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Purpose: Chronic exposure to pesticides has been associated with thyroid dysfunction owing to their endocrine disruption ability. Genetic variations in genes encoding phase I and II enzymes and phase III transporters are partly responsible for individual responses to chemical pesticides. This study investigated the association between variations in genes involved in pesticide metabolism and altered thyroid hormone concentrations. Methods: We assessed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) in organic agriculture workers (n = 216) and workers who used chemical pesticides (n = 229). A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, pesticide exposure, and health status data. Blood samples were analyzed for TSH, FT3, and FT4. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped using the TaqMan real-time PCR genotyping assay and restriction fragment length polymorphism method for 15 metabolically related genes. Results: Significant differences in the TSH (1.58 vs 1.12 μIU/mL) and FT3 (0.34 vs 0.31 ng/dL) concentrations between the chemical and organic worker groups were observed. The frequencies of all single nucleotide polymorphisms were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and were mostly consistent with Asian populations. The findings showed the association between SNPs of enzymes and transporters and TSH, FT3, and FT4. The odd ratio and adjusted odd ratio (with sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and exposure parameters) for subclinical thyroid disease by the variant alleles CYP1A1 rs1048943, CYP2B6 rs2279343, CYP2C19 rs4244285, NAT2 rs1799931, and PON1 rs662 in the chemical workers compared with the organic workers were found (P values Conclusion: This is the first study to assess gene–environment interactions in Thai agricultural workers by investigating disruptions of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis. The investigated SNP profiles revealed several gene–thyroid hormone associations in which even low levels of pesticide exposure could disturb thyroid homeostasis. These findings provide a foundation for planning future studies investigating associations between complex diseases and occupational pesticide exposure.
Jintana Sirivarasai; Suwanee Chanprasertyothin; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Genetic Polymorphisms of Pesticide-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Agricultural Workers and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2021, ume 14, 3435 -3451.
AMA StyleJintana Sirivarasai, Suwanee Chanprasertyothin, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Genetic Polymorphisms of Pesticide-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Agricultural Workers and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021; ume 14 ():3435-3451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJintana Sirivarasai; Suwanee Chanprasertyothin; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2021. "Genetic Polymorphisms of Pesticide-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Agricultural Workers and Thyroid Hormone Levels." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy ume 14, no. : 3435-3451.
Pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disruptors. This cross-sectional study measured serum samples for levels of thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) among Indonesian female farmers (n = 127) and non-farmers (n = 127). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors including work characteristics and frequency, and the use of home and agricultural pesticides. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the clinical categories of thyroid levels between farmers and non-farmers except for FT3 and T4. However, in multivariable regression controlling for confounders, FT3 and T4 were significantly higher for farmers compared to non-farmers. In addition, 32% of farmers had clinically low iodine levels and 49% of non-farmers had clinically high iodine levels. We conclude that pesticide exposure may not be as important as iodine intake in explaining these findings. We recommend counseling by health workers about the importance of using iodized salt for farmers and counseling about high iodine foods that need to be avoided for non-farmers.
Dian Mardhiyah; Wan Komaruddin; Fasli Jalal; Sri Wuryanti; Syukrini Bahri; Qomariah Qomariah; Insan Sosiawan; Himmi Marsiati; Legiono Legiono; Harliansyah Hanif; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip. Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6618 .
