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Prof. Dr. Kristin Verbeke
Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Center, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium

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0 Probiotics
0 Stable Isotopes
0 Short Chain Fatty Acids
0 prebiotics

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Short Chain Fatty Acids
prebiotics
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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Stress
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Chronic stress is associated with an increased conversion of tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN). However, only a few studies investigated KYN pathway metabolite concentrations following acute stress in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that TRP/KYN metabolism changes following acute stress, and that KYN pathway metabolites are associated with cortisol and subjective stress responses. In a single-arm pilot study, we explored whether KYN pathway metabolites concentrations were altered after acute stress induced by the Maastricht Acute Stress Test in healthy males (n = 56, mean age: 27 (SD = 4.5) years, BMI: 23 (SD = 1.8) kg/m2). In particular, we examined whether concentrations of TRP decreased, and KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and the ratio of KYN to TRP (KYN:TRP) increased after acute stress. Furthermore, we assessed whether cortisol and subjective stress responses correlated with KYN pathway metabolite measures after stress induction, based on both the area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg) as well as the incremental area under the curve (AUCi). Concentrations of TRP, KYN, KYNA, and KYN:TRP were significantly lower after stress induction compared to pre-stress induction (all p < 0.01). AUCi and AUCg reflecting cortisol and subjective stress responses did not correlate with AUCi and AUCg reflecting KYN pathway metabolite responses. These preliminary results indicate that KYN pathway metabolites are lower after acute psychosocial stress induction. Moreover, although chronic stress and subsequent prolonged elevated cortisol concentrations and subjective stress stimulate the conversion of TRP into KYN, acute stress is not associated with such conversion up to 35 minutes after stress induction.

ACS Style

Danique La Torre; Boushra Dalile; Henriette de Loor; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Kristin Verbeke. Changes in Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites After Acute Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Males: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Stress 2021, 1 -25.

AMA Style

Danique La Torre, Boushra Dalile, Henriette de Loor, Lukas Van Oudenhove, Kristin Verbeke. Changes in Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites After Acute Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Males: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Stress. 2021; ():1-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danique La Torre; Boushra Dalile; Henriette de Loor; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Kristin Verbeke. 2021. "Changes in Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites After Acute Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Males: A Single-Arm Pilot Study." Stress , no. : 1-25.

Regular paper
Published: 09 June 2021 in Acta Physiologica
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Aim Chronodisruption desynchronizes peripheral clocks and leads to metabolic diseases. Feeding cues are important synchronizers of peripheral clocks and influence rhythmic oscillations in intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. We investigated whether chronic jetlag, mimicking frequent time zone travelling, affected the diurnal fluctuations in faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, that feed back to the gut clock to regulate rhythmicity in gut function. Methods Rhythms in faecal SCFAs levels and in the expression of clock genes and epithelial markers were measured in the colonic mucosa of control and jetlagged mice. The entraining effect of SCFAs on the rhythm in clock gene mRNA expression was studied in primary colonic crypts. The role of the circadian clock in epithelial marker expression was studied in Arntl−/− mice. Results Chronic jetlag increased body weight gain and abolished the day/night food intake pattern which resulted in a phase-delay in the rhythm of faecal SCFAs that paralleled the shift in the expression of mucosal clock genes. This effect was mimicked by stimulation of primary colonic crypts from control mice with SCFAs. Jetlag abolished the rhythm in Tnfα, proglucagon and ghrelin expression but not in the expression of tight junction markers. Only a dampening in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 but not in ghrelin levels was observed. Rhythms in ghrelin but not proglucagon mRNA expression were abolished in Arntl−/− mice. Conclusion The altered food intake pattern during chronodisruption corresponds with the changes in rhythmicity of SCFA levels that entrain clock genes to affect rhythms in mRNA expression of gut epithelial markers.

ACS Style

Louis Desmet; Theo Thijs; Anneleen Segers; Kristin Verbeke; Inge Depoortere. Chronodisruption by chronic jetlag impacts metabolic and gastrointestinal homeostasis in male mice. Acta Physiologica 2021, e13703 .

