A bottom-up emissions inventory is one of the most important data sets needed to understand air quality (AQ) and climate change (CC). Several emission inventories have been developed for Asia, including Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P), Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS), and Inter-Continental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) and, while these have been used successfully for many international studies, they have limitations including restricted amounts of information on pollutant types and low levels of transparency with respect to the polluting sectors or fuel types involved. To address these shortcomings, we developed: (1) a base-year, bottom-up anthropogenic emissions inventory for Asia, using the most current parameters and international frameworks (i.e., the Greenhouse gas—Air pollution INteractions and Synergies (GAINS) model); and (2) a base-year, natural emissions inventory for biogenic and biomass burning. For (1), we focused mainly on China, South Korea, and Japan; however, we also covered emission inventories for other regions in Asia using data covering recent energy/industry statistics, emission factors, and control technology penetration. The emissions inventory (Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment (CREATE)) covers 54 fuel classes, 201 subsectors, and 13 pollutants, namely SO₂, NO_x, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), NH₃, OC, BC, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and Hg. For the base-year natural emissions inventory, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and BlueSky-Asia frameworks were used to estimate biogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively. Since the CREATE emission inventory was designed/developed using international climate change/air quality (CC/AQ) assessment frameworks, such as GAINS, and has been fully connected with the most comprehensive emissions modeling systems—such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Manufacturing Area Source (CMAS) system—it can be used to support various climate and AQ integrated modeling studies, both now and in the future.

In this study, a basic study was performed to analyze the seasonal temperature status of a research room in the Global Environment Research Building, where ceiling-embedded indoor units are installed to study the room temperature status of the building, as well as to improve its thermal environment. In addition, a direction for improvement of the indoor thermal environment in the winter was proposed through a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation and was proven by an additional experiment. Through the results of this study, it appeared that if the ceiling-embedded indoor unit was installed in the small indoor space without considering the thermal vulnerability of its perimeter boundary, the air temperature of the upper part was greatly different from that of the bottom part in the winter. Based on the PMV measurement result, the case that used both FCUs and convectors showed 1.33, the biggest maximum and minimum difference, and the case that used all FCUs, convectors and circulating fans showed 0.68, the smallest maximum and minimum difference. Therefore, it was considered that the operating method suggested in the room used in this study would improve not only the temperature stratification but also the thermal comfort. Hence, in this study, as a means to improve the stratification, convectors were installed to minimize the effect of the external thermal environment, and angle-controllable air flowing fans were installed to mitigate the stratification distribution. With such a result, it was intended to present essential data for the improvement of the thermal environment, as well as the conservation of heating energy in the winter, by reviewing the use of the ceiling-embedded indoor units in the future.