AMA StyleDian Mardhiyah, Wan Komaruddin, Fasli Jalal, Sri Wuryanti, Syukrini Bahri, Qomariah Qomariah, Insan Sosiawan, Himmi Marsiati, Legiono Legiono, Harliansyah Hanif, Susan Woskie, Pornpimol Kongtip. Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDian Mardhiyah; Wan Komaruddin; Fasli Jalal; Sri Wuryanti; Syukrini Bahri; Qomariah Qomariah; Insan Sosiawan; Himmi Marsiati; Legiono Legiono; Harliansyah Hanif; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip. 2021. "Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6618.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common in various occupations. However, there is still limited research about the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, MSDs among oil palm harvesting workers in Thailand. To investigate the prevalence of MSDs and risk factors associated with MSDs in Thai oil palm harvesting workers, face-to-face interviews were conducted with Thai oil palm harvesting workers in Krabi Province, Thailand, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four sections which included information on demographic characteristics, work-related characteristics, job stress, and MSDs. A total of 334 oil palm harvesting workers participated in the current study. The prevalence of MSDs during the past 12 months was 88.0%. Lower back MSDs had the highest (59.0%) 12-month prevalence among oil palm harvesting workers, followed by shoulder (37.1%) and neck (27.2%). Factors associated with lower back MSDs included type of task, heavy lifting, and job stress. Moreover, type of task, repetitive movement, and job stress were associated with shoulder and neck MSDs. The cutters had a higher risk of having shoulder and neck MSDs, primarily due to the fact that their work involved cutting the fresh fruit bunches from high up in the trees. The collectors had more back issues due to the heavy lifting. These findings showed the need to raise awareness, and to design guidelines and interventions to prevent MSDs in oil palm harvesting workers.
Petcharatana Bhuanantanondh; Bryan Buchholz; Sara Arphorn; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. The Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders in Thai Oil Palm Harvesting Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5474 .
AMA StylePetcharatana Bhuanantanondh, Bryan Buchholz, Sara Arphorn, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. The Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders in Thai Oil Palm Harvesting Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (10):5474.
Chicago/Turabian StylePetcharatana Bhuanantanondh; Bryan Buchholz; Sara Arphorn; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2021. "The Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders in Thai Oil Palm Harvesting Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5474.
The herbicides glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-D play a significant role in Thailand. This paper is among the first study to describe the intensity of herbicide application and illustrate how the herbicides are extensively distributed over a large area through both agricultural and nonagricultural practices. Using a quick, economical, and simplified method of Material Flow Analysis together with spatial analysis, better data for the analysis of possible environmental herbicide contamination, human exposure, and related health risks for the general public and applicators can be developed. The findings from this study showed that in the study province, about 2.2 million kg of the active ingredients from the three targeted herbicides is applied annually. Pathway flow modeling with spatial analysis identified several local hotspots of concern based on the type of herbicide and crop/activity where it was used. Cassava planting was found to have the highest herbicide application activity, whereas rice cultivation was the major contributor of total herbicide mass, due to the wide area of cultivation in the province. The herbicide most likely to be applied at rates higher than recommended was 2,4-D, particularly on cassava and sugarcane farms.
Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon; Chanokwan Katasila; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Application Intensity and Spatial Distribution of Three Major Herbicides from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Practices in the Central Plain of Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3046 .
AMA StyleSuphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Chanokwan Katasila, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Application Intensity and Spatial Distribution of Three Major Herbicides from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Practices in the Central Plain of Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuphaphat Kwonpongsagoon; Chanokwan Katasila; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2021. "Application Intensity and Spatial Distribution of Three Major Herbicides from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Practices in the Central Plain of Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3046.
Purpose: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational diseases responsible for work restriction and absenteeism. The purpose of the study was to compare the prevalence of MSDs between ready-made garment (RMG) factories that are compliant versus non-compliant with International Labor Organization (ILO) based Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards, and to identify other factors associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 randomly selected female workers (age: > 18 years; ≥ 1 year of work experience) from 12 randomly selected RMG factories in the Dhaka district of Bangladesh from February to December 2019. Factories were stratified as OSH compliant or non-compliant. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consist of socio-demographic, work-related factors, and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) for MSD assessment. Robust Poisson regression was used to investigate the association of MSDs with OSH compliance, socio-demographic and other work-related factors. Results: Respondents’ mean age was 26.9 ± 5.9 years. A total of 235 (57%) of the workers reported musculoskeletal pain in at least one body part during the last month. Among the nine reported MSDs, the prevalence of lower back pain was highest (41%) followed by pain in the knees (33%). Multivariable analysis showed lower prevalence of any MSD among workers in OSH compliant factories [aPR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.31– 0.58], and workers with regular working hours (8 hrs/day) [aPR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62– 1.00]. The risk of developing any MSD was significantly higher for age group 25– 30 years [aPR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01– 1.33] and age group ≥ 31 years [aPR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04– 1.1.39]. Conclusion: The study found a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders among female RMG workers, especially those in non-OSH compliant factories that work long hours. Enforcement of minimum ILO-based OSH standards and introduction of low-cost interventions to improve working conditions in non-compliant factories would help sustain the pace of development in this sector in Bangladesh, and ensure the health of the women who work there.
