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Christine M. Lee
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, United States

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Correction article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Frontiers in Marine Science
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A Corrigendum on Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon by Callejas, I. A., Lee, C. M., Mishra, D. R., Felgate, S. L., Evans, C., Carrias, A., et al. (2021). Front. Mar. Sci. 8:490. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.648522 In the original article, we did not include the full attribution for worked carried out by JPL co-authors. We would like to add that research by JPL co-authors was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The updated funding statement should read: “This work was supported by the NASA RRNES (Grant #80NSSC20K1746) and NASA ROSES A.8 (cooperative agreement number #80NSSC19K0200), UCLA's Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, and the Joan Doren Family Foundation. This work was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.” The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. Keywords: diffuse attenuation coefficient, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, remote sensing, water quality, marine traffic, Belize barrier reef reserve system, water clarity Citation: Callejas IA, Lee CM, Mishra DR, Felgate SL, Evans C, Carrias A, Rosado A, Griffin R, Cherrington EA, Ayad M, Rudresh M, Page BP and Jay JA (2021) Corrigendum: Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:711089. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.711089 Received: 17 May 2021; Accepted: 18 May 2021; Published: 16 June 2021. Approved by: Copyright © 2021 Callejas, Lee, Mishra, Felgate, Evans, Carrias, Rosado, Griffin, Cherrington, Ayad, Rudresh, Page and Jay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Christine M. Lee, [email protected]

ACS Style

Ileana A. Callejas; Christine M. Lee; Deepak R. Mishra; Stacey L. Felgate; Claire Evans; Abel Carrias; Andria Rosado; Robert Griffin; Emil A. Cherrington; Mariam Ayad; Megha Rudresh; Benjamin P. Page; Jennifer A. Jay. Corrigendum: Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon. Frontiers in Marine Science 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Ileana A. Callejas, Christine M. Lee, Deepak R. Mishra, Stacey L. Felgate, Claire Evans, Abel Carrias, Andria Rosado, Robert Griffin, Emil A. Cherrington, Mariam Ayad, Megha Rudresh, Benjamin P. Page, Jennifer A. Jay. Corrigendum: Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ileana A. Callejas; Christine M. Lee; Deepak R. Mishra; Stacey L. Felgate; Claire Evans; Abel Carrias; Andria Rosado; Robert Griffin; Emil A. Cherrington; Mariam Ayad; Megha Rudresh; Benjamin P. Page; Jennifer A. Jay. 2021. "Corrigendum: Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon." Frontiers in Marine Science 8, no. : 1.

Technical paper
Published: 27 May 2021 in JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
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This study utilizes satellite data to investigate water quality conditions in the San Francisco Estuary and its upstream delta, the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. To do this, this study derives turbidity from the European Space Agency satellite Sentinel-2 acquired from September 2015 to June 2019 and conducts a rigorous validation with in situ measurements of turbidity from optical sensors at continuous monitoring stations. This validation includes 965 matchup comparisons between satellite and in situ sensor data across 22 stations, yielding R2 = 0.63 and 0.75 for Nephelometric Turbidity Unit and Formazin Nephelometric Unit (FNU) stations, respectively. This study then applies remote sensing to evaluate patterns in turbidity during the Suisun Marsh Salinity Control Gates Action (“Gates action”), a pilot study designed to increase habitat access and quality for the endangered Delta Smelt. The basic strategy was to direct more freshwater into Suisun Marsh, creating more low salinity habitat that would then have higher (and more suitable) turbidity than upstream river channels. For all seven acquisitions considered from June 29 to September 27, 2018, turbidity conditions in Bays and Sloughs subregions were consistently higher (and more suitable) (26–47 FNU) than what was observed in the upstream River region (13–25 FNU). This overall pattern was observed when comparing images acquired during similar tidal stages and heights.

ACS Style

Christine M. Lee; Erin L. Hestir; Nicholas Tufillaro; Brendan Palmieri; Shawn Acuña; Amye Osti; Brian A. Bergamaschi; Ted Sommer. Monitoring Turbidity in San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta Using Satellite Remote Sensing. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Christine M. Lee, Erin L. Hestir, Nicholas Tufillaro, Brendan Palmieri, Shawn Acuña, Amye Osti, Brian A. Bergamaschi, Ted Sommer. Monitoring Turbidity in San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta Using Satellite Remote Sensing. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine M. Lee; Erin L. Hestir; Nicholas Tufillaro; Brendan Palmieri; Shawn Acuña; Amye Osti; Brian A. Bergamaschi; Ted Sommer. 2021. "Monitoring Turbidity in San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta Using Satellite Remote Sensing." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association , no. : 1.