AMA Style

Louis Desmet, Theo Thijs, Anneleen Segers, Kristin Verbeke, Inge Depoortere. Chronodisruption by chronic jetlag impacts metabolic and gastrointestinal homeostasis in male mice. Acta Physiologica. 2021; ():e13703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louis Desmet; Theo Thijs; Anneleen Segers; Kristin Verbeke; Inge Depoortere. 2021. "Chronodisruption by chronic jetlag impacts metabolic and gastrointestinal homeostasis in male mice." Acta Physiologica , no. : e13703.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Journal of Medical Internet Research
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Background Digital food registration via online platforms that are coupled to large food databases obviates the need for manual processing of dietary data. The reliability of such platforms depends on the quality of the associated food database. Objective In this study, we validate the database of MyFitnessPal versus the Belgian food composition database, Nubel. Methods After carefully given instructions, 50 participants used MyFitnessPal to each complete a 4-day dietary record 2 times (T1 and T2), with 1 month in between T1 and T2. Nutrient intake values were calculated either manually, using the food composition database Nubel, or automatically, using the database coupled to MyFitnessPal. First, nutrient values from T1 were used as a training set to develop an algorithm that defined upper limit values for energy intake, carbohydrates, fat, protein, fiber, sugar, cholesterol, and sodium. These limits were applied to the MyFitnessPal dataset extracted at T2 to remove extremely high and likely erroneous values. Original and cleaned T2 values were correlated with the Nubel calculated values. Bias was estimated using Bland-Altman plots. Finally, we simulated the impact of using MyFitnessPal for nutrient analysis instead of Nubel on the power of a study design that correlates nutrient intake to a chosen outcome variable. Results Per food portion, the following upper limits were defined: 1500 kilocalories for total energy intake, 95 grams (g) for carbohydrates, 92 g for fat, 52 g for protein, 22 g for fiber, 70 g for sugar, 600 mg for cholesterol, and 3600 mg for sodium. Cleaning the dataset extracted at T2 resulted in a 2.8% rejection. Cleaned MyFitnessPal values demonstrated strong correlations with Nubel for energy intake (r=0.96), carbohydrates (r=0.90), fat (r=0.90), protein (r=0.90), fiber (r=0.80), and sugar (r=0.79), but weak correlations for cholesterol (ρ=0.51) and sodium (ρ=0.53); all P values were ≤.001. No bias was found between both methods, except for a fixed bias for fiber and a proportional bias for cholesterol. A 5-10% power loss should be taken into account when correlating energy intake and macronutrients obtained with MyFitnessPal to an outcome variable, compared to Nubel. Conclusions Dietary analysis with MyFitnessPal is accurate and efficient for total energy intake, macronutrients, sugar, and fiber, but not for cholesterol and sodium.

ACS Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Wendy Van Loo; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020, 22, e18237 .

AMA Style

Charlotte Evenepoel, Egbert Clevers, Lise Deroover, Wendy Van Loo, Christophe Matthys, Kristin Verbeke. Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020; 22 (10):e18237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Wendy Van Loo; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. 2020. "Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 10: e18237.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Cell Reports
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Summary Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) present with important emotional, cognitive, and social impairments. The gut microbiota has been recently shown to regulate brain functions and behavior but convincing evidence of its role in AUD is lacking. Here, we show that gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolic alterations that affect behavioral (depression, sociability) and neurobiological (myelination, neurotransmission, inflammation) processes involved in alcohol addiction. By transplanting the gut microbiota from AUD patients to mice, we point out that the production of ethanol by specific bacterial genera and the reduction of lipolysis are associated with a lower hepatic synthesis of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which thereby prevents the neuroprotective effect of BHB. We confirm these results in detoxified AUD patients, in which we observe a persisting ethanol production in the feces as well as correlations among low plasma BHB levels and social impairments, depression, or brain white matter alterations.

ACS Style

Sophie Leclercq; Tiphaine Le Roy; Sonia Furgiuele; Valentin Coste; Laure B. Bindels; Quentin Leyrolle; Audrey M. Neyrinck; Caroline Quoilin; Camille Amadieu; Géraldine Petit; Laurence Dricot; Vanessa Tagliatti; Patrice D. Cani; Kristin Verbeke; Jean-Marie Colet; Peter Stärkel; Philippe de Timary; Nathalie M. Delzenne. Gut Microbiota-Induced Changes in β-Hydroxybutyrate Metabolism Are Linked to Altered Sociability and Depression in Alcohol Use Disorder. Cell Reports 2020, 33, 108238 .

AMA Style

Sophie Leclercq, Tiphaine Le Roy, Sonia Furgiuele, Valentin Coste, Laure B. Bindels, Quentin Leyrolle, Audrey M. Neyrinck, Caroline Quoilin, Camille Amadieu, Géraldine Petit, Laurence Dricot, Vanessa Tagliatti, Patrice D. Cani, Kristin Verbeke, Jean-Marie Colet, Peter Stärkel, Philippe de Timary, Nathalie M. Delzenne. Gut Microbiota-Induced Changes in β-Hydroxybutyrate Metabolism Are Linked to Altered Sociability and Depression in Alcohol Use Disorder. Cell Reports. 2020; 33 (2):108238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sophie Leclercq; Tiphaine Le Roy; Sonia Furgiuele; Valentin Coste; Laure B. Bindels; Quentin Leyrolle; Audrey M. Neyrinck; Caroline Quoilin; Camille Amadieu; Géraldine Petit; Laurence Dricot; Vanessa Tagliatti; Patrice D. Cani; Kristin Verbeke; Jean-Marie Colet; Peter Stärkel; Philippe de Timary; Nathalie M. Delzenne. 2020. "Gut Microbiota-Induced Changes in β-Hydroxybutyrate Metabolism Are Linked to Altered Sociability and Depression in Alcohol Use Disorder." Cell Reports 33, no. 2: 108238.

Review
Published: 30 September 2020 in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
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The gastrointestinal tract harbours a complex resident microbial ecosystem, comprising over 500 species, spanning commensals, mutualist, opportunistic and professional pathogens thriving on undigested food components originating from the diet and endogenous secretions. Despite this high concentration of food and bacterial antigens, a healthy gut has a near absent level of inflammation, a status called intestinal immune homeostasis. This immune homeostasis is built and maintained in the presence, and interestingly, with cooperation of the microbiota. The microbiota ferments undigested food components into a wide variety of metabolites, some of which interact with the intestinal immune system. In particular short chain fatty acids, aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands and bile acid metabolites have been involved in the induction of intestinal immune homeostasis. The production of these metabolites is influenced by the microbial load and community structure, as well as the availability of substrates and the gut environment which are directly or indirectly modulated by food intake. In this manuscript, we review the factors that influence the production of these metabolites and their interaction with the immune cells that play key roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis in the healthy gut. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Jonas Poppe; Lies van Baarle; Gianluca Matteoli; Kristin Verbeke. How Microbial Food Fermentation Supports a Tolerant Gut. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2020, 65, e2000036 .