Mohammad Hayatun Nabi; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie; Noppanun Nankongnab; Dusit Sujirarat; Suttinun Chantanakul. Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Female Readymade Garment Workers in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study Between OSH Compliant and Non-Compliant Factories. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2021, ume 14, 1119 -1127.
AMA StyleMohammad Hayatun Nabi, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie, Noppanun Nankongnab, Dusit Sujirarat, Suttinun Chantanakul. Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Female Readymade Garment Workers in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study Between OSH Compliant and Non-Compliant Factories. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021; ume 14 ():1119-1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Hayatun Nabi; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie; Noppanun Nankongnab; Dusit Sujirarat; Suttinun Chantanakul. 2021. "Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Female Readymade Garment Workers in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study Between OSH Compliant and Non-Compliant Factories." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy ume 14, no. : 1119-1127.
Antibiotics used during production of food crops to control plant diseases may result in selection of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and occurrence of antibiotic residues. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of antibiotics used in butterhead lettuce production on persistence of commensal microbiota. Butterhead lettuce were treated with antibiotics (oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and streptomycin) at different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) starting at 5 weeks’ growth by spraying once daily for 4 weeks and harvesting 7 days after the final spray application. The population of total aerobic bacteria and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria were determined. The results showed antibiotic usage significantly decreased bacterial populations on lettuce. Moreover, increased concentration of antibiotics resulted in significantly greater decrease in bacterial populations. At a concentration of 500 ppm, all antibiotics achieved an approximate 2 log CFU/g decrease in bacterial populations. A stable population (4 log CFU/g) of potentially antibiotic‐resistant commensal microbiota were maintained throughout production. Screening for level of susceptibility indicated that bacteria exhibited greater resistance to oxytetracycline than gentamicin. In conclusion, application of antibiotics failed to eliminate commensal microbiota, demonstrating large populations of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria reside on lettuce grown under conditions used in the present study. This is the first study focused on antibiotic usage on hydroponic systems. Results of this study suggest regulations directed at antibiotic use on food crops must be developed and implemented to control the selection and spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria that present a global health concern.
Warangkana Srichamnong; Natcha Kalambaheti; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip; Jintana Sirivarasai; Karl R. Matthews. Occurrence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. capitata ). Food Science & Nutrition 2021, 9, 1460 -1470.
AMA StyleWarangkana Srichamnong, Natcha Kalambaheti, Susan Woskie, Pornpimol Kongtip, Jintana Sirivarasai, Karl R. Matthews. Occurrence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. capitata ). Food Science & Nutrition. 2021; 9 (3):1460-1470.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarangkana Srichamnong; Natcha Kalambaheti; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip; Jintana Sirivarasai; Karl R. Matthews. 2021. "Occurrence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. capitata )." Food Science & Nutrition 9, no. 3: 1460-1470.
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.
Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ritthirong Pundee; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Sumate Pengpumkiat; Jutamanee Chungcharoen; Chavisa Phommalachai; Pajaree Konthonbut; Nattagorn Choochouy; Preecha Sowanthip; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. Toxics 2021, 9, 16 .
AMA StylePornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Ritthirong Pundee, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Sumate Pengpumkiat, Jutamanee Chungcharoen, Chavisa Phommalachai, Pajaree Konthonbut, Nattagorn Choochouy, Preecha Sowanthip, Phanthawee Khangkhun, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. Toxics. 2021; 9 (1):16.
Chicago/Turabian StylePornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Ritthirong Pundee; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Sumate Pengpumkiat; Jutamanee Chungcharoen; Chavisa Phommalachai; Pajaree Konthonbut; Nattagorn Choochouy; Preecha Sowanthip; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2021. "Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers." Toxics 9, no. 1: 16.