Brief research report article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Frontiers in Marine Science
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The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic halted human activities globally in multiple sectors including tourism. As a result, nations with heavy tourism, such as Belize, experienced improvements in water quality. Remote sensing technologies can detect impacts of “anthropauses” on coastal water quality. In this study, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data were employed along the Belizean coast to investigate impacts of the COVID-19 shutdown on water quality. The attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, K d (490), was used as an indicator of water quality, with a lower K d (490) indicating increased water clarity. Four Coastal Management Zones were characterized by marine traffic as high traffic areas (HTAs) and two as low traffic areas (LTAs). Monthly composites for two periods, 2002–2019 (baseline) and 2020 were examined for K d (490). For months prior to the COVID-19 shutdown in Belize, there was generally no significant difference in K d (490) (p > 0.05) between 2020 and baseline period in HTAs and LTAs. Through the shutdown, K d was lower in 2020 at HTAs, but not for LTAs. At the LTAs, the K d (490)s observed in 2020 were similar to previous years through October. In November, an unusually active hurricane season in 2020 was associated with decreased water clarity along the entire coast of Belize. This study provides proof of concept that satellite-based monitoring of water quality can complement in situ data and provide evidence of significant water quality improvements due to the COVID-19 shutdown, likely due to reduced marine traffic. However, these improvements were no longer observed following an active hurricane season.

ACS Style

Ileana A. Callejas; Christine M. Lee; Deepak R. Mishra; Stacey L. Felgate; Claire Evans; Abel Carrias; Andria Rosado; Robert Griffin; Emil A. Cherrington; Mariam Ayad; Megha Rudresh; Benjamin P. Page; Jennifer A. Jay. Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon. Frontiers in Marine Science 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Ileana A. Callejas, Christine M. Lee, Deepak R. Mishra, Stacey L. Felgate, Claire Evans, Abel Carrias, Andria Rosado, Robert Griffin, Emil A. Cherrington, Mariam Ayad, Megha Rudresh, Benjamin P. Page, Jennifer A. Jay. Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ileana A. Callejas; Christine M. Lee; Deepak R. Mishra; Stacey L. Felgate; Claire Evans; Abel Carrias; Andria Rosado; Robert Griffin; Emil A. Cherrington; Mariam Ayad; Megha Rudresh; Benjamin P. Page; Jennifer A. Jay. 2021. "Effect of COVID-19 Anthropause on Water Clarity in the Belize Coastal Lagoon." Frontiers in Marine Science 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) provides remotely-sensed estimates of evapotranspiration at 70 m spatial resolution every 1–5 days, sampling across the diurnal cycle. This study, in partnership with an operational water management organization, the Eastern Municipal Water District (EMWD) in Southern California, was conducted to evaluate estimates of evapotranspiration under ideal conditions where water is not limited. EMWD regularly uses a ground-based network of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS); yet, there are gaps in spatial coverage and questions of spatial representativeness and consistency. Space-based potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates, such as those from ECOSTRESS, provide consistent spatial coverage. We compared ECOSTRESS ETo (estimated from PET) to CIMIS ETo at five CIMIS sites in Riverside County, California from July 2018–June 2020. We found strong correlations between CIMIS ETo and ECOSTRESS ETo across all five sites (R2 = 0.89, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.11 mm hr−1). Both CIMIS and ECOSTRESS ETo captured similar seasonal patterns through the study period as well as diurnal variability. There were site-specific differences in the relationship between ECOSTRESS AND CIMIS, in part due to spatial heterogeneity around the station site. Consequently, careful examination of landscapes surrounding CIMIS sites must be considered in future comparisons. These results indicate that ECOSTRESS successfully retrieves PET that is comparable to ground-based reference ET, highlighting the potential for providing observation-driven guidance for irrigation management across spatial scales.

ACS Style

Gurjot Kohli; Christine Lee; Joshua Fisher; Gregory Halverson; Evan Variano; Yufang Jin; Daniel Carney; Brenton Wilder; Alicia Kinoshita. ECOSTRESS and CIMIS: A Comparison of Potential and Reference Evapotranspiration in Riverside County, California. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 4126 .

AMA Style

Gurjot Kohli, Christine Lee, Joshua Fisher, Gregory Halverson, Evan Variano, Yufang Jin, Daniel Carney, Brenton Wilder, Alicia Kinoshita. ECOSTRESS and CIMIS: A Comparison of Potential and Reference Evapotranspiration in Riverside County, California. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (24):4126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gurjot Kohli; Christine Lee; Joshua Fisher; Gregory Halverson; Evan Variano; Yufang Jin; Daniel Carney; Brenton Wilder; Alicia Kinoshita. 2020. "ECOSTRESS and CIMIS: A Comparison of Potential and Reference Evapotranspiration in Riverside County, California." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24: 4126.