AMA Style

Jonas Poppe, Lies van Baarle, Gianluca Matteoli, Kristin Verbeke. How Microbial Food Fermentation Supports a Tolerant Gut. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2020; 65 (5):e2000036.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonas Poppe; Lies van Baarle; Gianluca Matteoli; Kristin Verbeke. 2020. "How Microbial Food Fermentation Supports a Tolerant Gut." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 65, no. 5: e2000036.

Consensus statement
Published: 21 August 2020 in Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
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In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to “a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host”. The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept.

ACS Style

Kelly S. Swanson; Glenn R. Gibson; Robert Hutkins; Raylene A. Reimer; Gregor Reid; Kristin Verbeke; Karen P. Scott; Hannah D. Holscher; Meghan B. Azad; Nathalie M. Delzenne; Mary Ellen Sanders. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2020, 17, 687 -701.

AMA Style

Kelly S. Swanson, Glenn R. Gibson, Robert Hutkins, Raylene A. Reimer, Gregor Reid, Kristin Verbeke, Karen P. Scott, Hannah D. Holscher, Meghan B. Azad, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Mary Ellen Sanders. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2020; 17 (11):687-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kelly S. Swanson; Glenn R. Gibson; Robert Hutkins; Raylene A. Reimer; Gregor Reid; Kristin Verbeke; Karen P. Scott; Hannah D. Holscher; Meghan B. Azad; Nathalie M. Delzenne; Mary Ellen Sanders. 2020. "The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 17, no. 11: 687-701.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2020 in Neuropsychopharmacology
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are products of microbial fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon and may mediate microbiota-gut-brain communication. However, their role in modulating psychobiological processes that underlie the development of stress- and anxiety-related disorders is not mechanistically studied in humans. In this triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial, we examine in a parallel group design the effects of 1-week colonic SCFA-mixture delivery in doses equivalent to fermentation of 10 g or 20 g of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on responses to psychosocial stress and fear tasks in 66 healthy men. We demonstrate that low and high doses of SCFAs significantly attenuate the cortisol response to psychosocial stress compared to placebo. Both doses of SCFAs increase serum SCFA levels and this increase in circulating SCFAs co-varies significantly with the attenuation of the cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Colonic SCFA delivery does not modulate fecal SCFA concentrations, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cortisol awakening response, fear learning and extinction, or subjective mood ratings. These results demonstrate that colon-delivered SCFAs modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to psychosocial stress, thereby supporting their hypothesized role in microbiota-gut-brain communication.

ACS Style

Boushra Dalile; Bram Vervliet; Gabriela Bergonzelli; Kristin Verbeke; Lukas Van Oudenhove. Colon-delivered short-chain fatty acids attenuate the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in healthy men: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020, 45, 2257 -2266.

AMA Style

Boushra Dalile, Bram Vervliet, Gabriela Bergonzelli, Kristin Verbeke, Lukas Van Oudenhove. Colon-delivered short-chain fatty acids attenuate the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in healthy men: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020; 45 (13):2257-2266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boushra Dalile; Bram Vervliet; Gabriela Bergonzelli; Kristin Verbeke; Lukas Van Oudenhove. 2020. "Colon-delivered short-chain fatty acids attenuate the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in healthy men: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial." Neuropsychopharmacology 45, no. 13: 2257-2266.

Conference paper
Published: 10 June 2020 in Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
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A major challenge in dietary assessment is the manual pre-processing of dietary data. Digital food registration via online platforms that are coupled to large food databases can automate this process. The accuracy of such platforms depends on the quality of the associated food database. In this study we validated the database of MyFitnessPal (MFP) versus the Belgian food composition database Nubel.Fifty participants collected a 4-day dietary record using MFP at 2 time points, T1 and T2. Nutrient intake values extracted from MFP at T1 were used as training set to define a cut-off for each parameter (energy intake (EI), carbohydrates (CH), fat (F), protein (P), fibre (Fi), sugar (S), cholesterol (Ch) and sodium (So)) by optimising correlation with Nubel calculated values. Application of these criteria to the values extracted at T2 (n = 2826) resulted in rejection rate of 2.8%. The remaining values were correlated (Pearson or Spearman) with the Nubel calculated values. Fixed and proportional biases were traced using Bland-Altman analysis and impact on sample size was estimated from a power simulation.MFP demonstrated strong correlation with the Nubel database for EI (r = 0.95), CH (r = 0.90), F (r = 0.90), P (r = 0.88), Fi (r = 0.80) and S (r = 0.77), but weak correlations for Ch (ρ = 0.51) and So (ρ = 0.53); all p < 0.001. Bland-Altman analysis showed no fixed bias between both methods, whereas a proportional bias was found for cholesterol. A practical implication is a loss of statistical power by 5–10% for EI and macronutrients compared to the Nubel database and the need to increase sample size accordingly.We conclude that dietary analysis with MFP is accurate and efficient for total energy intake, macronutrients, fibre and sugar, but not for cholesterol and sodium

ACS Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. Dietary assessment with the online platform MyFitnessPal: a reliable method? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2020, 79, 1 .