Objectives We conducted a matched case-control study of informal workers to determine the association between occupational classification and selected types of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Method We extracted data of patients aged ≥18 years from the Thai National Health Security Office database (NHSO) during 2011-2014. Cases were patients who had a primary diagnosis of: diabetes mellitus (E10-E14), hypertension (I10-I15), ischemic heart disease (I20-I25) or stroke (I60-69), or thyroid gland disorder (E00-E07). Controls were patients who had a primary diagnosis of intestinal or parasitic infections (A00-A09 and B25-B99), and were randomly matched 1:1 with cases of the same age and residential area. The four-digit occupation codes recorded in the NHSO were grouped and recoded based on the submajor groups of International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) as follows: agricultural workers, unskilled workers, service, and sales workers. Analysis was performed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Results Occupation and sex inequalities were present among all the selected NCDs. Higher risk for the four selected NCDs was found among unskilled workers. Stronger risk for cardiovascular disease was present among males, while females had a higher risk for metabolic disorders. Conclusions There is a need to understand what are the key factors that increase the risk for NCDs among informal sector workers. Health promotion campaigns are needed to raise awareness among economically and social disadvantaged informal workers about the risk for NCDs. This will require collaboration between public health and the workforce, and allocation of government budgets to address the needs of these workers.
Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Association between occupations and selected noncommunicable diseases: A matched case‐control among Thai informal workers. Journal of Occupational Health 2021, 63, e12249 .
AMA StyleMathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Association between occupations and selected noncommunicable diseases: A matched case‐control among Thai informal workers. Journal of Occupational Health. 2021; 63 (1):e12249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2021. "Association between occupations and selected noncommunicable diseases: A matched case‐control among Thai informal workers." Journal of Occupational Health 63, no. 1: e12249.
Insulin resistance is a risk factor for various diseases. Chronic organophosphate exposure has been reported to be a cause of insulin resistance in animal models. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between organophosphate exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and nonfarmworkers. Participants aged 40–60 years, consisting of 150 pesticide sprayers and 150 nonfarmworkers, were interviewed and assessed for their homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) level. Organophosphate (OP) exposure was measured in 37 sprayers and 46 nonfarmworkers by first morning urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites. The DAP metabolite levels were not different in either group except for diethylthiophosphate (DETP; p = 0.03), which was higher in sprayers. No significant association was observed between DAP metabolite levels and HOMA-IR. Wearing a mask while handling pesticides was associated with lower dimethyl metabolites (95% CI = −11.10, −0.17). Work practices of reading pesticide labels (95% CI = −81.47, −14.99) and washing hands after mixing pesticide (95% CI = −39.97, −3.35) correlated with lower diethyl alkylphosphate level. Overall, we did not observe any association between OP exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and the general population. However, personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization and work practice were associated with OP exposure level in sprayers.
Mathuramat Seesen; Roberto Lucchini; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Ratana Sapbamrer; Surat Hongsibsong; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip. Association between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Insulin Resistance in Pesticide Sprayers and Nonfarmworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8140 .
AMA StyleMathuramat Seesen, Roberto Lucchini, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Ratana Sapbamrer, Surat Hongsibsong, Susan Woskie, Pornpimol Kongtip. Association between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Insulin Resistance in Pesticide Sprayers and Nonfarmworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathuramat Seesen; Roberto Lucchini; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Ratana Sapbamrer; Surat Hongsibsong; Susan Woskie; Pornpimol Kongtip. 2020. "Association between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Insulin Resistance in Pesticide Sprayers and Nonfarmworkers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8140.
Many pesticides are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can interfere with hormone levels. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal impact of exposure to pesticides on thyroid hormone levels, including Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), Free Thyroxine (FT4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). Both conventional (i.e., pesticide using) and organic farmers were interviewed using questionnaires, and blood samples were collected at 7–9 a.m. to determine thyroid hormone levels for four rounds, with a duration of eight months between each round. A linear mixed model of the natural log of the individual hormone levels used random intercepts for subjects while controlling gender, baseline age, and body mass index (BMI) was used to compare between conventional and organic farmers or the impact of cumulative days of spraying insecticides, herbicides or fungicides. The estimated marginal means of the thyroid hormone levels (TSH, FT3, T3, and T4) estimated from the linear mixed models were significantly higher among the conventional farmers than organic farmers. As cumulative spray days of insecticide, herbicide or fungicide increased, TSH and FT3 increased significantly. FT4 decreased significantly as cumulative spray days of insecticide or fungicide increased. These findings suggest that the insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides sprayed by conventional farmers exert endocrine-disrupting activities, altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis homeostasis.
Noppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. Toxics 2020, 8, 82 .
AMA StyleNoppanun Nankongnab, Pornpimol Kongtip, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. Toxics. 2020; 8 (4):82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoppanun Nankongnab; Pornpimol Kongtip; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." Toxics 8, no. 4: 82.
Sugarcane farmers and cutters have been reported to be at high risk of acute kidney injury. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess acute kidney injury biomarkers, and cross-shift change among 150 sugarcane cutters and 98 sugarcane farmers in Thailand. Physical health examination, environmental measurements, and measured urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were assessed. Cross-shift change of urine creatinine (uCr), albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), and NGAL between sugarcane farmers and cutters was compared. Factors influencing abnormal post-shift ACR and NGAL were analyzed by binary logistic regression adjusted with covariates. Sugarcane cutters were significantly more likely to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and herbs to relieve pain than sugarcane farmers. Males were more likely to be current smokers and drinkers although 62% of cutters and 56% of farmers were female. Sugarcane farmers and cutters had similar post-shift estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ACR levels. Cross-shift measurements showed that both sugarcane cutters and sugarcane farmers had significantly higher post-shift geometric mean (GM) urinary NGAL, but that the cross-shift changes of NGAL were significantly higher for sugarcane cutters (182%) vs. sugarcane farmers (112%). Water intake less than recommendation of subjects was a significant predictor of a higher risk for an abnormal post-shift ACR after controlling for covariates, while being a sugarcane cutter was a predictor of a lower risk of an abnormal risk of a post-shift NGAL after controlling for covariates. Measurements of heat stress (WBGT plus workload) found that sugarcane cutters exceeded recommended exposures while sugarcane farmers were compliance to the TLV. These findings suggest that to protect sugarcane farmers and cutters, preventative measures are needed.
Ritthirong Pundee; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Sirirat Anutrakulchai; Mark Gregory Robson; Susan Woskie. Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1170 -1187.
AMA StyleRitthirong Pundee, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Sirirat Anutrakulchai, Mark Gregory Robson, Susan Woskie. Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (5):1170-1187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitthirong Pundee; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Sirirat Anutrakulchai; Mark Gregory Robson; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 5: 1170-1187.
Prolonged or intense exposure to heat can lead to a range of health effects. This study investigated heat exposure and heat-related symptoms which sugarcane workers (90 sugarcane cutters and 93 factory workers) experienced during a harvesting season in Thailand. During the hottest month of harvesting season, wet bulb globe temperature was collected in the work environment, and workloads observed, to assess heat stress. Urine samples for dehydration test, blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature were measured pre- and post-shift to measure heat strain. Fluid intake and heat-related symptoms which subjects had experienced during the harvesting season were gathered via interviews at the end of the season. From the results, sugarcane cutters showed high risk for heat stress and strain, unlike factory workers who had low risk based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for heat stress. Dehydration was observed among sugarcane cutters and significant physiological changes including heart rate, body temperature, and systolic blood pressure occurred across the work shift. Significantly more sugarcane cutters reported experiencing heat-related symptoms including weakness/fatigue, heavy sweating, headache, rash, muscle cramp, dry mouth, dizziness, fever, dry/cracking skin, and swelling, compared to sugarcane factory workers. We conclude that the heat stress experienced by sugarcane cutters working in extremely hot environments, with high workloads, is associated with acute health effects. Preventive and control measures for heat stress are needed to reduce the risk of heat strain.
Pongsit Boonruksa; Thatkhwan Maturachon; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6363 .
AMA StylePongsit Boonruksa, Thatkhwan Maturachon, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6363.
Chicago/Turabian StylePongsit Boonruksa; Thatkhwan Maturachon; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6363.