Book chapter
Published: 22 May 2016 in Environment and Earth Observation
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Since 2007, significant strides have been made to build the applied research and Earth observations (EO) capacity building community and develop pathways for NASA and Earth observations to help address challenges in water resources. Water is both a critical research topic (e.g. understanding the global water cycle) as well as a critical resource for civilization. As a result, there is a consensus that information about water availability could be valuable for improved management and for water security. The biggest challenge in developing useful applications is finding a way to translate research products, intended to address research questions, to applications that can yield a societal benefit. This chapter addresses the current challenges and future prospects of earth observing systems in the field of water resources.

ACS Style

Christine M. Lee; Aleix Serrat-Capdevila; Naveed Iqbal; Muhammad Ashraf; Benjamin Zaitchik; John Bolten; Forrest Melton; Bradley Doorn. Applying Earth Observations to Water Resources Challenges. Environment and Earth Observation 2016, 147 -171.

AMA Style

Christine M. Lee, Aleix Serrat-Capdevila, Naveed Iqbal, Muhammad Ashraf, Benjamin Zaitchik, John Bolten, Forrest Melton, Bradley Doorn. Applying Earth Observations to Water Resources Challenges. Environment and Earth Observation. 2016; ():147-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine M. Lee; Aleix Serrat-Capdevila; Naveed Iqbal; Muhammad Ashraf; Benjamin Zaitchik; John Bolten; Forrest Melton; Bradley Doorn. 2016. "Applying Earth Observations to Water Resources Challenges." Environment and Earth Observation , no. : 147-171.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2015 in Remote Sensing of Environment
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In 2007, the NASA Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI) mission was recommended in Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (Decadal Survey) to address critical science questions in multiple areas, in particular ecosystems and natural hazards. HyspIRI is comprised of two instruments, a visible to short-wavelength infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer and a thermal infrared (TIR) multispectral imager, together with an Intelligent Payload Module (IPM) for onboard processing and rapid downlink of selected data. The VSWIR instrument will have 10 nm contiguous bands and cover the 380–2500 nm spectral range with 30 m spatial resolution and a revisit of 16 days. The TIR instrument will have 8 discrete bands in the 4–13 μm range with 60 m spatial resolution and a revisit of 5 days. With these two instruments in low Earth orbit, HyspIRI will be able to address key science and applications questions in a wide array of fields, ranging from ecosystem function and diversity to human health and urbanization.

ACS Style

Christine M. Lee; Morgan L. Cable; Simon J. Hook; Robert O. Green; Susan Ustin; Daniel J. Mandl; Elizabeth M. Middleton. An introduction to the NASA Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI) mission and preparatory activities. Remote Sensing of Environment 2015, 167, 6 -19.

AMA Style

Christine M. Lee, Morgan L. Cable, Simon J. Hook, Robert O. Green, Susan Ustin, Daniel J. Mandl, Elizabeth M. Middleton. An introduction to the NASA Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI) mission and preparatory activities. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2015; 167 ():6-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine M. Lee; Morgan L. Cable; Simon J. Hook; Robert O. Green; Susan Ustin; Daniel J. Mandl; Elizabeth M. Middleton. 2015. "An introduction to the NASA Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI) mission and preparatory activities." Remote Sensing of Environment 167, no. : 6-19.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2014 in Eos
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One of the highest priorities of the NASA Applied Sciences Program (ASP) is to benefit society by supporting the development of tools, services, and applications that leverage Earth observations (EO) and satellite assets, and their transfer to operations. Toward this goal, the Water Resources Application Area of ASP has been exploring how satellite remote sensing could contribute to water quality monitoring decisions and practices and organized a workshop at the biennial National Water Quality Monitoring Conference 2014 in Cincinnati, Ohio.

ACS Style

Christine M. Lee; Tiffani Orne; Blake Schaeffer. Remote Sensing of Water Quality: Bridging Operational and Applications Communities. Eos 2014, 95, 354 -354.

AMA Style

Christine M. Lee, Tiffani Orne, Blake Schaeffer. Remote Sensing of Water Quality: Bridging Operational and Applications Communities. Eos. 2014; 95 (39):354-354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine M. Lee; Tiffani Orne; Blake Schaeffer. 2014. "Remote Sensing of Water Quality: Bridging Operational and Applications Communities." Eos 95, no. 39: 354-354.