionnaires in face-to-face interviews. The results indicated symptoms that could be related to pesticide exposure (skin rashes, water blisters, headache, dizziness, and loss of appetite) were significantly higher among conventional farmers than organic farmers. The organic farmers reported significantly more health symptoms such as hives, chest pain, mild fever, flatulence, and frequent urination than the conventional farmers. The organic farmers reported significantly more pain, numbness, or weakness in the wrists/hands, fingers, upper back, hips, and ankles/feet than conventional farmers.

ACS Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Suthart Sitthisak; Susan Woskie. Difference in Accidents, Health Symptoms, and Ergonomic Problems between Conventional Farmers Using Pesticides and Organic Farmers. Journal of Agromedicine 2019, 25, 158 -165.

AMA Style

Noppanun Nankongnab, Pornpimol Kongtip, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Ariya Bunngamchairat, Suthart Sitthisak, Susan Woskie. Difference in Accidents, Health Symptoms, and Ergonomic Problems between Conventional Farmers Using Pesticides and Organic Farmers. Journal of Agromedicine. 2019; 25 (2):158-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Suthart Sitthisak; Susan Woskie. 2019. "Difference in Accidents, Health Symptoms, and Ergonomic Problems between Conventional Farmers Using Pesticides and Organic Farmers." Journal of Agromedicine 25, no. 2: 158-165.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pesticide exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for developing a wide range of adverse health issues. Some examples are metabolic syndromes, including diabetes. This study investigated the relationship between current occupational use of pesticides and metabolic and cardiovascular biomarker levels among organic and conventional farmers in Thailand. In total, 436 recruited farmers were divided into two groups: conventional farmers (n = 214) and organic farmers (n = 222). Participants, free of diabetes, were interviewed and submitted to a physical examination. Serum samples were collected for clinical laboratory analyses, i.e., serum glucose and lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins). Potential risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and heavy exercise were significantly different between the two groups. There were significant differences in terms of the years of pesticide use, pesticide use at home, sources of drinking water, and distance between the farmers’ homes and farms between the groups. After adjusting for confounders, current conventional farmers had significantly higher abnormal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage (% body fat), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein values as compared to organic farmers. Conventional farmers had higher risk of many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors as compared to organic farmers, putting them at higher risk of metabolic diseases in the future.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Jutharak Yimsabai; Aranya Pataitiemthong; Susan Woskie. A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2590 .

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Ariya Bunngamchairat, Jutharak Yimsabai, Aranya Pataitiemthong, Susan Woskie. A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (11):2590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Jutharak Yimsabai; Aranya Pataitiemthong; Susan Woskie. 2018. "A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2590.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Annals of Work Exposures and Health
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Vegetable farmers applying the herbicide alachlor may be highly exposed through dermal contact when spraying. Dermal patches were attached to 10 locations on the farmers’ skin when they mixed and applied alachlor in vegetable farming areas in Thailand. Measurements were made on farmers using either a backpack sprayer with a 2 stroke gasoline motor and fan or a battery operated pump. Forty-seven vegetable farmers in Bungphra subdistrict of Thailand participated in this study. Both motorized and battery pump backpack sprayers wearing long-sleeve shirts had significantly lower alachlor concentrations on the dermal patches under their long-sleeve shirts compared to those who wore only short-sleeve shirts, regardless of the sprayer type. Moreover, sprayers wearing long pants had significantly lower alachlor concentrations on dermal patches placed under the pants on the lower legs than those wearing short pants, regardless of the sprayer type. The highest estimated alachlor exposures were found on the upper legs (median = 9.29 µg/h) for those using a 2 stroke engine/fan backpack sprayer and on the lower legs (2.87 µg/h) for those using the battery operated pump backpack sprayer. The estimated total body alachlor exposures of applicators using the 2 stroke engine/fan backpack sprayer (219.48 µg/h) were significantly higher than those using the battery operated pump backpack sprayer (15.50 µg/h). Using long-sleeve shirts as personal protection reduced alachlor exposures for the arms 97–99% and wearing long pants reduced alachlor exposure to the legs for 81–99%. Thus, training about the protection provided by clothing choices would be one step in improving the health and safety of Thai farmers.

ACS Style

Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to the Herbicide Alachlor Among Vegetable Farmers in Thailand. Annals of Work Exposures and Health 2018, 62, 1147 -1158.

AMA Style

Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Ariya Bunngamchairat, Witaya Yoosook, Susan Woskie. Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to the Herbicide Alachlor Among Vegetable Farmers in Thailand. Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 2018; 62 (9):1147-1158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Ariya Bunngamchairat; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. 2018. "Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to the Herbicide Alachlor Among Vegetable Farmers in Thailand." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 9: 1147-1158.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to assess paraquat concentrations in the urine of women at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum and in the meconium of neonates. In all, 79 pregnant women were recruited from three hospitals located in agricultural areas in Thailand. The subjects were interviewed about personal characteristics, agricultural activities and pesticide use patterns. Paraquat was analyzed in urine and meconium using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. The geometric mean (GSD) of urinary paraquat concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum were 2.04 (4.22), 2.06 (5.04) and 2.42 (5.33) ng/mL, respectively. The urinary paraquat concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum between agriculturist and non-agriculturist were not significantly different (p = 0.632, p = 0.915, p = 0.57 respectively). The geometric mean (GSD) of paraquat concentration in the meconium was 33.31 (4.59) ng/g. The factors predicting paraquat exposures among pregnant women and neonates included working outside, living near farmland, having family members who work on a farm, drinking well water and using herbicides or paraquat.