Agriculture in Thailand, which employs over 30 percent of the workforce and contributes significantly to the country’s gross domestic product, is a key sector of its economy. Import and use of pesticides has increased over the past decade due to Thailand's major role as a leading exporter of food and agricultural products. The widespread and poorly regulated use of pesticides presents a potential risk to the health of farmers, farm families, the general population including children and the environment. This article is a result of the Southeast Asia GEOHealth Network Meeting of February 2019. It summarizes the current situation on pesticide use and regulation in Thailand and reports research findings on the potential health and environmental impacts of pesticide use, as well as highlighting gaps in research that could play an important and influential role in future policy initiatives on pesticides. Although Thailand has made remarkable progress in improving agricultural health and safety and similarly strong research and policy programs are being developed in other countries in the region, there are still significant gaps in research and policy that need to be filled.
Wisanti Laohaudomchok; Noppanun Nankongnab; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Pakasinee Klaimala; Witoon Lianchamroon; Prokchol Ousap; Marut Jatiket; Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul; Noppadon Kitana; Wattasit Siriwong; Thiravat Hemachudhah; Jutamaad Satayavivad; Mark Robson; Lindsay Jaacks; Dana Boyd Barr; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1147 -1169.
AMA StyleWisanti Laohaudomchok, Noppanun Nankongnab, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Pakasinee Klaimala, Witoon Lianchamroon, Prokchol Ousap, Marut Jatiket, Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul, Noppadon Kitana, Wattasit Siriwong, Thiravat Hemachudhah, Jutamaad Satayavivad, Mark Robson, Lindsay Jaacks, Dana Boyd Barr, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (5):1147-1169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWisanti Laohaudomchok; Noppanun Nankongnab; Somkiat Siriruttanapruk; Pakasinee Klaimala; Witoon Lianchamroon; Prokchol Ousap; Marut Jatiket; Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul; Noppadon Kitana; Wattasit Siriwong; Thiravat Hemachudhah; Jutamaad Satayavivad; Mark Robson; Lindsay Jaacks; Dana Boyd Barr; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Pesticide use in Thailand: Current situation, health risks, and gaps in research and policy." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 5: 1147-1169.
In Thailand, glyphosate is popular herbicide to control pests in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to measure glyphosate exposure concentrations through inhalation, dermal contact, and urinary glyphosate concentrations among 43 vegetable farmers spraying glyphosate in Bungphra Subdistrict, Phitsanulok Province. Four types of spraying equipment were used, manual pump backpack (n = 3), motorized spray backpack (n = 22), battery pump backpack (n = 16), and high pressure pump (n = 2). Breathing zone air samples were collected using glass fiber filters; dermal contact samples were collected using 100 cm2 cotton patches attached on 10 body locations and urine samples were collected at 3 time points: morning void urine the day before spraying, the end of spraying event, and the morning void urine the next day of spraying. The results showed that the geometric mean (GM; geometric standard deviation [GSD]) of breathing zone concentrations of glyphosate exposure were 9.37 (10.17) µg/m3. The GM (GSD) of total dermal patches exposure concentrations were 7.57 (0.01) mg/h. The legs, back, and arms were the most exposed body areas. The GM (GSD) of urinary glyphosate was found highest among vegetable farmers using manual backpack 46.90 (1.35) µg/g creatinine. Farmers should wear masks and boots to reduce glyphosate exposure by inhalation and dermal contact.
Sasivimol Bootsikeaw; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Susan Woskie. Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020, 27, 1019 -1036.
AMA StyleSasivimol Bootsikeaw, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Suttinun Chantanakul, Dusit Sujirarat, Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti, Phanthawee Khangkhun, Susan Woskie. Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020; 27 (4):1019-1036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSasivimol Bootsikeaw; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Redeerat Mahaboonpeeti; Phanthawee Khangkhun; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Urinary glyphosate biomonitoring of sprayers in vegetable farm in Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 4: 1019-1036.