AMA Style

Charlotte Evenepoel, Egbert Clevers, Lise Deroover, Christophe Matthys, Kristin Verbeke. Dietary assessment with the online platform MyFitnessPal: a reliable method? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2020; 79 (OCE2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. 2020. "Dietary assessment with the online platform MyFitnessPal: a reliable method?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. OCE2: 1.

Original article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Neurogastroenterology & Motility
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Background The COVID‐19 pandemic, declared by WHO on March 13th 2020, had a major global impact on the health care system and services. In the acute phase, the presence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in the aerodigestive tract limited activities in the gastroenterology clinic and procedures to emergencies only. Motility and function testing was interrupted and as we enter the recovery phase, restarting these procedures requires a safety‐focused approach with adequate infection prevention for patients and healthcare professionals. Methods We summarized knowledge on the presence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in the aerodigestive tract and the risk of spread with motility and functional testing. We surveyed 39 European centers documenting how the pandemic affected activities and which measures they are considering for restarting these measurements. We propose recommendations based on current knowledge as applied in our center. Results Positioning of catheters for gastrointestinal motility tests carries a concern for aerosol‐borne infection of health care workers. The risk is low with breath tests. The surveyed centers stopped almost all motility and function tests from the second half of March. The speed of restarting and the safety measures taken varied highly. Conclusions and Inferences Based on these findings, we provided recommendations and practical relevant information for motility and function test procedures in the COVID‐19 pandemic era, to guarantee a high‐quality patient care with adequate infection prevention.

ACS Style

Jan Tack; Jolien Schol; Annelies Geeraerts; I‐Hsuan Huang; Hideki Mori; Emidio Scarpellini; Pieter Sinonquel; Florencia Carbone; Esther Colomier; Hannelore Geysen; Sawangpong Jandee; An Moonen; Jasper Pannemans; Lien Timmermans; Karen Van Den Houte; Wout Verbeure; Lucas Wauters; Raf Bisschops; Ilse Hoffman; Philip Roelandt; Nathalie Rommel; Magnus Simren; Hidekazu Suzuki; Hans Tornblom; Kristin Verbeke; Tim Vanuytsel. A survey on the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on motility and functional investigations in Europe and considerations for recommencing activities in the early recovery phase. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2020, 32, e13926 .

AMA Style

Jan Tack, Jolien Schol, Annelies Geeraerts, I‐Hsuan Huang, Hideki Mori, Emidio Scarpellini, Pieter Sinonquel, Florencia Carbone, Esther Colomier, Hannelore Geysen, Sawangpong Jandee, An Moonen, Jasper Pannemans, Lien Timmermans, Karen Van Den Houte, Wout Verbeure, Lucas Wauters, Raf Bisschops, Ilse Hoffman, Philip Roelandt, Nathalie Rommel, Magnus Simren, Hidekazu Suzuki, Hans Tornblom, Kristin Verbeke, Tim Vanuytsel. A survey on the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on motility and functional investigations in Europe and considerations for recommencing activities in the early recovery phase. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2020; 32 (7):e13926.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Tack; Jolien Schol; Annelies Geeraerts; I‐Hsuan Huang; Hideki Mori; Emidio Scarpellini; Pieter Sinonquel; Florencia Carbone; Esther Colomier; Hannelore Geysen; Sawangpong Jandee; An Moonen; Jasper Pannemans; Lien Timmermans; Karen Van Den Houte; Wout Verbeure; Lucas Wauters; Raf Bisschops; Ilse Hoffman; Philip Roelandt; Nathalie Rommel; Magnus Simren; Hidekazu Suzuki; Hans Tornblom; Kristin Verbeke; Tim Vanuytsel. 2020. "A survey on the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on motility and functional investigations in Europe and considerations for recommencing activities in the early recovery phase." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 32, no. 7: e13926.

Review
Published: 29 April 2020 in Toxins
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Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of bone mineral density loss and vascular calcification. Bone demineralization and vascular mineralization often concur in CKD, similar to what observed in the general population. This contradictory association is commonly referred to as the ‘calcification paradox’ or the bone–vascular axis. Mounting evidence indicates that CKD-associated gut dysbiosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of the bone–vascular axis. A disrupted intestinal barrier function, a metabolic shift from a predominant saccharolytic to a proteolytic fermentation pattern, and a decreased generation of vitamin K may, alone or in concert, drive a vascular and skeletal pathobiology in CKD patients. A better understanding of the role of gut dysbiosis in the bone–vascular axis may open avenues for novel therapeutics, including nutriceuticals.

ACS Style

Pieter Evenepoel; Sander DeJongh; Kristin Verbeke; Bjorn Meijers. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Bone–Vascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins 2020, 12, 285 .

