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Prof. Dr. Nir Kshetri
Department of Management, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, United States

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0 Internet of Things
0 Blockchain
0 global south
0 Fourth Industrial Revolution
0 Institutional Theory

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Blockchain
global south
Institutional Theory

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Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in International Journal of Information Management
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Theoretical, empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that there are more violations of sustainability principles in supply chains in developing countries than in developed countries. Recent research has demonstrated that blockchain can play an important role in promoting supply chain sustainability. In this paper we argue that blockchain’s characteristics are especially important for enforcing sustainability standards in developing countries. We analyze multiple case studies of blockchain projects implemented in supply chains in developing countries to assess product quality, environmental accounting and social impact measurement. We have developed seven propositions, which describe how blockchain can help address a number of challenges various stakeholders face in promoting sustainable supply chains in developing countries. The challenges that the propositions deal with include those associated with an unfavorable institutional environment, high costs, technological limitations, unequal power distribution among supply chain partners and porosity and opacity of value delivery networks.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain and sustainable supply chain management in developing countries. International Journal of Information Management 2021, 60, 102376 .

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain and sustainable supply chain management in developing countries. International Journal of Information Management. 2021; 60 ():102376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2021. "Blockchain and sustainable supply chain management in developing countries." International Journal of Information Management 60, no. : 102376.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Sustainability
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While prior research has looked at big data’s role in strengthening the environmental justice movement, scholars rarely examine the contexts, mechanisms and processes associated with the use of big data in monitoring and deterring environmental offenders, especially in the Global South. As such, this research aims to substitute for this academic gap through the use of multiple case studies of environmental offenders’ engagement in illegal deforestation, as well as legal deforestation followed by fire. Specifically, we have chosen four cases from three economies in the Global South: Indonesia, Peru and Brazil. We demonstrate how the data utilized by environmental activists in these four cases qualify as true forms of big data, as they have searched and aggregated data from various sources and employed them to achieve their goals. The article shows how big data from various sources, mainly from satellite imagery, can help discern the true extent of environmental destruction caused by various offenders and present convincing evidence. The article also discusses how a rich satellite imagery archive is suitable for analyzing chronological events in order to establish a cause-effect chain. In all of the cases studied, such evidentiary provisions have been used by environmental activists to oblige policy makers to take necessary actions to counter environmental offenses.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Diana Rojas Torres; Hany Besada; Maria Moros Ochoa. Big Data as a Tool to Monitor and Deter Environmental Offenders in the Global South: A Multiple Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10436 .

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Diana Rojas Torres, Hany Besada, Maria Moros Ochoa. Big Data as a Tool to Monitor and Deter Environmental Offenders in the Global South: A Multiple Case Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Diana Rojas Torres; Hany Besada; Maria Moros Ochoa. 2020. "Big Data as a Tool to Monitor and Deter Environmental Offenders in the Global South: A Multiple Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10436.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Computer
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The use of blockchain in food and beverage supply chains may offer benefits by improving food safety, supplier reputation, the visibility of small farmers, efficiency in tracing food contamination sources, transparency, and accountability.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Joanna DeFranco. The Economics Behind Food Supply Blockchains. Computer 2020, 53, 106 -110.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Joanna DeFranco. The Economics Behind Food Supply Blockchains. Computer. 2020; 53 (12):106-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Joanna DeFranco. 2020. "The Economics Behind Food Supply Blockchains." Computer 53, no. 12: 106-110.

Journal article
Published: 07 September 2020 in Computer
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Cyberattacks have significant economic, political, and privacy-related impacts in Brazil. Regulatory and enforcement measures have been insufficient to prevent these attacks. The authors analyze these trends and assess some recent measures to address these issues.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Joanna F. DeFranco. The Economics of Cyberattacks on Brazil. Computer 2020, 53, 85 -90.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Joanna F. DeFranco. The Economics of Cyberattacks on Brazil. Computer. 2020; 53 (9):85-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Joanna F. DeFranco. 2020. "The Economics of Cyberattacks on Brazil." Computer 53, no. 9: 85-90.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Computer
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Presents the introductory editorial for this issue of the publication.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. COVID-19 Meets Big Tech. Computer 2020, 53, 10 -13.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. COVID-19 Meets Big Tech. Computer. 2020; 53 (8):10-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2020. "COVID-19 Meets Big Tech." Computer 53, no. 8: 10-13.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in IT Professional
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Al applications are tackling economic and social challenges facing developing countries. Economically speaking, Al possesses unique mechanisms that allow it to have significant impacts on economic productivity. While developing countries may experience a decline in outsourcing jobs from developed countries, the potential negative impact of such decline can be minimized by appropriate policy to deploy Al solutions. The true potential of Al comes from the ability to complement as well as enhance traditional factors of production.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Artificial Intelligence in Developing Countries. IT Professional 2020, 22, 63 -68.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Artificial Intelligence in Developing Countries. IT Professional. 2020; 22 (4):63-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2020. "Artificial Intelligence in Developing Countries." IT Professional 22, no. 4: 63-68.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Telecommunications Policy
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The cyber-insurance (CI) market is at a nascent stage. This paper investigates how the contexts provided by formal and informal institutions affect the development of the CI industry. It highlights the nature, origin, and implications of CI-related institutions and provides insights into the mechanisms and forces that can lead to institutional changes. It offers an explanation as to how different institutional pillars related to CI progressively evolve and reinforce one another. Such a mechanism is likely to influence a range of demand and supply side factors and create a system that can accelerate the growth of the CI industry and market. The paper also investigates how contradictions generated by CI, the formation of dense networks and changing power dynamics can trigger regulative normative and cognitive changes. Since the current analysis of the causes and consequences of institutions and institutional change is mainly concerned with more established economic sectors, this paper is expected to provide insights into institutions surrounding to this new and rapidly evolving industry.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. The evolution of cyber-insurance industry and market: An institutional analysis. Telecommunications Policy 2020, 44, 102007 .

