This study aimed to analyze the impact of key causes of external and internal risk on supply chains. The basic and most probable causes of the risk are listed, based on literature research and interviews with representatives of the metal industry. The analysis was carried out by semiquantitative assessment using risk maps. The relationship between the probability of an event occurrence and its impact on supply chains was tested. The study postulates that key risk factors can be controlled through risk monitoring. Attention was drawn to the beneficial aspects of using risk maps that enable a comprehensive assessment of the situation. Both external and internal risks can cause turmoil and disruption of the supply chain. The findings suggest that external uncertainty and crises have the most direct impact on supply chain risk and are the most dangerous. The work presents the possibility of practical application of risk maps for risk assessment and monitoring. The presented approach to risk assessment complements the methodology of risk assessment and monitoring. Risk maps were used as a basic tool in assessing the impact of individual risks on supply chains. It has been found that supply chains are subject to high risk, which can be monitored through risk matrix procedures. The conducted analysis showed that critical risk areas in supply chains are external crises, environmental uncertainty, supply chain relationships, and manufacturing and the most dangerous risks in supply chains are related to external conditions beyond the control of the participants in the supply chain. The article fills a gap in research on risk monitoring in supply chains by focusing on selected, generalized measures related to industrial supply.

Purpose. To study the impact of digital maturity of energy enterprises on achieving the effects of sustainable development in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution. Methodology. The study on energy enterprises economic efficiency was based on the results of a statistical analysis of their activity economic indicators and a macroeconomic analysis of the prerequisites for the digitalization of Ukrainian energy companies, as well as considering the results of an analytical study of foreign companies digital transformation. The application of the benchmarking method made it possible to highlight the best examples of digital changes of energy companies in the field of sustainable development. The generalization method made it possible to point out the effects of digitization of sustainable development for energy companies. Findings. Effectiveness of energy enterprises due to the implementation of digital transformation is reasoned, which allows achieving the effect of sustainable development by ensuring environmental, economic, and social development. Based on the calculation of economic efficiency values, the most efficient energy enterprise was determined, whose activity is characterized by the highest level of digital transformations aimed at achieving the goals of sustainable development. Originality. The dependence between the level of digital maturity of energy enterprises and their economic efficiency is substantiated. The spheres of energy enterprises activity have been established, whose efficiency and importance increases with the level of digitalization. The technical characteristics of energy enterprises digitalization in the spheres of implementation of sustainable development goals, namely economic, social, and environmental ones, are highlighted. Practical value. The main directions of energy enterprises activity have been determined based on the selection of the effects of sustainable development, which are achieved thanks to digitalization. The efficiency of the enterprise because of digitalization is substantiated, considering the directions of sustainable development.

This article is a synthetic, brief review of the literature, reports and references on the transformation of the automotive industry into zero-emission cars, in particular electric cars. It analyzes the technological and economic aspects of changes in the automotive industry regarding the transformation to zero-emission cars. Despite great de-emission parameters, the production of electric cars does not have a zero carbon footprint. The acquisition of critical elements, their production and the production of other components and materials needed for their construction have an environmental impact. The supply chains of materials for the construction of batteries for electric cars are characterized by significant risks related to, among others, a lack of diversification and limited flexibility. The dominant supplier of rare elements for batteries is China. The article analyzes the impact of prices on the demand for electric cars and compares them to internal combustion cars. Research shows that most electric cars are sold in China, the USA and Europe (about 95% of the supply). The costs of cars are of great importance, which, given the current reduction in the purchasing power of consumers, make the forecasts of the dynamic growth of electromobility very cautious, and even stagnation in the purchase of electric cars is expected in the second half of 2023.

Surface engineering is one of the most extensive industries. Virtually all areas of the economy benefit from the achievements of surface engineering. Surface quality affects the quality of finished products as well as the quality of manufactured parts. It affects both functional qualities and esthetics. Surface quality affects the image and reputation of a brand. This is particularly true for cars and household appliances. Surface modification of products is also aimed at improving their functional and protective properties. This applies to surfaces for producing hydrophobic surfaces, anti-wear protection of friction pairs, corrosion protection, and others. Metal technologies and 3D printing benefit from surface technologies that improve their functionality and facilitate the operation of products. Surface engineering offers a range of different coating and layering methods from varnishing and painting to sophisticated nanometric coatings. This paper presents an overview of selected surface engineering issues pertaining to metal products, with a particular focus on surface modification of products manufactured by 3D printing technology. It evaluates the impact of the surface quality of products on their functional and performance qualities.

The article is devoted to the question of justifying the feasibility of acquiring competences in the field of waste management at the national, industrial, regional and individual levels. The purpose of the article is to characterize the state of waste management in Ukraine in the pre-war period, to summarize the experience of waste management in European countries, and to highlight the peculiarities of the formation of waste management skills in Ukraine in the post-war recovery period. Considering the dynamic of capital investments on environmental protection in Ukraine, it's sustained the necessity of addition measurements in the area of waste management in order to increase the results of this activity, namely by determining the basic skills waste management. The article examines the share of utilized waste in the total amount of waste generated by the regions of Ukraine. The analysis is complemented by an analysis of the dynamics of industrial production and it is concluded that in the conditions of a low share of waste utilization and the growth of the index of industrial production, it is necessary to develop waste management skills in industry. A study of the public's perception of the situation with waste management was conducted. Based on the generalization of domestic and foreign experience in waste management, the skills that are necessary for realization of all levels of the waste management hierarchy were considered, namely: skills for prevention of waste generation and its reduction, preparation for waste reuse, waste recycling and another types of waste disposal were highlighted.