AMA Style

Pieter Evenepoel, Sander DeJongh, Kristin Verbeke, Bjorn Meijers. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Bone–Vascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pieter Evenepoel; Sander DeJongh; Kristin Verbeke; Bjorn Meijers. 2020. "The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Bone–Vascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease." Toxins 12, no. 5: 285.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Journal of Endocrinology
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The known crosstalk between short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the circadian clock is tightly intertwined with feeding time. We aimed to investigate the role of the core clock gene Bmal1 and feeding time in the diurnal rhythms in plasma and caecal SCFA levels and in their effect on the release of the hunger hormone ghrelin in the stomach and colon. WT, Bmal1-/- (ad libitum fed) and night-time-restricted-fed (RF)-Bmal1-/- littermates were killed at zeitgeber time (ZT) 4 and 16. SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. To investigate the effect of SCFAs on ghrelin release, stomach and colonic full-thickness strips were incubated with Krebs or a SCFA mix mimicking plasma or caecal concentrations, after which octanoyl ghrelin release was measured by RIA. Diurnal rhythms in caecal and plasma SCFAs oscillated in phase but rhythmic changes were abolished in Bmal1-/- mice. RF of Bmal1-/- mice restored fluctuations in caecal SCFAs. Plasma SCFA concentrations failed to affect gastric ghrelin release. The effect of caecal SCFA concentrations on colonic ghrelin release was rhythmic (inhibition at ZT 4, no effect at ZT 16). In Bmal1-/- mice, the inhibitory effect of SCFAs at ZT 4 was abolished. RF Bmal1-/- mice restored the inhibitory effect and increased colonic Clock expression. To conclude, diurnal fluctuations in caecal SCFAs and the effect of SCFAs on colonic ghrelin release are regulated by feeding time, independent of the core clock gene Bmal1. However, local entrainment of other clock genes might contribute to the observed effects.

ACS Style

Anneleen Segers; Louis Desmet; Shu Sun; Kristin Verbeke; Jan Tack; Inge Depoortere. Night-time feeding of Bmal1−/− mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin. Journal of Endocrinology 2020, 245, 155 -164.

AMA Style

Anneleen Segers, Louis Desmet, Shu Sun, Kristin Verbeke, Jan Tack, Inge Depoortere. Night-time feeding of Bmal1−/− mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin. Journal of Endocrinology. 2020; 245 (1):155-164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anneleen Segers; Louis Desmet; Shu Sun; Kristin Verbeke; Jan Tack; Inge Depoortere. 2020. "Night-time feeding of Bmal1−/− mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin." Journal of Endocrinology 245, no. 1: 155-164.

Preprint content
Published: 13 February 2020
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BACKGROUND Digital food registration via online platforms that are coupled to large food databases obviates the need for manual processing of dietary data. The reliability of such platforms depends on the quality of the associated food database. OBJECTIVE In this study, we validate the database of MyFitnessPal versus the Belgian food composition database, Nubel. METHODS After carefully given instructions, 50 participants used MyFitnessPal to each complete a 4-day dietary record 2 times (T1 and T2), with 1 month in between T1 and T2. Nutrient intake values were calculated either manually, using the food composition database Nubel, or automatically, using the database coupled to MyFitnessPal. First, nutrient values from T1 were used as a training set to develop an algorithm that defined upper limit values for energy intake, carbohydrates, fat, protein, fiber, sugar, cholesterol, and sodium. These limits were applied to the MyFitnessPal dataset extracted at T2 to remove extremely high and likely erroneous values. Original and cleaned T2 values were correlated with the Nubel calculated values. Bias was estimated using Bland-Altman plots. Finally, we simulated the impact of using MyFitnessPal for nutrient analysis instead of Nubel on the power of a study design that correlates nutrient intake to a chosen outcome variable. RESULTS Per food portion, the following upper limits were defined: 1500 kilocalories for total energy intake, 95 grams (g) for carbohydrates, 92 g for fat, 52 g for protein, 22 g for fiber, 70 g for sugar, 600 mg for cholesterol, and 3600 mg for sodium. Cleaning the dataset extracted at T2 resulted in a 2.8% rejection. Cleaned MyFitnessPal values demonstrated strong correlations with Nubel for energy intake (r=0.96), carbohydrates (r=0.90), fat (r=0.90), protein (r=0.90), fiber (r=0.80), and sugar (r=0.79), but weak correlations for cholesterol (ρ=0.51) and sodium (ρ=0.53); all P values were ≤.001. No bias was found between both methods, except for a fixed bias for fiber and a proportional bias for cholesterol. A 5-10% power loss should be taken into account when correlating energy intake and macronutrients obtained with MyFitnessPal to an outcome variable, compared to Nubel. CONCLUSIONS Dietary analysis with MyFitnessPal is accurate and efficient for total energy intake, macronutrients, sugar, and fiber, but not for cholesterol and sodium.