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. The evolution of cyber-insurance industry and market: An institutional analysis. Telecommunications Policy. 2020; 44 (8):102007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2020. "The evolution of cyber-insurance industry and market: An institutional analysis." Telecommunications Policy 44, no. 8: 102007.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2020 in Computer
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As the increased capacity of 5G has changed the process of viewing, managing, and controlling data security, it also brings added security concerns.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 5G, Security, and You. Computer 2020, 53, 62 -66.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas. 5G, Security, and You. Computer. 2020; 53 (3):62-66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 2020. "5G, Security, and You." Computer 53, no. 3: 62-66.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2020 in Computer
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Several blockchain-based financial technologies and cryptocurrencies have been launched for low-income people. Blockchain?s technical potential can be used to serve the needs of unbanked and underbanked populations, but there is no evidence that these needs are being met.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain-Based Financial Technologies and Cryptocurrencies for Low-Income People: Technical Potential Versus Practical Reality. Computer 2020, 53, 18 -29.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain-Based Financial Technologies and Cryptocurrencies for Low-Income People: Technical Potential Versus Practical Reality. Computer. 2020; 53 (1):18-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2020. "Blockchain-Based Financial Technologies and Cryptocurrencies for Low-Income People: Technical Potential Versus Practical Reality." Computer 53, no. 1: 18-29.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Computer
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ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. Thoughts on General Data Protection Regulation and Online Human Surveillance. Computer 2020, 53, 86 -90.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas. Thoughts on General Data Protection Regulation and Online Human Surveillance. Computer. 2020; 53 (1):86-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 2020. "Thoughts on General Data Protection Regulation and Online Human Surveillance." Computer 53, no. 1: 86-90.

Editorials
Published: 03 April 2019 in Journal of Global Information Technology Management
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Africa has been among the fastest growing regions in terms of cybercrime activities. The continent is also a source of significant cyberattacks targeting the rest of the world. However, a number of measures have been taken to address cyber-threats and improve cybersecurity in the continent. Many countries in the continent have developed legislation to fight cyber-threats. They have also strengthened enforcement measures. Private sector efforts have also been undertaken to strengthen cybersecurity.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in Africa. Journal of Global Information Technology Management 2019, 22, 77 -81.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in Africa. Journal of Global Information Technology Management. 2019; 22 (2):77-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2019. "Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in Africa." Journal of Global Information Technology Management 22, no. 2: 77-81.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2019 in Computer
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What is the life span for a fixed version of a software product? Is it a day, a week, a month, a year, or more? There is no single answer. Each product is unique, based on what it does. The point is that all software has a life span for each unique version of itself

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. Trusting Pirated Software. Computer 2019, 52, 87 -90.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas. Trusting Pirated Software. Computer. 2019; 52 (3):87-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 2019. "Trusting Pirated Software." Computer 52, no. 3: 87-90.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2019 in IT Professional
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ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. Supply Chain Trust. IT Professional 2019, 21, 6 -10.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas. Supply Chain Trust. IT Professional. 2019; 21 (2):6-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 2019. "Supply Chain Trust." IT Professional 21, no. 2: 6-10.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2019 in Computer
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Fraud is a trust issue. Online fraud is a cybertrust issue. Juniper Research estimated that advertising frauds cost online advertisers US$19 billion worldwide in 2018. A recent survey found that 78% of respondents were concerned about ad fraud and bot traffic.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. Online Advertising Fraud. Computer 2019, 52, 58 -61.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas. Online Advertising Fraud. Computer. 2019; 52 (1):58-61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri; Jeffrey Voas. 2019. "Online Advertising Fraud." Computer 52, no. 1: 58-61.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Computer
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There is a growing need to both secure patient health data from unauthorized breaches and at the same time make access to such data easier for patients. Blockchain may provide a solution.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain and Electronic Healthcare Records [Cybertrust]. Computer 2018, 51, 59 -63.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Blockchain and Electronic Healthcare Records [Cybertrust]. Computer. 2018; 51 (12):59-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2018. "Blockchain and Electronic Healthcare Records [Cybertrust]." Computer 51, no. 12: 59-63.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in IT Professional
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The cyber-insurance market currently is at a nascent stage. According to the German reinsurance company Munich Re, worldwide spending on cyber-insurance was US$3.4-US$4 billion in 2017, which is estimated to increase to US$8-US$9 billion by 2020 (https://tinyurl.com/ycrwhvlf). Cyber-insurance premiums currently account for only a tiny fraction of total insurance premiums. For instance, only in OECD economies do total insurance premium exceed US$5 trillion in 2016 (https://data.oecd.org/insurance/gross-insurance-premiums.htm).

