Tissue-equivalent hydrogel dosimeters represent a class of tools that hold significant promise, particularly in the precise measurement of three-dimensional dose distributions in radiotherapy. Due to their physical properties closely resembling those of human soft tissue, these dosimeters effectively replicate the energy transfer phenomena resulting from radiation interactions, such as atomic ionization and scattering by nuclei or electrons. Consequently, tissue-equivalent dosimeters, characterized by their linear energy transfer properties, have been extensively applied in medical physics, radiation oncology, and nuclear safety. Future advancements focusing on developing more stable, less toxic, normoxic, and cost-effective dosimeters could enable their broader adoption. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key characteristics that make hydrogel dosimeters tissue-equivalent, highlighting their benefits, limitations, and primary application areas. Additionally, it explores current advancements in polymeric gel technology and discusses future directions aimed at optimizing their performance and accessibility for broader adoption.

Tr en Dünya genelinde 2020 yılı içinde gelişen pandemi süreci insan hayatını ve ülkeleri derinden etkilemiştir. Ülkeler ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan daha içe kapalı bir yönetim ve tutum içinde bulunmak zorunda kalmıştır. Pandemi sürecinin ne kadar devam edeceği ve buna benzer süreçlerin gelişip gelişmeyeceği yönündeki belirsizlik ülkeleri sosyal ve özellikle ekonomik açıdan tedbirler almaya zorlayacaktır. Bu tedbirler kapsamında dışa bağımlılıktan kurtulma ve her türlü ihtiyacını kendi zenginlikleriyle karşılayabilme becerisini kazanabilen ülkeler bu tip süreçleri kolaylıkla yürütebilecek ve ekonomik anlamda daha da özgürleşebileceklerdir. Sunulan bu çalışmanın ülkemizde yetişen bitkilerden yararlanarak doğal kauçuk üretimi konusunda yapılacak araştırmalara ışık tutması amaçlanmıştır. Hayatımızın pek çok alanında kullandığımız doğal kauçuğun üretiminde kullanılan ve dünyada belli bölgelerde yetişebilen kauçuk ağaçlarına alternatif olabilecek, doğada kendiliğinden de yetişebilen bitkiler, bu bitkilerden doğal kauçuğun elde edilme yöntemleri ve doğal kauçuk dışında bu bitkilerden elde edilebilecek ekonomik değeri yüksek maddeler üzerine bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Ülkemizde de hemen her bölgede kendiliğinden yetişebilen pek çok bitkinin katma değeri yüksek pek çok malzemeye temel oluşturabileceği ve bunların ekonomimize kazandırılması için yapılacak her türlü çalışmanın son derece kıymetli olduğu açıkça görülmektedir. The pandemic process that developed worldwide in 2020 has deeply affected human life and countries. Countries were required to develop more enclosed governance and attitudes in economic and social terms. Uncertainties about how long the pandemic process will continue and whether similar processes may occur again, have forced countries to take precautions in social and especially economic terms. Within the scope of these precautions, countries with the ability to cut external dependence and meet all requirements from their own assets can easily cope with these processes and will be freer in an economic sense. This study aims to offer an insight into researchs that will be performed about natural rubber production using plants growing in our country. A research was performed into alternative plants to rubber trees, which only grow in certain areas of the world and are used for natural rubber production required for many areas of our lives. Plants which self-cultivate in nature, methods for obtaining natural rubber from these plants and materials with high economic value, apart from natural rubber, that can be obtained from these plants were studied. Many plants which grow naturally in nearly all regions of our country can form the basis for many types of material with high added value. It is very clear that all types of studies which will include these resources in our economy are very valuable. 

Adjusting the dose of radiation which is received by a cancer patient during radiotherapy is very important. The use of dosimetric gels to calculate the applied dose distribution three- dimensionally is a current research topic in radiotherapy. In this study, 16 different Fricke gels including gluconic acid (GA) were produced. These gels were irradiated from 0 to 250 cGy with increments of 50 cGy. MR intensity values and images, UV absorbance values and FT-IR spectra of gels were obtained before and after the irradiation process. The UV absorbance and MR intensity values showed a linear increase in relation to the increase in the applied dose and the amount of ferrous sulfate and GA content in the gels. The oxidation of iron increases as a result of the interaction with hydrogen peroxide which is the product of the irradiation process and GA, and thus the response of the gel to the irradiation process becomes more effective.

This study examined the effects of different irrigation methods, water quality, and irrigation levels on yield components and water-use efficiency of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under semi-arid climate conditions. The main objective of the study was to manage water use in the most efficient way while maintaining production efficiency in areas with limited water resources. This study is a field trial conducted in 2024 to compare surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) systems using three water sources of varying quality:freshwater (FW), reclaimed wastewater (RW), and mixed water (MW; 50% RW + 50% FW). Irrigation water amounts were determined from cumulative evaporation measured with a Class A pan, and four irrigation levels were established at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the full irrigation requirement. Seasonal evapotranspiration ranged from 116.0 to 468.8 mm. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) ranged from 1.42 to 5.49 kg m-3 and 1.72 to 6.62 kg m-3, respectively. Morphological traits included plant height (20.10–52.44 cm), stem diameter (9.83–10.05 mm), root length (15.44–27.40 cm), root weight (22.01–35.05 g), pod length (13.21–15.64 mm), and pod width (1.52–1.92 mm). Yield decreased significantly with increasing drought stress, indicating high sensitivity to irrigation levels. RW treatments outperformed FW in both yield and water-use efficiency, while MW produced results similar to RW, suggesting its potential as an alternative. Research findings indicate that integrating RW and MW with SDI and SSDI systems could be an effective strategy for ensuring sustainable bean production in arid and semi-arid regions.