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Ms. Siti Koriah Zakaria
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

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0 Metallurgy
0 geopolymer
0 Materials engineering
0 Material Characterization
0 Polymer and polymer composites

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Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Crystals
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This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from electric arc furnace, EAF steel slag waste), which led to severe surface defects and high closed porosity issue of the ceramics. Statistical analysis of GFFD including model adequacy checking, analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot and response optimizer were conducted in the study. The responses (final properties of ceramics) investigated were firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, the factors employed in experimental parameters were weight percentage (wt.%) of EAF slag added and firing temperature. Upon statistical analysis, GFFD has deduced that wt.% amount of EAF slag added and firing temperatures are proven to significantly influence the final properties of the clay-based ceramic incorporated with EAF slag. The results of conducted statistical analysis were also highly significant and proven valid for the ceramics. Optimized properties (maximum MOR, minimum water absorption and apparent porosity) of the ceramic were attained at 50 wt.% of EAF slag added and firing temperature of 1180 °C.

ACS Style

Pao Teo; Siti Zakaria; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mustaffa Taib; Julie Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Masri. Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste. Crystals 2021, 11, 442 .

AMA Style

Pao Teo, Siti Zakaria, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Mustaffa Taib, Julie Mohamed, Mahani Yusoff, Abdul Yusoff, Mardawani Mohamad, Arlina Ali, Mohamad Masri. Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste. Crystals. 2021; 11 (4):442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Teo; Siti Zakaria; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mustaffa Taib; Julie Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Masri. 2021. "Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste." Crystals 11, no. 4: 442.

Review
Published: 09 October 2020 in Metals
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Steel slag is one of the most common waste products from the steelmaking industry. Conventional methods of slag disposal can cause negative impacts on humans and the environment. In this paper, the process of steel and steel slag production, physical and chemical properties, and potential options of slag recycling were reviewed. Since steel is mainly produced through an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Malaysia, most of the recycling options reviewed in this paper focused on EAF slag and the strengths and weaknesses of each recycle option were outlined. Based on the reports from previous studies, it was found that only a portion of EAF slag is recycled into more straightforward, but lower added value applications such as aggregates for the construction industry and filter/absorber for wastewater treatments. On the other hand, higher added value recycling options for EAF slag that are more complicated such as incorporated as raw material for Portland cement and ceramic building materials remain at the laboratory testing stage. The main hurdle preventing EAF slag from being incorporated as a raw material for higher added value industrial applications is its inconsistent chemical composition. The chemical composition of EAF slag can vary based on the scrap metal used for steel production. For this, mineral separation techniques can be introduced to classify the EAF slag base on its physical and chemical compositions. We concluded that future research on recycling EAF slag should focus on separation techniques that diversify the recycling options for EAF slag, thereby increasing the waste product’s recycling rate.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals 2020, 10, 1347 .

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Mahani Yusoff, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Mardawani Mohamad, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals. 2020; 10 (10):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. 2020. "Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review." Metals 10, no. 10: 1347.