ACS Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Wendy Van Loo; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Charlotte Evenepoel, Egbert Clevers, Lise Deroover, Wendy Van Loo, Christophe Matthys, Kristin Verbeke. Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charlotte Evenepoel; Egbert Clevers; Lise Deroover; Wendy Van Loo; Christophe Matthys; Kristin Verbeke. 2020. "Accuracy of Nutrient Calculations Using the Consumer-Focused Online App MyFitnessPal: Validation Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 09 October 2019 in Neurogastroenterology & Motility
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Background The use of opioids as analgesic is on the rise, despite their inhibitory effect on gastric emptying. A novel feeding catheter with integrated intragastric balloon was developed to continuously assess gastric motility, enabling to investigate the effect of opioids on motility and emptying simultaneously. We aimed to discriminate normal and pharmacologically impaired gastric motility and its impact on gastric emptying in healthy adults. Methods The VIPUN Gastric Monitoring System comprises a nasogastric balloon catheter and a monitoring unit. In a four‐way randomized, single‐blinded, cross‐over study, subjects received either placebo or 58.8 mg codeine phosphate in combination with either an uninflated or an inflated (180 mL) balloon catheter. Motility‐induced pressure changes were recorded for 6 hours. During the first 2 hours, nutrients were infused (225 kcal, 75 mL/h). Gastric emptying was assessed with a 13C‐octanoate breath test and expressed as gastric half‐emptying time (GET½). An algorithm, designed to detect phasic contractility, converted pressure changes to a gastric balloon motility index (GBMI). Results are presented as mean(SD). Key Results Eighteen subjects completed the investigation (32(13) years, 22(2) kg/m2). After codeine, GBMI was lower (0.31(0.16)) and GET½ was longer (233(57) minutes) compared with placebo (GBMI: 0.48(0.15), P < .01 and GET½: 172(12) minutes, P < .001). Within‐subject ΔGET½ correlated significantly with ΔGBMI (r = −0.77 and P < .001). Conclusions and Inferences The VIPUN Gastric Monitoring System allowed to assess gastric motility safely and continuously. The correlation between pharmacologically decreased gastric emptying and motility indicates a strong link between both. Gastric motility, measured with this innovative device, can be an indicator for gastrointestinal intolerance.

ACS Style

Nick Goelen; Jan De Hoon; John F. Morales; Carolina Varon; Sabine Van Huffel; Patrick Augustijns; Raf Mols; Marissa Herbots; Kristin Verbeke; Tim Vanuytsel; Jan Tack; Pieter Janssen. Codeine delays gastric emptying through inhibition of gastric motility as assessed with a novel diagnostic intragastric balloon catheter. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2019, 32, e13733 .

AMA Style

Nick Goelen, Jan De Hoon, John F. Morales, Carolina Varon, Sabine Van Huffel, Patrick Augustijns, Raf Mols, Marissa Herbots, Kristin Verbeke, Tim Vanuytsel, Jan Tack, Pieter Janssen. Codeine delays gastric emptying through inhibition of gastric motility as assessed with a novel diagnostic intragastric balloon catheter. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2019; 32 (1):e13733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nick Goelen; Jan De Hoon; John F. Morales; Carolina Varon; Sabine Van Huffel; Patrick Augustijns; Raf Mols; Marissa Herbots; Kristin Verbeke; Tim Vanuytsel; Jan Tack; Pieter Janssen. 2019. "Codeine delays gastric emptying through inhibition of gastric motility as assessed with a novel diagnostic intragastric balloon catheter." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 32, no. 1: e13733.

Recent advances in clinical practice
Published: 19 August 2019 in Gut
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Lactose is the main source of calories in milk, an essential nutriedigestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity nt in infancy and a key part of the diet in populations that maintain the ability to digest this disaccharide in adulthood. Lactase deficiency (LD) is the failure to express the enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose in the small intestine. The genetic mechanism of lactase persistence in adult Caucasians is mediated by a single C→T nucleotide polymorphism at the LCTbo −13’910 locus on chromosome-2. Lactose malabsorption (LM) refers to any cause of failure to digest and/or absorb lactose in the small intestine. This includes primary genetic and also secondary LD due to infection or other conditions that affect the mucosal integrity of the small bowel. Lactose intolerance (LI) is defined as the onset of abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea after lactose ingestion by an individual with LM. The likelihood of LI depends on the lactose dose, lactase expression and the intestinal microbiome. Independent of lactose digestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity associated with anxiety or the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are at increased risk of the condition. Diagnostic investigations available to diagnose LM and LI include genetic, endoscopic and physiological tests. The association between self-reported LI, objective findings and clinical outcome of dietary intervention is variable. Treatment of LI can include low-lactose diet, lactase supplementation and, potentially, colonic adaptation by prebiotics. The clinical outcome of these treatments is modest, because lactose is just one of a number of poorly absorbed carbohydrates which can cause symptoms by similar mechanisms.

ACS Style

Benjamin Misselwitz; Matthias Butter; Kristin Verbeke; Mark R Fox. Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. Gut 2019, 68, 2080 -2091.

AMA Style

Benjamin Misselwitz, Matthias Butter, Kristin Verbeke, Mark R Fox. Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. Gut. 2019; 68 (11):2080-2091.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Misselwitz; Matthias Butter; Kristin Verbeke; Mark R Fox. 2019. "Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management." Gut 68, no. 11: 2080-2091.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2019 in The Journal of Nutrition
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On December 17, 2018, the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America) convened a workshop “Can We Begin to Define a Healthy Gut Microbiome Through Quantifiable Characteristics?” with >40 invited academic, government, and industry experts in Washington, DC. The workshop objectives were to 1) develop a collective expert assessment of the state of the evidence on the human gut microbiome and associated human health benefits, 2) see if there was sufficient evidence to establish measurable gut microbiome characteristics that could serve as indicators of “health,” 3) identify short- and long-term research needs to fully characterize healthy gut microbiome–host relationships, and 4) publish the findings. Conclusions were as follows: 1) mechanistic links of specific changes in gut microbiome structure with function or markers of human health are not yet established; 2) it is not established if dysbiosis is a cause, consequence, or both of changes in human gut epithelial function and disease; 3) microbiome communities are highly individualized, show a high degree of interindividual variation to perturbation, and tend to be stable over years; 4) the complexity of microbiome-host interactions requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research agenda to elucidate relationships between gut microbiome and host health; 5) biomarkers and/or surrogate indicators of host function and pathogenic processes based on the microbiome need to be determined and validated, along with normal ranges, using approaches similar to those used to establish biomarkers and/or surrogate indicators based on host metabolic phenotypes; 6) future studies measuring responses to an exposure or intervention need to combine validated microbiome-related biomarkers and/or surrogate indicators with multiomics characterization of the microbiome; and 7) because static genetic sampling misses important short- and long-term microbiome-related dynamic changes to host health, future studies must be powered to account for inter- and intraindividual variation and should use repeated measures within individuals.

