Finansal piyasaların temel kurumlarından olan bankalar, diğer tüm iktisadi birimlerden farklı olarak ekonomideki tüm aktörler ile bağlantısı nedeniyle kaynak dağılımını yönlendirdiği ve finansal aracılık fonksiyonunu yerine getirdiği için dikkatle izlenmesi gereken işletmeler arasında yer alır. Bu bakımdan bankaların performans değerlendirmesi; alacaklılar, yatırımcılar ve paydaşlar açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu öneme istinaden bu çalışmada, çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden biri olan TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) yöntemi kullanılarak Borsa İstanbul (BIST)’ da işlem gören bankaların performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye’de bankaların finans piyasalarındaki görünümü, belli başlı bilanço ve gelir tablosu kalemleri ve büyüklükleri açısından incelenmiş ve bankacılık sektörünün finansal sektör içindeki konumu vurgulanmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda 2013-2017 yılları arasında performans açısından en başarılı bankalar sırasıyla, QNB Finansbank A.Ş. ve Türkiye Halk Bankası A.Ş. olmuştur.

The existing relationship between financial openness and economic growth is significant for a healthy analysis of country economies. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between Turkey's financial openness and economic growth by using annual data from 1985 to 2018. In the study, Turkey's data from 1985 to 2018 were used. The variables used are economic growth (GDP), financial openness (FA) and trade openness (DA). All variables are handled in terms of current ($). Here, the natural logarithm of GDP, FA and DA variables is taken and included in the model. In the study, firstly, the stationarities of the variables were determined by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2009) analyzed with unit root tests. Maki (2012) cointegration test, which allows multiple structural breaks, was used after it was determined that the variables were stationary at the I(1) level. Causality analysis between variables was tested with Hacker & Hatemi (2006) bootstrap causality test. When the structural break dates are examined, it has been determined that the economic crises in 1994, 1998 and 2001 in Turkey and the global economic crises that started in 2007 and intensified in 2008 caused structural breaks by deeply affecting the Turkish economy. By determining the cointegration relationship between the variables, it was found that they would act together in the long run. In addition, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between financial openness and economic growth. In the light of these findings, it was concluded that policy makers should focus more on financial openness when they develop policies for economic growth.

Greenhouse gas emissions are a major driver of global climate change, prompting increasing attention to the role of financial systems in supporting environmental sustainability. In this context, understanding how financial development influences emissions in emerging economies has become critically important. According to the findings of the long-term estimation, financial development has a direct negative impact on total greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions. Meanwhile, economic growth, trade openness, and population growth exert positive effects on these emissions. Although financial development negatively influences emissions, its interaction with economic growth and population dynamics is complex and may indirectly affect emissions through these factors. In addition, the error correction coefficient found for each country is negative and significant. The panel causality results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and total greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions. These findings are important for governments developing environmental policies, as they show how financial development can improve environmental impacts and help create sustainability-focused policies.

In this study, the cointegration and causality relationships between economic growth and financial development were empirically analyzed using the annual data of BRICS-T countries for the period from 1991 to 2017. Access, depth, and effectiveness data, as well as the variables of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, labor force, and economic growth, representing the capital, are among the indicators representing IMF's financial development. In this empirical study, where three different models were used, the long-term relationship of capital, labor force, and one of the three indicators with economic growth was examined. In the results obtained, all of the three models were found to have cointegration relationships, and it was concluded that the variables would act together in the long term. In addition, causality relationships between access, depth and efficiency, and economic growth, which represent financial development, were also investigated in this empirical study. In the findings, it was found that economic growth was the causative of access; and that there was a two-way causality relationship between depth and economic growth, as well as between efficiency and economic growth. In light of these results, it was concluded that there was a two-way causality between financial development and economic growth.

Enhancing financial inclusion is considered a crucial factor in achieving global objectives such as ensuring sustainable growth, improving societal welfare, and reducing poverty. Due to its significance, financial inclusion has recently emerged as a key global policy issue and a frequently studied topic in the literature. This study examines the mutual relationship between financial inclusion and monetary policy in upper-middle-income countries using the Two-Step System GMM and Panel Granger Causality methods. The findings derived from the analyses indicate an inverse relationship between inflation and financial inclusion. In other words, while inflation negatively affects financial inclusion, an increase in financial inclusion also exerts a negative impact on inflation. Regarding other variables, digitalization, regulatory quality, and money supply have a positive effect on financial inclusion. On the other hand, the growth of money supply and deposit interest rates positively influence the inflation rate. Furthermore, the results of the Granger causality analysis reveal a causal relationship from financial inclusion to inflation. In light of the findings, policymakers in upper-middle-income countries are advised to adopt a balanced monetary policy that enhances financial inclusion while keeping inflation under control, consider that excessively expansionary policies may intensify inflationary pressures and weaken financial inclusion, and take into account that increasing financial inclusion can help mitigate the adverse effects of inflation when formulating regulations.

Bu çalışmada ülkelerin finansal gelişmişlik düzeyleri ile ekonomik özgürlükleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla OECD’ye üye 27 ülkenin 1995-2018 yılları arasındaki finansal gelişmişlik ve ekonomik özgürlük endeksleri verileriyle Dumitrescu Hurlin nedensellik testi yapılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki Granger nedensellik incelemesi yapılmadan önce veriler için yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve homojenlik testleri yapılmış ve değişkenlerin yatay kesit bağımlı olduğu ve parametrelerinin heterojen olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bulgularla değişkenlerin birim kök testleri için ikinci nesil birim kök testi yapılmış ve değişkenlerin seviye değerlerinde durağan oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan Dumitrescu Hurlin nedensellik testi sonucunda finansal gelişmişlikten ekonomik özgürlüğe doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin var olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.