ACS Style

Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. Paraquat Exposure of Pregnant Women and Neonates in Agricultural Areas in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1163 .

AMA Style

Pajaree Konthonbut, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Witaya Yoosook, Susan Woskie. Paraquat Exposure of Pregnant Women and Neonates in Agricultural Areas in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (6):1163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. 2018. "Paraquat Exposure of Pregnant Women and Neonates in Agricultural Areas in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1163.

Conference paper
Published: 24 April 2018 in Occupational Health for Health Care Workers
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Introduction Statistic showed that hospital is the most hazardous workplace. More than 3 00 000 healthcare workers were employed in approximately 2627 public and 321 private hospitals in Thailand. Methods The cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the occupational health and safety management in five Thai hospitals. The questionnaire consisted of characteristic of healthcare workers both working directly with patient such as inpatient, out- patient and not working directly with patients such as nutrition service and hospital supporting service departments, accident statistics and occupational health and safety management. Results The result showed that healthcare workers in inpatient department had highest percentage reporting all 29 items of occupational health and safety management such as having safety policy, communication of policy to staff, having safety committee meeting, alarm system preparedness, fire prevention and protection preparedness, personal protective equipment provided, etc. followed by out-patient, nutrition service and hospital supporting service departments. The accident in the past three months indicated that the accident of sharp injury and falling from slippery floor in the nutrition service were 57.7% and 26.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the comparison of the accident of sharp injury and falling from slippery floor of nutrition service with other departments was statistically significant different (p<0.001). The accident of needle stick and contact with chemicals, body fluid in surgery and anaesthesia department were 26.9% and 11.5%, respectively. The comparison of needle stick and contact with chemicals, body fluid of surgery and anaesthesia department with other departments was statistically significant different that were p<0.001 and p=0.024, respectively. Conclusion The situations of occupational health and safety management in Thai hospital were crucial for problem recognition and making the further control measure

ACS Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 835 Occupational health and safety management in thai hospital. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers 2018, 75, A337 -A338.

AMA Style

Noppanun Nankongnab, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. 835 Occupational health and safety management in thai hospital. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers. 2018; 75 ():A337-A338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2018. "835 Occupational health and safety management in thai hospital." Occupational Health for Health Care Workers 75, no. : A337-A338.

Conference paper
Published: 24 April 2018 in Occupational Health for Health Care Workers
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Introduction Healthcare workers usually expose to chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards in their everyday life. The objectives of this cross-sectional study are to evaluate chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards and health problems of healthcare workers in hospitals, accidents, contact with chemicals and body fluids and personal protective equipment used among healthcare workers in Thailand. Methods The self-administered and interviewed questionnaires were distributed or collected from healthcare workers proportion to size of five hospital staffs in five regions of Thailand. Results Healthcare workers have been working very hard for 9 to 11 hours/day on average, including overtime work ranging 13–18 hours/day. More than half of the inpatient, surgery and anaesthesia, nutrition service department did shift work. Healthcare workers at nutrition service department reported highest musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory symptoms and hearing loss than other departments. In surgery and anaesthesia department, they reported highest skin problem due to highest chemical exposure and biological hazards; they exposed to radiation, vibration from equipment and tools, glare and inadequate lighting leading to eye irritation, eye pain and blur vision and reported highest non- specific symptoms. The regular compliance with safety rule and protocol of healthcare workers were not so high, inpatient (65.8%), out-patient (65.9%), surgery and anaesthesia (77.6%), nutrition service (78.4%) and hospital supporting service (66.9%). The regular correct working posture of them was not high either (51% or lower). Regarding hazard control and personal protective equipment provided in workplace, inpatient department reported highest, followed by surgery and anaesthesia, out-patient, nutrition service and hospital supporting service. Conclusion The healthcare workers were exposed to many occupational health hazards, high risk of accidents, working very hard; they need more attention to reduce or control the occupational health hazards in the workplace.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Pimpan Silpasuwan; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Orawan Kaewboonchoo; Pipat Luksamijarulkul; Susan Woskie. 723 Occupational health hazards, health problems encountered and personal protective equipment used in healthcare workers in hospitals, thailand. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers 2018, 75, A346 -A346.