ACS Style

Michael I McBurney; Cindy Davis; Claire M Fraser; Barbara O Schneeman; Curtis Huttenhower; Kristin Verbeke; Jens Walter; Marie E Latulippe. Establishing What Constitutes a Healthy Human Gut Microbiome: State of the Science, Regulatory Considerations, and Future Directions. The Journal of Nutrition 2019, 149, 1882 -1895.

AMA Style

Michael I McBurney, Cindy Davis, Claire M Fraser, Barbara O Schneeman, Curtis Huttenhower, Kristin Verbeke, Jens Walter, Marie E Latulippe. Establishing What Constitutes a Healthy Human Gut Microbiome: State of the Science, Regulatory Considerations, and Future Directions. The Journal of Nutrition. 2019; 149 (11):1882-1895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael I McBurney; Cindy Davis; Claire M Fraser; Barbara O Schneeman; Curtis Huttenhower; Kristin Verbeke; Jens Walter; Marie E Latulippe. 2019. "Establishing What Constitutes a Healthy Human Gut Microbiome: State of the Science, Regulatory Considerations, and Future Directions." The Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 11: 1882-1895.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2019 in Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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Dietary fiber and prebiotics consistently modulate microbiota composition and function and hence may constitute a powerful tool in microbiota-gut-brain axis research. However, this is largely ignored in Hooks et al.’s analysis, which highlights the limitations of probiotics in establishing microbiome-mediated effects on neurobehavioral functioning and neglects discussing the potential of prebiotics in warranting the microbiota's role in such effects.

ACS Style

Boushra Dalile; Kristin Verbeke; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Bram Vervliet. Nourishing the gut microbiota: The potential of prebiotics in microbiota-gut-brain axis research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2019, 42, 1 .

AMA Style

Boushra Dalile, Kristin Verbeke, Lukas Van Oudenhove, Bram Vervliet. Nourishing the gut microbiota: The potential of prebiotics in microbiota-gut-brain axis research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2019; 42 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boushra Dalile; Kristin Verbeke; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Bram Vervliet. 2019. "Nourishing the gut microbiota: The potential of prebiotics in microbiota-gut-brain axis research." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42, no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 01 July 2019 in American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
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A reduction in intestinal barrier function is currently believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of many diseases, as it facilitates passage of injurious factors such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, whole bacteria, and other toxins to traverse the barrier to damage the intestine or enter the portal circulation. Currently available evidence in animal models and in vitro systems has shown that certain dietary interventions can be used to reinforce the intestinal barrier to prevent the development of disease. The relevance of these studies to human health is unknown. Herein, we define the components of the intestinal barrier, review available modalities to assess its structure and function in humans, and review the available evidence in model systems or perturbations in humans that diet can be used to fortify intestinal barrier function. Acknowledging the technical challenges and the present gaps in knowledge, we provide a conceptual framework by which evidence could be developed to support the notion that diet can reinforce human intestinal barrier function to restore normal function and potentially reduce the risk for disease. Such evidence would provide information on the development of healthier diets and serve to provide a framework by which federal agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration can evaluate evidence linking diet with normal human structure/function claims focused on reducing risk of disease in the general public.

ACS Style

Michael Camilleri; Barbara J. Lyle; Karen L. Madsen; Justin Sonnenburg; Kristin Verbeke; Gary D. Wu. Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2019, 317, G17 -G39.

AMA Style

Michael Camilleri, Barbara J. Lyle, Karen L. Madsen, Justin Sonnenburg, Kristin Verbeke, Gary D. Wu. Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2019; 317 (1):G17-G39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Camilleri; Barbara J. Lyle; Karen L. Madsen; Justin Sonnenburg; Kristin Verbeke; Gary D. Wu. 2019. "Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 1: G17-G39.

Review article
Published: 23 May 2019 in Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre in the gastrointestinal tract, are speculated to have a key role in microbiota–gut–brain crosstalk. However, the pathways through which SCFAs might influence psychological functioning, including affective and cognitive processes and their neural basis, have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, research directly exploring the role of SCFAs as potential mediators of the effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on affective and cognitive functioning is sparse, especially in humans. This Review summarizes existing knowledge on the potential of SCFAs to directly or indirectly mediate microbiota–gut–brain interactions. The effects of SCFAs on cellular systems and their interaction with gut–brain signalling pathways including immune, endocrine, neural and humoral routes are described. The effects of microbiota-targeted interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics and diet on psychological functioning and the putative mediating role of SCFA signalling will also be discussed, as well as the relationship between SCFAs and psychobiological processes. Finally, future directions to facilitate direct investigation of the effect of SCFAs on psychological functioning are outlined.

