Proximal humerus fractures are becoming more common due to the aging of the population, and more related scientific research is also emerging. Biomechanical studies attempt to optimize treatments, taking into consideration the factors involved, to obtain the best possible treatment scenario. To achieve this, the use of finite element analysis (FEA) is necessary, to experiment with situations that are difficult to replicate, and which are sometimes unethical. Furthermore, low costs and time requirements make FEA the perfect choice for biomechanical studies. Part of the complete process of an FEA involves three-dimensional (3D) bone modeling, mechanical properties assignment, and meshing the bone model to be analyzed. Due to the lack of standardization for bone modeling, properties assignment, and the meshing processes, this article aims to review the most widely used techniques to model the proximal humerus bone, according to its anatomy, for FEA. This study also seeks to understand the knowledge and bias behind mechanical properties assignment for bone, and the similarities/differences in mesh properties used in previous FEA studies of the proximal humerus. The best ways to achieve these processes, according to the evidence, will be analyzed and discussed, seeking to obtain the most accurate results for FEA simulations.

The problematic of handicap people, especially amputees, significantly impacts to the society. Existing prosthesis gives solutions that discourage amputee's expectations; high costs are not often accessible for most of them. This research includes a methodology for construction of a prototype mold for manufacturing a generic foot prosthetic, Whose objective is to develop a methodology of design, manufacture and that is of low cost. There are a large number of materials that can be used in a prosthetic limb, in this experiment a composite material of 3K carbon fiber and epoxy resin was used, of which stress tests were performed under ASTM D3039 with orientation of [0/90/ +/- 45] s where a maximum load of 14276,25 N was obtained, taking as a basis the results obtained from the material to carry out the manufacture of the first prototype transtibial prosthesis which was manufactured with the technique proposed in this investigation. Once fabricated, it was subjected to static load tests under ISO 10328, where the laminate was tested, which was used in addition to the suggested methodology. The considerable reduction in manufacturing time, weight and average cost in relation to commercial prostheses was corroborated.

RESUMEN Un gran número de fracturas de húmero proximal están siendo tratadas con osteosíntesis. Sin embargo, la pérdida de reducción sigue siendo un problema grave, lo que lleva al recorte de tornillo en la articulación humeral y la reoperación. De acuerdo con la teoría del strain interfragmentario, se debe considerar el equilibrio entre una fijación flexible, que estimula la formación de callos, y una fijación inestable, que conduce al fallo del implante. Los principales elementos implicados en este caso son las condiciones fisiológicas de carga, la configuración de los tornillos de soporte, el material del implante y la calidad ósea. El objetivo de esta investigación es detectar la influencia de los elementos anteriores para formular una escena positiva que minimice el riesgo de fracaso. Se utilizó un diseño de experimentos de tipo factorial en combinación con el uso del método de elementos finitos para dar lugar a la recogida de datos. Las condiciones de carga asemejan a: “sostener un peso muerto” (tensión), “levantar frontalmente un peso muerto” (flexión) y torsión. Los resultados sugirieron que el material del implante es el elemento con mayor influencia y contribuye a estabilizar la fijación de la fractura, siguiendo la configuración de soporte. La práctica de incluir un soporte medial con tornillos calcar en diferentes calidades de tejido óseo ofrece una rigidez favorable que aquellos que no los utilizan. Esta afirmación es apoyada por resultados de informes publicados recientemente. Además, el soporte medial reduce el strain en la interfaz hueso-implante. Aunque estos resultados mostraron una evaluación demasiado moderada por el uso de un modelo isotrópico, son eficaces para conocer los elementos biomecánicos y su influencia para describir una tendencia de comportamiento y crear una base para futuros estudios. Además, el tiempo de cálculo disminuyó considerablemente.

In this project, the design and manufacturing of a clamping vise is carried out, applying the knowledge acquired in key areas such as machine design, machine elements, and manufacturing processes. The objective is to meet the functional requirements of a drill press vise, ensuring its efficiency and durability. This work describes in detail the parameters and calculations used for the fabrication of the vise, which will be made from A36 steel. This material was selected due to its excellent mechanical properties, which provide significant improvements to the final design. Additionally, this material was chosen because part of the available supplies which were donated for the project, are composed of the same type of steel. Various manufacturing and assembly processes were employed for the fabrication of the different parts of the vise, such as turning, milling, drilling, threading with a tap, and electric arc welding. These processes not only allowed for the proper assembly of the vise but also provided the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the working parameters that depend on the specific characteristics of the material. Based on the calculations and technical parameters identified during the project, the production cost of the prototype was estimated. The final design of the vise consists of seven main parts: movable jaw, fixed jaw, spindle, guide cylinder, body, and base.

Se realizó un estudio sobre un ala con perfil NACA 4412 construido en aluminio 6061, para obtener mediciones de esfuerzos del perfil aerodinámico, que se procesaron por medio de un sistema de adquisición de datos PXI. Se realizó un análisis comparatióo entre lo teórico, el análisis por el método de elementos finitos usando el programa ANSYS y medido con el sistema de adquisición de datos PXI, para validar la metodología utilizada en la medición. Mediante galgas uniaxiales se logró la configuración de galgas triaxiales, integrando este arreglo al sistema de adquisición de datos, para monitorear la información medida. Según los resultados teóricos, los de ANSYS y los experimentales, se obser0a un aceptable grado de exactitud entre los valores. Estos resultados validan la adquisición de datos por medio de una configuración de galgas en forma de roseta en delta para el análisis de esfuerzos del perfil aerodinámico.