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Pimpan Silpasuwan, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Orawan Kaewboonchoo, Pipat Luksamijarulkul, Susan Woskie. 723 Occupational health hazards, health problems encountered and personal protective equipment used in healthcare workers in hospitals, thailand. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers. 2018; 75 ():A346-A346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Pimpan Silpasuwan; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Orawan Kaewboonchoo; Pipat Luksamijarulkul; Susan Woskie. 2018. "723 Occupational health hazards, health problems encountered and personal protective equipment used in healthcare workers in hospitals, thailand." Occupational Health for Health Care Workers 75, no. : A346-A346.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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A birth cohort was begun to investigate the levels and sources of pesticide exposure in pregnant women living in Thailand, and to examine the effects of pesticide exposure on infant neurodevelopment at five months of age. Subjects were interviewed using questionnaires regarding their demographic characteristics, educational background, and work and home activities related to pesticide exposures. Spot urine samples were collected at 28 weeks gestation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine maternal metabolite levels of organophosphate pesticides including dimethyl phosphate (DMP); total DEP (diethyl phosphate (DEP), diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), and diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP), and total DAP (the sum of all metabolite levels). At five months of age, infant development was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III). Higher total DEP and total DAP metabolite levels from the mother at 28 weeks’ gestation were significantly associated with reduced motor composite scores on the Bayley-III at five months of age. The total DEP levels were also significantly associated with reduced cognitive composite scores. Prenatal concentrations of maternal urinary metabolites were associated with infant cognitive and motor development. The results of several studies now suggest the need for public health intervention to reduce prenatal pesticide exposures from both agricultural and domestic use.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Benyachalee Techasaensiri; Noppanun Nankongnab; Jane Adams; Akkarat Phamonphon; Anu Surach; Supha Sangprasert; Aree Thongsuksai; Prayoon Srikumpol; Susan Woskie. The Impact of Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures on Thai Infant Neurodevelopment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 570 .

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Benyachalee Techasaensiri, Noppanun Nankongnab, Jane Adams, Akkarat Phamonphon, Anu Surach, Supha Sangprasert, Aree Thongsuksai, Prayoon Srikumpol, Susan Woskie. The Impact of Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures on Thai Infant Neurodevelopment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (6):570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Benyachalee Techasaensiri; Noppanun Nankongnab; Jane Adams; Akkarat Phamonphon; Anu Surach; Supha Sangprasert; Aree Thongsuksai; Prayoon Srikumpol; Susan Woskie. 2017. "The Impact of Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures on Thai Infant Neurodevelopment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 570.

Original research
Published: 19 April 2017 in Journal of Agromedicine
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Objectives: This longitudinal study measured the glyphosate and paraquat concentrations found in maternal and umbilical cord serum in 82 pregnant women who gave birth in three provinces of Thailand. Methods: Through questionnaires and biological samples collected at childbirth, factors such as personal characteristics, family members occupation, agricultural activities, and herbicide use in agricultural work were evaluated as predictors of glyphosate and paraquat levels in the pregnant women. Statistical analysis used univariate and binary multiple logistic regression, where the outcome was the probability of exposure to paraquat or glyphosate above the limit of detection associated with occupation and household factors. Results: The glyphosate concentrations in the pregnant women’s serum at childbirth (median: 17.5, range: 0.2–189.1 ng/mL) were significantly higher (P < .007) than those in the umbilical cord serum (median: 0.2, range: 0.2–94.9 ng/mL). However, the paraquat concentrations in the serum of the pregnant women at childbirth (83% ≤limit of detection [LOD], with maximum of 58.3 ng/mL) were similar to those in the umbilical cord serum (80% LOD in serum at childbirth were 11.9 times more likely to report work as an agriculturist (P < .001), 3.7 times more likely to live near agricultural areas (P = .006), and 5.9 times more likely to have a family member who worked in agriculture (P < .001). The only factors affecting paraquat exposures in pregnant women at childbirth were reporting the agricultural activity of digging in farm soil and working in the agricultural fields in the third trimester of pregnancy. Conclusions: These results show that pregnant women who work in agriculture or live in families that work in agriculture have higher exposures to the herbicides glyphosate and paraquat. The potential for long-term health impacts of these prenatal exposures to children should be evaluated, and greater regulation of the sale and use of herbicides should be considered in Thailand.

ACS Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ratanavadee Phupancharoensuk; Chonlada Palarach; Dusit Sujirarat; Supha Sangprasert; Malasod Sermsuk; Namthip Sawattrakool; Susan Renee Woskie. Glyphosate and Paraquat in Maternal and Fetal Serums in Thai Women. Journal of Agromedicine 2017, 22, 282 -289.

AMA Style

Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Ratanavadee Phupancharoensuk, Chonlada Palarach, Dusit Sujirarat, Supha Sangprasert, Malasod Sermsuk, Namthip Sawattrakool, Susan Renee Woskie. Glyphosate and Paraquat in Maternal and Fetal Serums in Thai Women. Journal of Agromedicine. 2017; 22 (3):282-289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ratanavadee Phupancharoensuk; Chonlada Palarach; Dusit Sujirarat; Supha Sangprasert; Malasod Sermsuk; Namthip Sawattrakool; Susan Renee Woskie. 2017. "Glyphosate and Paraquat in Maternal and Fetal Serums in Thai Women." Journal of Agromedicine 22, no. 3: 282-289.