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. The Economics of Cyber-Insurance. IT Professional 2018, 20, 9 -14.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. The Economics of Cyber-Insurance. IT Professional. 2018; 20 (6):9-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2018. "The Economics of Cyber-Insurance." IT Professional 20, no. 6: 9-14.

Editorials
Published: 02 October 2017 in Journal of Global Information Technology Management
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The visible effects of blockchain are already being noted in the Global South. This editorial presents early evidence linking the use of blockchain in overcoming economic, social, and political challenges facing economies in the Global South. Highlighted are the key applications and uses of blockchain in addressing these challenges. The political, social, and economic effects of blockchain are systematically evaluated. This essay demonstrates how blockchain can help promote transparency, build trust and reputation, and enhance efficiency in transactions.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Potential roles of blockchain in fighting poverty and reducing financial exclusion in the global south. Journal of Global Information Technology Management 2017, 20, 201 -204.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Potential roles of blockchain in fighting poverty and reducing financial exclusion in the global south. Journal of Global Information Technology Management. 2017; 20 (4):201-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2017. "Potential roles of blockchain in fighting poverty and reducing financial exclusion in the global south." Journal of Global Information Technology Management 20, no. 4: 201-204.

Articles
Published: 20 December 2016 in Third World Quarterly
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Just like its recent predecessors, blockchain – also known as the distributed ledger technology – is considered to have the potential to cause major economic, political and social transformations in the Global South. The visible effects of this technology are already being noted there. We present early evidence linking the use of blockchain in overcoming some economic, social and political challenges facing the Global South. The article highlights the key applications and uses of blockchain in developing countries. It demonstrates how blockchain can help promote transparency, build trust and reputation, and enhance efficiency in transactions. The article looks at opportunities and key triggers for blockchain diffusion in these countries. It also delves into challenges and obstacles that developing economies are likely to encounter in the use of blockchain.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South? Third World Quarterly 2016, 38, 1710 -1732.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South? Third World Quarterly. 2016; 38 (8):1710-1732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2016. "Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South?" Third World Quarterly 38, no. 8: 1710-1732.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2016 in International Journal of Information Management
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A number of high profile innovations have been created in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we examine the mechanisms associated with the development, deployment, diffusion, and export of SSA-originated innovations. The paper gives special consideration to the relative roles and contributions of local and outside resources in the creation and deployment of innovations in SSA economies. A key focus of the article is on the roles of local infrastructural facilities, systems and services in affecting the diffusion of SSA-originated innovations. Also discussed are the features of SSA-originated innovations that explain the diffusion rates. It provides a detailed analysis and description of the key characteristics of SSA-originated innovations that can increase the possibility of being internationalized or exported to other countries. Finally, we analyze how such mechanisms vary across large and small scale innovations.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Creation, deployment, diffusion and export of Sub-Saharan Africa-originated information technology-related innovations. International Journal of Information Management 2016, 36, 1274 -1287.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Creation, deployment, diffusion and export of Sub-Saharan Africa-originated information technology-related innovations. International Journal of Information Management. 2016; 36 (6):1274-1287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2016. "Creation, deployment, diffusion and export of Sub-Saharan Africa-originated information technology-related innovations." International Journal of Information Management 36, no. 6: 1274-1287.

Article
Published: 10 September 2016 in Contemporary Crises
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Cybercrime is rising rapidly in India. Developing economies such as India face unique cybercrime risks. This paper examines cybercrime and cybersecurity in India. The literature on which this paper draws is diverse, encompassing the work of economists, criminologists, institutionalists and international relations theorists. We develop a framework that delineates the relationships of formal and informal institutions, various causes of prosperity and poverty and international relations related aspects with cybercrime and cybersecurity and apply it to analyze the cybercrime and cybersecurity situations in India. The findings suggest that developmental, institutional and international relations issues are significant to cybercrime and cybersecurity in developing countries.

ACS Style

Nir Kshetri. Cybercrime and cybersecurity in India: causes, consequences and implications for the future. Contemporary Crises 2016, 66, 313 -338.

AMA Style

Nir Kshetri. Cybercrime and cybersecurity in India: causes, consequences and implications for the future. Contemporary Crises. 2016; 66 (3):313-338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nir Kshetri. 2016. "Cybercrime and cybersecurity in India: causes, consequences and implications for the future." Contemporary Crises 66, no. 3: 313-338.