Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.

Low‐power localisation systems are crucial for machine‐to‐machine communication technologies. This article investigates LoRa technology for localisation using multiple features of the received signal, such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Spreading Factors (SF), and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). A novel range‐based technique to estimate the distance of a target node from a LoRa gateway using machine‐learning models that incorporates SF, SNR, and RSSI to train the models is proposed. A modified trilateration approach is then used to localise the target node from three gateways. Our experiment used three LoRaWAN gateways and two sensor nodes, on a sports oval with an approximate area coverage of 30,000 square metres. The authors also used a public LoRaWAN dataset to build a model test the proposed method and compare both range‐based distance mapping with trilateration and fingerprint‐based direct location estimation techniques. Our method achieved an average distance error of 43.97 m on our experimental dataset. The results show that the combination of RSSI, SNR, and SF‐based distance mapping provides ∼10% improvement on ranging accuracy and 26.58% higher accuracy for trilateration‐based localisation when compared with just using RSSI. Our method also achieved 50% superior localisation accuracy with fingerprint‐based direct location estimation approaches.

Hydrogen has received tremendous global attention as an energy carrier and an energy storage system. Hydrogen carrier introduces a power to hydrogen (P2H), and power to hydrogen to power (P2H2P) facility to store the excess energy in renewable energy storage systems, with the facts of large-scale storage capacity, transportability, and multiple utilities. This work examines the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen/fuel cell-powered cellular base stations for developing green mobile communication to decrease environmental degradation and mitigate fossil-fuel crises. Extensive simulation is carried out using a hybrid optimization model for electric rnewables (HOMER) optimization tool to evaluate the optimal size, energy production, total production cost, per unit energy production cost, and emission of carbon footprints subject to different relevant system parameters. In addition, the throughput, and energy efficiency performance of the wireless network is critically evaluated with the help of MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. Results show that a more stable and reliable green solution for the telecommunications sector will be the macro cellular basis stations driven by the recommended hybrid supply system. The hybrid supply system has around 17% surplus electricity and 48.1 h backup capacity that increases the system reliability by maintaining a better quality of service (QoS). To end, the outcomes of the suggested system are compared with the other supply scheme and the previously published research work for justifying the validity of the proposed system.

The enormous growth in the cellular networks and ubiquitous wireless services has incurred momentous energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thereby, imposed a great challenge to the development of energy-efficient sustainable cellular networks. With the augmentation of harvesting renewable energy, cellular base stations (BSs) are progressively being powered by renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the energy crisis, carbon contents, and its dependency on conventional grid supply. Thus, the combined utilization of renewable energy sources with the electrical grid system is proving to be a more realistic option for developing an energy-efficient as well as an eco-sustainable system in the context of green mobile communications. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a traffic-aware grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) optimal power supply system endeavoring the remote radio head (RRH) enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) aiming to minimize grid energy consumption and carbon footprint while ensuring long-term energy sustainability and energy efficiency (EE). Moreover, the load balancing technique is implemented among collocated BSs for better resource blocks (RBs) utilization and thereafter, the performance of the system is compared with an existing cell zooming enabled cellular architecture for benchmarking. Besides, the techno-economic feasibility of the envisaged system has been extensively analyzed using HOMER optimization software considering the dynamic nature of solar generation profile and traffic arrival rate. Furthermore, a thorough investigation is conducted with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the wireless network performance in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency as well under a wide range of design scenarios. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed grid-tied solar PV/battery system can achieve a significant reduction of grid power consumption yielding up to 54.8% and ensure prominent energy sustainability with the effective modeling of renewable energy harvesting.