A detection method for type-II pyrethroids in an environmental water sample using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) is reported here. The detection approach is based on the formation of cyanide from the hydrolysis of type-II pyrethroids and the colorimetric detection of cyanide on a layer-based µPAD. Parafilm and inexpensive laminating pouches were used to create a hydrophobic barrier for the assay on the µPAD. This detection approach was selective to type-II pyrethroids in water for which an environmental water sample was tested. The calibration curves for cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, and fenvalerate ranged from 2 to 40 µg/mL without sample preconcentration. The lower concentrations of type-II pyrethroids can be assessed by including a preconcentration step prior to the detection on a µPAD. This detection system provides an alternative platform for fast, semiquantitative testing for pesticide contamination in environmental surface water by allowing for portability, low reagent/sample consumption, and low-cost testing.
Sumate Pengpumkiat; Jintana Nammoonnoy; Watcharaporn Wongsakoonkan; Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip. A Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for Type-II Pyrethroid Targets in an Environmental Water Sample. Sensors 2020, 20, 4107 .
AMA StyleSumate Pengpumkiat, Jintana Nammoonnoy, Watcharaporn Wongsakoonkan, Pajaree Konthonbut, Pornpimol Kongtip. A Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for Type-II Pyrethroid Targets in an Environmental Water Sample. Sensors. 2020; 20 (15):4107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSumate Pengpumkiat; Jintana Nammoonnoy; Watcharaporn Wongsakoonkan; Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip. 2020. "A Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for Type-II Pyrethroid Targets in an Environmental Water Sample." Sensors 20, no. 15: 4107.
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in agricultural population is an increasing issue. This study aims to obtain a prevalence estimate of CKDu in male rice farmers in West Java, Indonesia; and analyze the relationship between CKDu and environmental and occupational factors. The study design was cross-sectional. This study included 354 healthy male farmers in two rice agriculture areas in West Java with different altitudes (low altitude and high-altitude location). This research included blood and urine sampling from the farmers for serum creatinine (SCr) level and proteinuria; questionnaire on demographic information, occupational factors and other risk factors for CKDu. We measured ambient temperature and humidity in both study locations for environmental factors. From SCr level and proteinuria, we categorized the farmers into five stages of CKD; then we distinguished CKDu from CKD if the farmers had stage 1–4 of CKD but without diabetes, hypertension and other traditional causes. Data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression to get prevalence odd ratios of CKDu and its relationship with environmental and occupational factors, adjusted with other risk factors of CKDu. The overall prevalence of CKD was 24.9% and CKDu was 18.6%. For the environmental factors, farm location (high altitude versus low altitude location) was associated with CKDu (Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR): 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.5). For the occupational factors, although not significant, the risk of CKDu increased with the longer use of insecticide and with the more frequent of insecticide use. We suggested that there was a need to conduct future research to investigate more on the association of those environmental and occupational factors with CKDu.
Laila Fitria; Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono; Doni Hikmat Ramdhan; Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4521 .
AMA StyleLaila Fitria, Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono, Pornpimol Kongtip, Susan Woskie. Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4521.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaila Fitria; Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono; Doni Hikmat Ramdhan; Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono; Pornpimol Kongtip; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4521.
The aim of this longitudinal study is to assess how pesticide use may impact metabolic biomarkers by collecting and comparing data from conventional (n = 13) and organic farmers (n = 225) every eight months for four rounds. Farmers were interviewed about family health history, food consumption behaviors, self-reported health problems, agricultural activities, and history of pesticide use. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Blood samples were collected for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood glucose, and triglycerides. A linear mixed model with random intercepts for subjects was used to compare the metabolic biomarkers between conventional and organic farmers and to examine the impact of the number of pesticide spray days for all four rounds after controlling for covariates. The conventional farmers reported using insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The marginal means for chemical farmers were significantly higher than organic farmers for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference. Increasing the number of days of spraying either insecticides or fungicides was associated with an increase in HDL, LDL, and cholesterol levels. Increasing the number of herbicide spray days was associated with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in BMI. These findings suggest that pesticide-using conventional farmers may be at higher risk of metabolic disease in the future.
Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4178 .
AMA StylePornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):4178.
Chicago/Turabian StylePornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2020. "Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4178.
Chompunut Onchoi; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Susan Woskie. ORGANOPHOSPHATES IN MECONIUM OF NEWBORN BABIES WHOSE MOTHERS RESIDED IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF THAILAND. 2020, 51, 77 -87.