ACS Style

Boushra Dalile; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Bram Vervliet; Kristin Verbeke. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2019, 16, 461 -478.

AMA Style

Boushra Dalile, Lukas Van Oudenhove, Bram Vervliet, Kristin Verbeke. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019; 16 (8):461-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boushra Dalile; Lukas Van Oudenhove; Bram Vervliet; Kristin Verbeke. 2019. "The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16, no. 8: 461-478.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in European Journal of Endocrinology
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Objective The increasing prevalence of obesity over the past few decades constitutes a global health challenge. Pharmacological therapy is recommended to accompany life-style modification for obesity management. Here, we perform a clinical trial to investigate the effects of metformin on anthropometric indices and gut microbiota composition in non-diabetic, treatment-naive obese women with a low-calorie diet (LCD). Design Randomized double-blind parallel-group clinical trial Methods Forty-six obese women were randomly assigned to the metformin (500 mg/tab) or placebo groups using computer-generated random numbers. Subjects in both groups took two tablets per day for 2 months. Anthropometric measurements and collection of blood and fecal samples were done at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results Twenty-four and twenty-two subjects were included in the metformin + LCD and placebo + LCD groups, respectively; at the end of trial, 20 and 16 subjects were analyzed. The metformin + LCD and placebo + LCD caused a 4.5 and 2.6% decrease in BMI from the baseline values, respectively (P < 0.01). Insulin concentration decreased in the metformin + LCD group (P = 0.046). The overall fecal microbiota composition and diversity were unaffected in the metformin + LCD group. However, a significant specific increase in Escherichia/Shigella abundance was observed after metformin + LCD intervention (P = 0.026). Fecal acetate concentration, but not producers, was significantly higher in the placebo + LCD group, adjusted for baseline values and BMI (P = 0.002). Conclusions Despite the weight reduction after metformin intake, the overall fecal microbiota composition remained largely unchanged in obese women, with exception of changes in specific proteobacterial groups.

ACS Style

Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed; Raul Y Tito; Seyed Davar Siadat; Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar; Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol; Leen Rymenans; Kristin Verbeke; Ahmad-Reza Soroush; Jeroen Raes; Bagher Larijani. Metformin induces weight loss associated with gut microbiota alteration in non-diabetic obese women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. European Journal of Endocrinology 2019, 180, 165 -176.

AMA Style

Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed, Raul Y Tito, Seyed Davar Siadat, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar, Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol, Leen Rymenans, Kristin Verbeke, Ahmad-Reza Soroush, Jeroen Raes, Bagher Larijani. Metformin induces weight loss associated with gut microbiota alteration in non-diabetic obese women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2019; 180 (3):165-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed; Raul Y Tito; Seyed Davar Siadat; Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar; Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol; Leen Rymenans; Kristin Verbeke; Ahmad-Reza Soroush; Jeroen Raes; Bagher Larijani. 2019. "Metformin induces weight loss associated with gut microbiota alteration in non-diabetic obese women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial." European Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 3: 165-176.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 20 January 2019 in Neurogastroenterology & Motility
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Acotiamide, a prokinetic agent was shown to be efficacious in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD). The exact mechanism of action is incompletely elucidated. This randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study aimed to examine the effect of acotiamide on gastric motility, measured as intragastric pressure, gastric emptying (GE) rate and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom perception in healthy volunteers (HVs). Participants were treated with acotiamide (100 mg tid) and placebo for 3 weeks, separated by a 1-week washout period. A daily symptom diary was collected during both treatments. At the end of each treatment period, GE rate and gastric motility were assessed with a 13 C-octanoic acid breath test and high-resolution manometry during nutrient infusion, respectively. GI symptom levels were scored during high-resolution manometry. Data were analyzed using mixed models. The study was registered as NCT03402984. Twenty HVs (10 female, 25 ± 4.1 years, 22.58 ± 2.73 kg/m2 ) participated in the study. There was no difference in GE half time between both treatments (P = 0.92). Acotiamide had no effect on fundic pressures before and after nutrient infusion (P = 0.91). However, postprandial antral pressures remained significantly lower compared to placebo (P = 0.015). There was no significant difference in hunger, satiation and GI symptoms scores assessed during IGP measurement and by the daily diary (P > 0.12 for all). Acotiamide is associated with lower antral pressures after nutrient intake, whereas it has no effect on fundic pressures, GE rate and symptom perceptions in HVs. Studies in FD need to elucidate whether lower antral pressures induced by acotiamide underlie postprandial symptom improvement in FD.

ACS Style

Imke Masuy; Jan Tack; Kristin Verbeke; Florencia Carbone. Acotiamide affects antral motility, but has no effect on fundic motility, gastric emptying or symptom perception in healthy participants. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2019, 31, e13540 .

AMA Style

Imke Masuy, Jan Tack, Kristin Verbeke, Florencia Carbone. Acotiamide affects antral motility, but has no effect on fundic motility, gastric emptying or symptom perception in healthy participants. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2019; 31 (4):e13540.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imke Masuy; Jan Tack; Kristin Verbeke; Florencia Carbone. 2019. "Acotiamide affects antral motility, but has no effect on fundic motility, gastric emptying or symptom perception in healthy participants." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 31, no. 4: e13540.