Antifungal drugs prevent topical or invasive fungal infections (mycoses) either by stopping growth of fungi (termed fungistatic) or by killing the fungal cells (termed fungicidal). Antibiotics also prevent bacterial infections through either bacteriostatic or bactericidal mechanisms. These microorganisms successfully develop resistance against conventional drugs that are designed to kill or stop them from multiplying. When a fungus no longer responds to antifungal drug treatments and continues to grow, this is known as antifungal drug resistance. Bacteria have an amazing capacity to become resistant to antibiotic action as well, and the effectiveness of the scarce antifungal arsenal is jeopardised by this antibiotic resistance, which poses a severe threat to public health.

Conventional herbal medication has picked up a gigantic sum of intrigue around the world due to its viability in the treatment of extreme illnesses from the period of antiquated civilizations. Phytomedicines are considered a major health-care supplier around the globe, especially in rustic and farther ranges. A huge segment of individuals depends on or accept home-grown drugs as an essential cure for different afflictions rather than manufactured drugs. Researchers are paying much attention to herbal medicine as compared to synthetic drugs due to their severe side effects, and toxicity with less efficacy and specificity. Despite the significant increase in global interest in the investigation and development of new botanical products, only a few have been approved till now. Natural product medication development has significant technical and monetary hurdles, including a time-consuming formulation process, quality assurance, safety, therapeutic efficacy, promotion, and administrative issues. To meet these challenges, the regulatory agencies EMEA, ICH, AYUSH, DCGI, WHO, and U.S. FDA trying to bring these herbal drugs under the regulatory pipeline under the NDA approval process. Moreover, the process of drug discovery has also been revolutionized with the new advent of technologies such as the successful drug development of a novel therapeutic agent is critically relying on the process which adopts novel approaches and involves the concept of ADMET (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) in the early stages of drug discovery along with the interaction profiles of herb-herb and herb-synthetic. In the present review, we will address the noteworthy opportunities and issues related to phyto-drug improvement in various developing and developed nations such as Europe, U.S. and India, its commercialization with regulatory guidelines, and recommended potential methods to bring them up into the mainstream of modern medical practices and healthcare.

Multicellular surface-attached populations of bacteria embedded in the extracellular matrix are known as biofilms. Bacteria generally preferred to grow as biofilms. Quorum sensing (QS), detection of density of cell population through gene regulation, has been found to play an important role in the production of biofilms. Biofilm formation can increase the severity of infections that can lead to morbidity or mortality. Bacteria living within biofilms have a higher pattern of adaptive resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a barrier in the treatment of biofilmsinduced acute to chronic infections such as post-surgery infections, surgery-associated wound infections, endocarditis, joint infections, burn-related wound infections occurred, ventilator-associated pneumonia, etc. So it is urgent to discover or find out potent new drugs in fight against infectious diseases such as biofilms-associated infections. Medicinal plants or herbs are a rich source for fighting with biofilms-mediated infections. Phytochemicals have exhibited significant effects in the prevention of biofilms formation against different bacteria that are causing infections. Purified compounds such as berberine, tetrandrine, embelin, xanthorrhizol, bakuchiol, etc., exhibited promising biofilm inhibition actions against different pathogenic bacteria. Plant extracts that contain several phytochemicals are evaluated for its biofilm’s inhibition property, and have shown significant potential in biofilm formation. Antibiofilm agents act by distinct mechanisms such as inhibiting the adherence of biofilms in a surface, preventing the biofilm formations, disrupting the matured biofilms, etc. This study is intended to reiterate about possibilities of plant extracts and purified compounds in the treatment of the prevention of bacterial biofilms-related infections.

Lung cancer is the top cause of cancer-related fatalities in both men and women around the world, and the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women. For many patients, traditional chemotherapy (CT) fails to give long-term benefit. Moreover, newer medicines targeting activating mutations in EGFR or ALK have shown increased response rates over CT in the minority of patients with these mutations; however, the majority of patients do not have actionable mutations and will not benefit from targeted therapies. In addition, several combinations of chemotherapeutic medicines with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab have provided only minor additional benefits. However, immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors has shown to have a lot of potential in the treatment of advanced non-SCLC (NSCLC) in recent trials. These new medications encourage the host immune system to recognize tumor cells as foreign invaders and halting their growth. They help alleviate immune system suppression, which allows tumor development to be tolerated. In checkpoint immunotherapy, humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint signals such as programmed cell death receptor (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand are employed (PD-L1). The immune system can be triggered to fight the tumor by inhibiting these receptors and signals. Immunotherapy for advanced lung cancer has created a new paradigm of therapeutic options, with increased survival and response rates and a less severe but distinct side profile when compared to CT. The PD-1 inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab, as well as the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab, have been approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Hence, the current review article focuses on the role of immunotherapy, newer agents used for checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer, their epidemiology, risk factors, side-effect profiles, therapeutic indications, and their mechanism of action for the successful treatment of lung cancer.