AMA StyleChompunut Onchoi, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Suttinun Chantanakul, Dusit Sujirarat, Susan Woskie. ORGANOPHOSPHATES IN MECONIUM OF NEWBORN BABIES WHOSE MOTHERS RESIDED IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF THAILAND. . 2020; 51 (1):77-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChompunut Onchoi; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Suttinun Chantanakul; Dusit Sujirarat; Susan Woskie. 2020. "ORGANOPHOSPHATES IN MECONIUM OF NEWBORN BABIES WHOSE MOTHERS RESIDED IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF THAILAND." 51, no. 1: 77-87.
Thai agriculturists heavily used paraquat in agricultural areas to control weed and grasses. This study determined paraquat exposure among backpack sprayers in Thailand and identified determinants of occupational exposure. Breathing zone air and dermal samples were collected from 57 backpack sprayers while spraying. Spot urine samples were collected on the day before spraying, end of spraying event and the next day after spraying. The subjects were interviewed about general demographics, agricultural activities, pesticide application and personal protective equipment used while applying paraquat. Paraquat concentrations in urine samples, air samples and dermal samples were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The median IQR of urinary paraquat concentrations on the day before spraying, end of spraying event, the next day after spraying were 2.51 (0.81–5.59), 8.23 (3.3–13.73) and 3.48 (1.03–8.19) µg/g creatinine, respectively. Concentrations of air samples and total dermal exposures were 5.15 (2.28–10.12) µg/m3 and 92.66 (34.37–1647.46) µg/hr, respectively. Use of battery powered backpack sprayer and standing upwind effectively reduced inhalation exposures. Wearing a long sleeve shirt, long pants, boots, latex gloves and balaclava could reduce paraquat concentration on dermal exposure among backpack sprayers.
Pajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2019, 26, 2798 -2811.
AMA StylePajaree Konthonbut, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul, Witaya Yoosook, Susan Woskie. Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2019; 26 (10):2798-2811.
Chicago/Turabian StylePajaree Konthonbut; Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul; Witaya Yoosook; Susan Woskie. 2019. "Paraquat exposure of backpack sprayers in agricultural area in Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, no. 10: 2798-2811.
Pesticides can act as endocrine disruptors by different mechanisms including inhibition of iodine absorption, increases in thyroid hormone clearance, decreased cellular uptake of thyroid hormones, or changes in expression of thyroid hormone regulated genes. This study examined how exposure to pesticides impacts thyroid hormone levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) by comparing conventional (n = 195) and organic farmers (n = 222), and by evaluating which types of pesticides might be associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels. Questionnaires were used to collect information about farmer characteristics, self-reported stress, agricultural activities, and history of pesticide use. Conventional farmers were asked to report the type and quantity of pesticides used each day. The TSH, FT3, T3, and T4 levels of conventional farmers were 1.6, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.1 times higher than those of organic farmers, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. Several specific herbicides had a significant relationship between the amount applied and an increase in thyroid hormone levels, after covariate adjustment. They included: paraquat (TSH, FT3 and T3); acetochlor (FT4); atrazine (TSH, FT3 and T3); glyphosate (T4); diuron (TSH) and the “other” herbicides including alachlor, propanil, and butachlor (FT4 and T3). The most commonly used herbicide among conventional farmers was glyphosate, followed by paraquat, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). These findings suggest that exposure to pesticides could impact the development of metabolic diseases and other health outcomes by altering the endocrine system (the thyroid hormone levels) through the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. This work is a part of a longitudinal study which will evaluate the sub-chronic effects of repeated exposure to different types of pesticides on thyroid hormone levels.
Pornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Nattagorn Choochouy; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2704 .
AMA StylePornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Nattagorn Choochouy, Jutharak Yimsabai, Susan Woskie. Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (15):2704.
Chicago/Turabian StylePornpimol Kongtip; Noppanun Nankongnab; Nichcha Kallayanatham; Ritthirong Pundee; Nattagorn Choochouy; Jutharak Yimsabai; Susan Woskie. 2019. "Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2704.